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(1887-1889.)

Br EDOUAUD NAVILLE.

EIGHTH MEMOIR OE THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

miiti) dFtfti!=fout yutrs.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

LONDON:

Messrs. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL.

1891. :

LONDON GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,

ST. John's house, clekkenwell road, e.g. PEEFAC E

The present volume contains tlie descrij^tion of all that has been discovered in the excavations at Bubastis, Avith one exception. I did not include in it the numerous inscriptions referring to the great festival of O.sorkon II., -which will be the subject of a supplementary volume. By the great number of plates which it will require, the description of this festival would have been quite out of keeping Avith the rest of the book ; and it Avould differ also in character Irom this memoir, Avhicli bears chiefly on the historical results of the excavations.

When I settled in 1887, with Mr. Griffith, on the well-known mounds of

Tell Basta, where the dealers in antiquities have been working for years—the extent of which has been much reduced by the fellaheen digging for " sebakh," or by the construction of the railway, and which Marictte had pronounced so little encouraging for scientific exj^lorers—I was far from expecting such a large crop of monuments belonging to various epochs of Egyptian history, during a period of 4000 years.

In 1887, a month's work brought to light the second hall of the temple, the " Festival Hall," where we found, among numerous inscriptions of Rameses

II. and Osorkon II., remains of the twelfth dynasty, and cartouches of Pepi, showing that the city went as far back as the sixth dynasty. In 1888 the Rev. W. MacGregor and Count d'Hulst joined the work. This campaign has been the most productive. Its riches may be appreciated by what is seen in Ghizeh, in the British Museum, at Boston, and in several other museums of Europe, America, and even Australia. During that Avinter the

Hyksos remains Averc found, as Avell as the statue of lau-lla, both shoAving that

Bubastis had been an important Hyksos settlement. Therefore it Avas not a purely Egyptian city of high antiquity, reconstructed by Rameses and Osorkon,

as might have been concluded from the first excavations.

A 2 ;

iv PREFACE.

chvolt in the city, and had left in its temple important traces of their dominion.

In 18S9 Mr. Griffith was prevented from going to Egypt by his appointment

at the British Museum. Dr. Goddard, from America, took his place. We exca-

vated the cemetery of cats. In the temple, the limits of which had been reached

in the preceding year, we had chiefly to roll the blocks of the first hall, where appeared the names of Cheops and Chefren of the fourth dynasty. These names

proved that the antiquity of the temple was higher than we thought. Thus, each

year modified in certain respects the ideas which I had formed on the age and the

nature of the edifice, and therefore it Avas preferable to wait for the publication

of the results until the excavations were completed. It enabled me to give a general view of the history of the edifice, which, though smaller, is like Karnak, a summary of the history of the country.

I have to express my gratitude to the Director of the Antiquities of Egypt,

M. Grebaut, for authorizing me to excavate at Tell Basta, and for the kind hel^^ he lent me in my work.

The plates of this volume are of two kinds, jihototypes and linear plates.

We made a much greater use of photography than in former excavations; and in this respect I have to thank my friend, the llev. W. MacGregor, for his liberality in letting me make use of his negatives, several of which have been re- produced in this volume. A few photographs are the work of the skilled hand of Brugsch-Bcy. The phototypes have been made by the firm of F. Thcvoz and Co., in Geneva, and are on the whole very satisfactory. In ajipreciating them it must be remembered that both the Rev. W. MacGregor and I are

amateur photographers ; neither of us have made a special study of this delicate and difficult art. For this reason several of the negatives were not very good besides, whenever some natives are included in the picture, it is hardly possible to persuade them to remain motionless.

I am indebted to my countryman, M. E. Cramer, who lives at Cairo, for the architectural drawing of the lotus-bud column, and to Count d'Hulst for one of the photographs and for the plan. As for the linear plates, they have been drawn from paper-casts by Mme. Naville, and printed by the same firm as the phototypes.

I must not forget to thank particularly Prof. Robert Harvey, of the Univer- sity of Geneva, who kindly fulfilled the ungrateful task of revising the style of the memoir for the press. And now I can only express the wish that the future excavations which I may have to undertake for the Egypt Exploration Fund, in the service of which

Society I had the honour to work during five winters, may prove as successful as those made at Bubastis. EDOUARD NAVILLE.

Malagny, near Geneva, Beptemher^ 1890.

CONTENTS.

Tell Basta .

Thk Old EjirrRE .

The Twelfth DrNASTir The TmuTEENTn Dynasty The Hyksos

The Eighteenth Dy'nasty The Nineteenth Dynasty The Twentieth Dynasty The Twenty-Second Dynasty EEEATA.

Notwithstanding careful revisions a few errors have remained in the linear plates.

PI. xsxvii. F, read ^^zz:^ instead of ^:z::7.

PI. li. 0, 1. 3, the two signs { shonld be turned the other way.

"''' ^ 1. 5, under „ read ^ instead of |. —

BUBASTIS.

TELL BASTA. Strabo speaks of the nomo or province of Bubastis as being near the head of the Delta in TiiK most ancient mention of Biibastis A^bicU the immediate vicinity of the nome of Heliopolis. we meet with, apart from the Egyptian texts, Bubastis is one of the eight famous cities exists in the prophet Ezekiel, in the prophesy men- " tioned by Pomponius Mela among the twenty against Egypt. ^ The young men of Aven thousand said to have existed under Amasis, and of Pi-Boseth ' shall fall by the sword ; and and of which many were still inhabited in his these cities shall go into captivity." The time. Ptoman coins of the time of Hadrianus Septuagint,^ translating the passage, give tlie bear the name of the nome of Bubastis. It Greek names of tlie two cities ; Aven is Helio- occurs in Ptolemaeus and Stephanus Byzautinus. polis, and Pi-Beseth, Bubastis ; and they are followed by the Vulgate and the Coptic Hierocles quotes Bubastis among the cities of of version.' the second Augustamnica, and it was oHe the bishoprics of Egypt. Byzantine clirono- It is to Herodotus that we are indebted for A grapher, John, Bishop ofNikiou,^ quotes the tlie most complete description of Bubastis. city of Basta in connection witli a rebellion The Greek writer speaks twice of the city;*^ which took place under the Emperor Phocas, first in reference to the great festival wiiich was celebrated there annually, and afterwards and the Arab geographer Macrizy ' speaks of it repeatedly. the provinces of Egypt when lie gives a detailed description of the Among temple, to which we shall have to revert further. was the district of Bastah, whicb contained thirty-nine hamlets. Bastah given as He also states that near Bubastis was the place was allotment to the Arab tribes who had taken where the canal to th.e Red Sea branched off part in the conquest. Afterwards it belonged from the Nile. From his account we learn that the province of Kalioub. Bubastis was a large city of Lower Egypt, and to do not know when it was abandoned. his statement is borne out by the narrative of the We Travellers did not direct their attention to the capture of the town by the generals of Arta- place, and the first to have noticed the ruins xerxes, Mentor, and Bagoas, which is found in seems to be the Frenchman Mains, who took Diodorus." At Bubastis occurred for the first part in the Egyptian campaign at the end of time what was to be the cause of the fall of last century. He gives the following descrip- several cities, and especially of the capital, ® tion of the place : internal warfare between the foreign .mer- " The ruins of Tell Bastah are seen from a cenaries and the Egyptian troops, each, party great distance. They are seven leagues distant betraying the other to the Persian general. from the Nile, and half a league from the canal

' ' Ezek. XXX. 17. "0?^"? (the Muizz), on its right side. We saw there

' I'eaftCTKOi 'HXioDTToXcox; koi Bov^dcrrov eV fjiaxaipa -rrctruvi'Tai.

Clu-on. de Jean Je Nikiou, ed. Zotenberg, p. rtejui cI>oYR^s,cej evegei ^nrr tchcji. Quatroiiicre, Mem. sur I'Egypte, p. 100.

' " ii. GO, 137. xvi. 49. Mcmoires sur I'Egypte, i. p. 215. B ^

BUBASTIS. several remains of monuments wliicli may be practised in the whole temple, it has been useful for tlie history of Egyptian arcliitecturc. most active in the western part, judging from We noticed in particular part of a cornice of a the immense number of chips of red limestone Gebel Ahmar, the best material for mill- very vigorous style ; the sculpture of it is fairly from preserved. This block, which may be eight stones. Probably more towards the east the feet long and six high, is of a very hard red temple was covered, for Mains would certainly the large granite ; the work is most elaborate, it is have mentioned columns which would covered with hieroglyphs, of which wo made a have struck him more than the cornice, had he drawing. seen them. " We saw on other masses of granite, among A more complete description has been given the hieroglyphs, characters which we had not by Sir Gardner AVilkinson. It appeared first noticed anywhere else. The face of an obelisk in the transactions of an Egyptian society,^ is completely covered with stars, and represents whence it passed into Murray's hand-book. the sky. The stars have five rays of a length Wilkinson seems to have been at Bubastis of two centimetres, and are joined to each before 1840. Probably some digging had been other in an irregular order. Enormous masses done by the fellaheen, cither for " sebakh " or of granite, nearly all mutilated, are heaped up for quarrying, for he saw a good deal more in the most wonderful way. It is difficult to than Mains. He speaks of lotus-bud columns, conceive what power could break and pile them of a palm-tree column which must have been up in that manner. Several have been cut for twenty-two feet high, and which was lying near making millstones ; some of them are com- the canal, where it is still now to be seen ; and pletely hewn, but have been left on the spot, he read on the stones the names of Eameses II.,

probably for want of means of transport. . . . Osorkon I., and of a king whom he calls

This city, like all others, was raised on great wrongly Amyrtaeos, and who is Nectanebo I., masses of raw bricks. The extent of Bubastis Nekhthorheb. in all directions is from twelve to fourteen Since Wilkinson saw the place more stones hundred metres. In the interior is a great have been carried away, and the Nile mud depression, in the middle of which are the has covered parts of the temple which were monuments which we noticed." visible in his time. I visited the place for the

This description is interesting because it first time in 1SS2. In the great rectangular shows that in the time of Mains the part of depression which marks the site of the temple, the tem]Dle which was visible was the western a few weather-beaten granite blocks were to be hall, the hall of Nekhthorheb, the most ex- seen, but no column or statue, only two pits tensive, and where at present still exists the which were Mariette's attempts at excavations, greatest heap of blocks. The monuments very soon given up, as they were without which struck him have been published in the results. The appearance of the place was

^ great work of the French expedition ; they exactly the same in 1887 when I settled there are the upper cornice, adorned with large asps, with Mr. Griffith, and we resolved to excavate of which Ave discovered several fragments, and the famous sanctuai-y of— Bubastis, described by part of the ceiling, which he mistook for the Herodotus as follows : side of an obelisk, and which is, in fact, adorned " Among the many cities which thus attained with stars. Altliough quarrying has been

- Miscellanea Aegyptiaca, p. 2.

Doscr. de I'Egj'pte, Antiquitcs, v. pi. 29, 9. ' ii. 137, cd. Ravvlinson. TELL BASTA. to a great elcvatiou, uonc (I think) was raised hall, intended to be the largest, but which never so much as the town called Babastis, where was finished. there is a temple of the goddess Bubastis, which As I said before, the site of the temple is a well deserves to be described. Other tcmjjles rectangular depression, about nine hundred to may be grander, and may have cost more in the a thousand feet long, in the middle of which building, but thei'e is none so pleasant to the stood the edifice, i-unning nearly from east to eye as this of Bubastis. The Babastis of the west. At present it is still easy to recognize Egyptians is the same as the Artemis of the the correctness of the statement of Herodotus, Greeks. when he says that the whole building was an " The following is a description of this edi- island, for the beds of the canals which sur- fice : Excepting the entrance, the whole rounded it are still traceable. The sides of forms an island. Two artificial channels from the rectangle consist of lofty mounds, which the Nile, one on either side of the temple, are nothing but layers of decayed brick-houses, encompass the building, leaving only a uai'row which were always rebuilt on the same spot, passage by which it is approached. These so that after centuries the ground was considei'- channels are each a hundred feet wide, and are ably raised. It is clear that from them one thickly shaded with trees. The gateway is must have looked down on the stone buildings sixty feet in height, and is ornamented with which had remained at the same level. Here figures cut upon the stone, six cubits high, and again the statement of Herodotus is that of an Avell worthy of notice. The temple stands in eye-witpess. "When we had unearthed the whole the middle of the city, and is visible on all area of the temple, the view extended over a sides as one Avalks round it ; for as the city space about five hundred feet long, covered has been raised by embankment, while the with enormous blocks of granite. It was easy temple has been left untouched in its original to recognize from the intervals between the condition, you look down upon it wheresoever various heaps of stones that there had been you arc. A low wall runs round the enclosure, four different halls varying in their proportions. having figures engraved upon it, and inside But the whole was so much ruined; besides, so thei'e is a grove of beautiful tall trees growing many stones have been carried away, that it round the shrine, which contains the image of was impossible to make an approximate recon- the goddess. The enclosure is a furlong in struction or even a plan of what the temple length, and the same in breadth. The entrance must have been. to it is by a road paved with stones for a dis- Beginning from the east, 'the entrance hall tance of about three furlongs, which passes was about eighty feet long and one hundred straight through the market-place in an and sixty wide (pi. liv.). The sculptures were easterly direction, and is about four hundred chiefly of Rameses II. and Osorkon I., but feet in width. Trees of an extraordinaiy height there were found the two most ancient kings, grow on each side of the road, which conducts Cheops and Chefren. The gateway was adorned from the temple of Bubastis to that of with two large columns, with palm-leaf capitals,

Mercury." and outside of it stood the two great Hyksos The description of Herodotus does not ex- statues. Following the axis of the building, actly correspond to what must have been the and going towards the west, the next hall was temple, the ruins of which we excavated, for eighty feet long by one hundred and thirty. It since the Greek traveller saw it, the King had no columns, but a considerable number of Nekhthorheb of the XXXth dynasty added a statues of different epochs, and was the richest E 2 in inscriptions of various tiir.cs. It underwent invaders from Syria, whether they took the several changes, especially under Osorkon II., northern road through Pelusium, Daphnte and and will be designated by the name wliicli the San, or whether they journeyed more south

king gave it, " The Festival Hall." It con- through Pithom-Heroopolis. It was an impor- tained a shrine, of which there are a few frag- tant position to hold, and consequently very

ments left, and I should think it was around it much exposed to all the accidents of war. that Herodotus saw the beautiful trees which As the temples of Lower Egypt are mere he mentions. heaps of blocks, whoever wishes to explore Next came the colonnade, with two styles of them thoroughly is obliged to roll down the

columns and square pillars. It is not possible stones and to turn them in order to see what

to know its width, but it was about one may be hidden undei^neath. This part of the hundred and ninety feet long. The temple work, which was done by gangs of strong men, ended with the hall of Nekhthorheb, one called the " shayaleen," took a considerable

hundred and sixty feet square. Probably time, and was often most laborious ; but it there was. around the temple an enclosure wall yielded very important results. In the two

of black basalt, but traces of it are visible only first halls every single block has been turned,

near the two western halls. Nearly all the so as to show whether it had any inscription.

stones left are red granite, no white limestone It has changed considerably the appearance of has remained. In the hall of Nekhthorheb a the place. Instead of forming lofty piles, the great part of the building must have been made stones arc strewn over a large space near each

of red limestone from Gebel Ahmar, but as it other. The place is less picturesque ; the ap-

is the best stone for mills and presses it has pearance of the ruins is far less imposing than disappeared. The immense number of chips when we first unearthed those huge masses show that this part of the temple has been a clustered in colossal hcnps, but science has regular quarry. gained considerably. Thus we discovered a

The destruction is as complete as at Sun, at great number of kings, whose passage and work

Behbeit el Hagar, or generally speaking, in all at Bubastis would otherwise have remained the temples of the Delta. We have no clue ignored. whatever to inform us who was the author of

it, or what was the purpose of such wanton THE OLD EMPIRE. ravage. I have dwelt elsewhere * on the idea that the style of construction of the temples We learn from Manetho that under the King made them very apt to be used as fortresses, Boethos, the first of the second dynasty, a and that this circumstance may have been the chasm opened itself at Bubastis, which caused cause of their being destroyed in times of war. the loss of a great many lives. Up to the present This explanation would apply particularly well day, we have not found in any part of Egypt to Bubastis, of which we know that it was monuments as old as the second dynasty. besieged by the Persians, and that it was Historical monuments, properly speaking, begin conquered in the wars of the time of Phocas. only with the fourth ; however, the passage of Besides, Bubastis, like the present city of Manetho shows that in the tradition of his time Zagazig, which has taken its place, was the the foundation of Bubastis went back to a high

key of the Delta ; it was on the road of all the antiquity.

The fourth dynasty is represented in our

Goslicn, p. 4, excavations by the constructors of the two THE OLD EMPIRE. great pyramids, Cheops and Chefren. Their occupied, for he was the first in making war- Dames have been discovered in the first hall, Hke expeditions to the Sinaitic Peninsula, and not far from the entrance, on blocks whicli have in order to reach it, he was obliged to follow evidently been re-used later on ; the inscriptions the Wady Tumilat. His expeditions were con- have escaped because they were hidden in tlie tinued by Cheops, who appears to have been a wall. Of Cheops we have only what is called powerful king. Apart from the construction the standard ^ (pi. viii., xxxii. a.), exactly as we of the gi'eat pyramid, the tradition attributed find it on an alabaster vase of the same King." to him the foundation of the temple of Den- It is likely that under or near the standard was derah, for the plan according to which tho the cartouche, as in the tablet of Wadi Mag- edifice was reconstructed under Thothmes III., harah.^ This interesting inscription is en- had been found " in ancient writings of the graved on an enormous block which the time of Cheops." "^ direction of the veins of the stone rendered Chefren has left no record of any expedition very difficult to split. It is now in the British to Sinai. It is to him that we owe the first Museum. royal statues, and the beauty of the hieroglyphs

The name of Chefren (pi. xxxii. e) is written with which his name is written at Bubastis like that of Ncferkara of Wadi Magharah,* it is is another proof of the high degree of develop- a standard containing both name and title, and ment which Egyptian art had reached in his which was surmounted by Horns. The names time. After the fourth dynasty, there seems to of both kings are of large dimensions, the hiero- have been a period of weakness in the monarchy, glyphs in Cheops' standard being eight inches w^hich revives again with the first king of the high, and of Chefren eleven inches. The style sixth dynasty, Pepi I. of the engraving is beautiful, and considering This king has also been discovered at the archaic appearance of the sculpture, and Bubastis. He was already known in the Delta its similarity to several inscriptions of the Old by the famous stone of San, found by Burton, Empire,^ we have no reason to doubt that and containing his name and titles.' This those names have been inscribed on the walls stone has for a long time attracted the atten- of the temple under the reigns of the kings. tion of Egyptologists. Mr. Flinders Petrie, who

It is the first instance where a mention of those republished it, and who discovered at San a kings has been found on a contemporaneous second, fragment till now unknown, has sug- edifice which is not a tomb, and situate north gested that the stone might have been brought of Memphis. This implies a real sovei'eignty by Eameses II. from a building of Upper over that part of Lower Egypt, which must Egypt, and that it could not be inferred from its have been wielded already by the predecessor presence at San that Pepi had really made some of Cheops, Snefru. Wo have not discovered construction so far north. But every doubt Snefru's name at Bubastis, but he must have in this respect seems to be removed since Pepi's left some traces in the Delta, which he certainly name has been found at Bubastis, in company with other kings of the Old Empire. Pepi has certainly built at Tanis as well as at Bubastis. ' I employ here tlic usual name, without projudging in The cartouche of Pepi occurs twice at tho least Messrs. Maspero and Petrie's opinion that the so-called standard is the name of the Ka.

• Leps. Denkm. ii. pi. 2 d. ^ Mariette, Denderah, p. 55, vol. iii. pi. 78 k.

^ Leps. 1. 1. pi. 2 b. ' Rouge, Etudes sur les mon. des six premieres dyn., p. * Leps. 1. L pi, 11 G. 116; id. Inscr. Hier. pi. ixxv. Flinders Petrie, Tanis,

' Leps. 1. 1. pi. 26, pi. 39 d, c, pi. 116, etc. i. pi. i. 2. BUBASTIS.

chief attraction of the Egyptians Bubastis. lu one case it was at tlie end of a harah.''' The were the mines of a mineral, vertical column (pi. xxxii, c), in the other it is towards that region there has been above the standard wliicli surmounted the first on the trvie nature of which much which, according to the latest cartouche (pi. xxxii. d). The name is unfortu- discussion, but nately damaged in the upper part, but can be researches of Lepsius,' seems to have been It easily restored. It is not identical to that of emerald or malachite. was called mafeh or Tanis. There Pepi calls himself simply the son mafl-at ^U° ^"^U^. ^"^^ fro°i it the goddess of Dendei-ah. Here he of Hathor, the whole region where it was found, and of forwai'd as the son of Turn, the god of comes which Hathor was the goddess, derived its name Heliopolis, and of Hathor, the goddess of Den- of Mafkaf,^ ^' ''' derah. It is a way of indicating that his sove- k^y^' k^^- quite possible that as a token of gratitude for reignty extends over both parts of Egypt. For successful campaigns in Sinai, Cheops and Pepi the names of Heliopolis and Denderah must not founded or enlarged the sanctuary of the be taken in a literal way as referring to those goddess at Denderah. A proof of it lies in the two cities ; they are the emblems of the two fact that among the sacred objects which divisions of the realm in which they were Thotlimes III. executed according to the pre- situated. scrijitions of the documents, appears an emblem Pliny informs us that Pepi raised an obelisk of the goddess under the form of a sistrum of at Heliopohs. Thus he was a worshipper of mafkat, four palms high.'' Tum. But he seems to have been a more I do not believe, however, that the mines of fervent adorer of Hathor. The same crypt of mafeh were the only inducement which attracted the temple of Denderah in which occurs the the Pharaohs towards the Sinaitic Peninsula. name of Cheops, mentions also Pepi in the " Undoubtedly, mafekwas a precious stone which following text : The great foundation in was valuable either as an ornament, or for sacred Denderah was found on decayed rolls of skins uses, or as a means of exchange at a time when of kids of the time of the followers of Horns. there was no coin, but the kings must have had It was found in a brick wall on the south side, other pui'poses in view. They had to defend in the reign of the king, beloved of the Sun, themselves against the invasions of the son of the Sun, Lord of diadems, Pepi, living nomads

** of the east, such as are described in the established and well, like the Sun for ever." campaign of the general Una against the Amu and the Thus a temple, which in its present form is one

Heruscha ; besides, it seems to likely that of the most modern of Egypt, has succeeded to me one of the objects of their conquests was the much more ancient buildings which the tradi- possession of quarries which have not tion attributed to Cheops and Pepi. been found again, but which must exist somewhere It would not be extraordinary if the con- in the peninsula. struction of Denderah was connected in some This brings me to a question which has not yet way with the expeditions of those two kings to received a satisfactory answer. Where did the the Sinaitic Peninsula. Like Cheops, Pepi Egyptians get all the stones of which they made war with the tribes of Sinai, and the made such a considerable use ? The quarries of some records of his campaigns are engraved in the same place as those of Cheops, in the Wadi Mag-

" Leps. Denkm. ii. pi. 11 G.

' Lops. Metalle, p. 79, if. ' Cf. Bunsen, Egypt, V. p. 723, Mnrictte, Denderah, - Leps. Denkm. ii. 137.

p. 55, vol. iii. pi. 78. " Mariette, Denderah, i. pi. 55. ;

THE OLD EMPIRE.

of tlie stones are known. The red granite came attached to a place lasts through ages; generally,

from Syene, from the very banks of the Nile, it even outlives a complete change of religion

and could be transported by water on the river but it is not so with the sanctuary. In the long or on the canals with a relative facility. But succession of dynasties, in proportion as art where did the black granite come from, the and taste changed, as religious ideas were material out of which so many statues have modiiied, as the empire was growing in power been carved ? The opinion which is still now and riches, the primitive building underwent prevalent is that of Lepsius,* who believes that such complete alterations, that nothing re- it was dug out of the rocks of Hamamat, mained of its original state except names as at between Keneh and Kosseir, in the desert. In Tanis and Bubastis, or mere traditions as at

fact, the quarries which have been found there Denderah. It is likely also that one of the were already worked under the sixth dynasty, reasons why we find so few traces of the temples and by Pepi himself. This opinion seems very of Pepi and Cheops, is that they were without plausible in the case of kings who ruled over any ornamentation or sculpture. They were the whole of Egypt, but is very different with built of blocks of polished stone, with mono- those who reigned only over the Delta. Where- lithic pillars as in the temple of the Sphinx, but

from did the Hyksos draw the stones of their it is very doubtful whether tlie walls bore any- statues ? Undoubtedly not from Hamamat. thing else than the name of the king. The This question has in interest lately grown by cartouches of Pepi were along the door-posts ; the remark that the old Chalda^an monuments we do not know where those of Cheops and discovered at Telloh by M. de Sai'zec were Chefreii were engraved. Among the numerous made of a stone quite similar to several statues blocks which are heaped up at Bubastis, there of Egypt.*^ M. Oppert read in the inscrip- may be some which go up to such a high anti- tions the name of Magrjan, which applies to the quity, but which, having no sculptures or orna- Sinaitic peninsula, and which, according to the ments of any kind, are not discernible, especially illustrious Assyriologist, would be the place as they were re-used in the numerous altera- where the stone of those statues was obtained." tions which the building went through. Others, on the contrary, maintain that the There is, however, a sculpture which undoubt-

material was close at hand, and that it came edly goes back to the Old Empire, and which from the shores of the Persian Gulf. Thorough struck us from the first by its unusual charac- explorations made by geologists are required to ter (pi. xxii. d). On the top of the blocks of the solve the question whether or not there are first hall there was a false door, such as occurs quarries in the Sinaitic peninsula. nearly in all the tombs of the Old Empire, and

It is impossible to form even an approximate which consists of two posts bound together by a

idea of what a temple of the Old Empire was like. cylindrical drum,where the name of the deceased That there were temples at that remote epoch is frequently engraved. I cannot account for a

is beyond any doubt, but until now we have monument of tliis kind, which has nearly always only discovered one, the temple of the Sphinx. a funereal character, being in a temple which

And it is easily comprehensible. No buildings never seems to have been used as a tomb. No- have been so much altered, reconstructed, thing remains of the inscriptions which might transformed as temples. The sacred character have solved the difficulty. Everywhere they have been carefully erased, as well on a rectangular * Leps. Brief p. 319. e, tablet above the door, as on the posts, each of ' Eev. Arch. 42, pp. 2G4-272.

^ Taylor, in Porrot, Hist, de I'Art, Assyrie, p. 588. which had a royal name ; for on the left, in spite either II. or of the erasure, it is easy to discern the upper engraved by Rameses by Osorkon curve of a cartouche, and a disk, probably Ra. II. are usurpations occupying the place of older Thus the inscriptions of Cheops, Chefren, dedications which have not always been care- Pepi, and the false door are all we can with fully expunged. certainty attribute to the Old Empire, and to No work of great importance seems to have the original building which was at Bubastis in been made in the temple before the last king, those remote ages. It is natural to believe Usertesen III. The first of the powerful kings that it occupied part of the area of the two of the twelfth dynasty we meet with, is Ame- first halls where we found its remains. As for nenha I. (pi. xxxiii. a). His name, or rather his standard, occurs on a block which has been its form we can speak of it only hypothetically ; nothing can guide us except the analogy with displaced, for it is in the hall of Nekhthorheb,

who must have taken it in one of the the tombs ; for as the tomb was the eternal neighbour- abode of the deceased, so the temple was consi- ing halls. The inscription,which is fragmentary,

has two lines ; in the second the king says that dered as the abode of the divinity ; we may " therefore suppose that originally they were /iP erecfcd Jiis sfaf^ie to his mother Bast: he

a, . ." built on a similar principle. I slioukl think made a door or room in . . In other that the old temple was a single stone chamber words, he dedicated his statues to the goddess, without ornamental sculptui'e, containing some- so there must have been statues of Amenemha where, probably opposite the entrance, the false I, in the temple ; they possibly are still extant door on which stood the naiue of the king and now, but with another name.

the dedication. Perhaps the single chamber His son and successor, Usertesen I., has left was preceded by a vestibule with square pil- his name in a small inscription accompanying lars, such as in the temple of the Sphinx or in a procession of Nile-gods carrying offerings (pi. the tombs. All we know of the Old Empire xxxiv. D, k). It is under the twelfth dynasty that shows us that the architecture of the temples we meet for the first time with the androgyne

was marked by a great simplicity ; the desire figure of the river, which is found afterwards at for ornamentation and embellishment came nearly all epochs. It was of common use under only with the Middle EmjDire. It is probable the kings whose work we are now describing, that this first temple lasted through the reign especially on their statues. In order to indi- of the dynasties, the history of which is un- cate that they ruled over both parts of Egypt known to us, and that the first great changes they did not, like Chefren, engrave on the side of it went through took place under the twelfth their thrones merely the sign 'T sam, the sign dynasty. of union binding together the plants of the

North and the South ; they had the two Nile gods engraved with one foot on the base of the

sign X and holding each of them in their THE TWELFTH DYNASTY. hand the plant which is the special emblem of With the twelfth dynasty we enter on a period the North or of the South. Representations of when the temple of Bubastis went through this kind are found on the statues of Amenem- great alterations. They are easily traceable by ha I.,' Usertesen I.,' Amenemha 11.,^ Usertesen a careful study of the sculptured blocks, which shows that the temple is nothing but a palim- F. Petrie, Tanis i. pi. i. 3 b.

sest, and that nearly all the larger inscriptions id. pi. i. 4 b. ' id. pi. siii. 4. THE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

III.' On tlie statue of Mermasliu"^ the Nile traves bearing hieroglyphical inscriptions with gods are kneeling. We have a good example on signs more than two feet high, and having all the statue of black granite (pi. xxv. c), the head of them the name of Rameses II. Looking at of which is at Sydney, and which has all the them carefully, we notice that the signs are characteristics of a statue of the twelfth dynasty. engraved in a concavity, that the polish which It occurs also on the two Ilyksos statues, where is well preserved on the edges of the stone has the representation has been usurped twice been destroyed near the inscription, that here

(pi. xxiv. d). It seems that the Amenemhas and there an old sign comes out quite dis- and the Usertesens were fervent Avorshippers of tinctly below the new ones : there is no doubt the god Nile, for images of the god are met that Rameses II. ei-ased an older name and an with on other monuments than statues, esj^e- older dedication in order to inscribe his own. cially on the temples of Semneh and Kummeh, In other places there are stones with deeply which, having been built by Usertesen III,, were cut hieroglyphs bearing all the character- completed and repaired by Thothmes III.® The istics of the twelfth dynasty, and where the picture of the Nile gods with one foot on the "T place of the cartouche is rough and uneven, and keeps traces of having been worked is not so common on the monuments of the first over again several times (pi. xxiv. a), Tlie dynasties of the New Empire, at least of those usurpations of Rameses II. appear on every the date of which is certain, but it oc-

stone with hardly an exception : the question is curs frequently under the first Ethiopians, whose name he expunged in order to replace it especially Tahraka." It is impossible not to by his cartouche and titles. This interesting recognize in the sculptures and in the royal problem received an unexpected and satisfac- standards of the Ethiopians a striking likeness, tory solution. On one of the architraves which with the twelfth dynasty, probably because they in the reconstructed temple must have been in had before their eyes constructions raised by the angle so that the end of the stone was those kings, and above all by the conqueror of hidden, the hammering out could not be done Nubia, Usertesen III. on the whole length, and close to the cartouche The inscription of Usertesen I. indicates that of Rameses II, appears the beginning of the the king did not wish to do more than engrave first cartouche of Usertesen III. (pi, xxvi, c, his name on the wall of the temple. We may xxxiii. e). The same cartouche appears on a conclude from this fact that in his time the block where it is complete, and followed by the venerable building of Cheops and Chefren was name of the god Sokaris (pi, xxxiii. f), also in still extant in its primitive simplicity and with a procession of nome-gods carrying offerings its small proportions. But Usertesen III., the (pi, xxxiv. c) ; besides, it stood on two door- greatest king of the dynasty, evidently desired posts, where it has been partially erased (pi. to adorn Bubastis with a temple which might xxxiii. B, D, c.) The circumstance that the name compete with his constructions in other parts of of Usertesen is found on architraves of such Egypt. Among the heaps of blocks which are large dimensions, proves that this king must all that remains of the temple, there are a great have enlarged the building considerably. many fragments, varying in length, of archi- Usertesen III,, as well as the other sovereigns of the twelfth dynasty, made war against the ' P. Petrie, Tanis ii. KcLeslieh, pi. ix. Ethiopians and the negroes of Nubia. Two ^ Tanisi.pl. iii. 17 b. well-known inscriptions relate the expeditions ° Leps. Denkm. iii. 47, G7.

' Leps. 1. 1. V. 13. which he made in their country, and the regu- c 10

lations wliicli lie enforced for tlio Nubian boats 1. 9. . . . His Majesty ordered to pass 123 going down tlie river. His two great cam- soldiers going out towards the fountain which paigns took place in the years eight and

sixteen of his reign. I should think that it 1. 10. . . . sailing up in order to see the

is one of these campaigns which is alluded height of Hun, and in order to know the way to in an inscription very incomplete, but the of navigating ....

style and sculpture of which leave no doubt 1. 11. . . . taken alive, they found there 203

as to its being a Avork of the twelfth dynasty cows and 11 she asses ; in the month of ... .

(pi. xxxiv. a). It is a block of red granite 1.12. . . . (rejoicings) very great in leaving

three feet square, of which this fragment only the height of Ilua ; the departure from this has been preserved, the others have been de- height was in peace .... This is an allusion stroyed in the reconstruction of the temple, or to the happy issue of the campaign.

they have disappeared more recently, when 1. 13. . . . nehek. South of the mount of the temple w^as used as a quarry. There is no Ilua .... royal name in the text, but both the form and It is only a fragment left from the middle of the context induce me to attribute it to User- a text entirely destroyed, the loss of which, tesen III. judging from what remains, is much to bo

In the thirteen lines of which it consists regretted. occur several geographical names. The most The great architraves hammered out, the frequent is flw hcif/Jit or llir mounfain nf Una, numerous usurped stones the style of which clearly belongs to the twelfth dynasty, are evi- ^^ ^^ "• IIii'T' is one of i >^^ the localities dences showing that the constructions raised by quoted among the southern countries con- these kings at Bubastis were considerable. quered by Eameses III., together with Punt.^ Undoubtedly they transformed the old building Another region is Khasi'f or Khasl-Jief of the raised by Cheops and Chefren, traces of which "^ West " • Ivhaskhet is frequently met IM ¥ were found in the two first halls. But they of the with in the inscriptions twelfth dynasty." were not satisfied with it ; and I believe that Brugsch' translates it countrij, forciijn countri/. we must attribute to Usertesen III. the foun- It is difficult to determine the site referred to dation of what was the finest part of the temple, from such a fragmentary inscription, however, it the hypostyle hall. is natural to consider it as a southern locality West of the second hall, on a length of sixty according to the list of Thothmes III. engi'aved yards and a breadth of twenty-five, are scattered on the walls of Karnak. the ruins of this beautiful construction, shafts

1. 4> . The king seems to be speaking. . . and capitals of columns, colossal architraves, of beaten negroes, in order that may be known Hathor heads (pi. v., vi., vii.) It is by far the

what you are doing .... part of the temple which has suffered most. It

1. 5. . . . the king struck them himself with may be that it remained exposed when the other his mass .... parts were already buried under Nile mud ; be- 1. 8 mentions veteran soldiers of former sides, the shafts of columns have always been times . . . they are ; brought to the palace. much sought after, as they are easy to saw for His Majesty provided .... making mill-stones. What has escaped is only a small part of the materials which composed " Leps. Donkm. iii. 209.

" the edifice ; the number of stones destroyed or Petrie, Tunis ii. jS'cljc^heh, pi. : ' Diet. Guog. p. G29. carried aw^ay must have been considerable, and THE TWELPTn DYNASTY. thus a reconstruction of the hall is liardly pos- Close to these four columns stood four others, sible except by conjecture. Judging from the not quite so high, also of red granite and mono- remains discovered in the excavations, the lithic, but with more slender .shafts ending in structure contained the following elements. a capital of palm-leaves. The top of the In the middle of the hall were four huge leaves, with the surmounting o.bacus, forms a monolithic columus in red granite -with separate piece which could not be part of the capitals in the form of a lotns-lnid {]A. vii.). monolith, as it has a much larger diameter This type, which figures a bundle of lotus- than the rest of the column. Otherwise it plants, appears for the first time in a tomb at would have been necessary for making the to Beni Hassan, in a more simple form ; there column to have a much thicker stone, and are only four plants. The more complex form, thin it considerably on its whole length. A identical to that of Bubastis, may be seen in curious fact is that the leaves which form the the Labyrinth of Howara,^ which is the work capital are not of the same width. "While the

of the twelfth dynasty. It is described thus by large columns have hardly any writing, except MM. Perrot and Chipiez in their " History of on the lower part, these have inscriptions from Art in Ancient Egypt." ^ the top to the bottom. The oldest belong to " Their shafts are composed of eight vertical Rameses II., but they have been usurped more ribs which are triangular or plain, like stalks of or less completely by Osorkon II. On the papyrus. The lower part of the shaft has a specimen which has been brought to the bold swell. It springs from a corona of leaves British ]\Iuseum all the degrees of usurpation

and tapers as it rises. The stalks arc tied at may be followed. Although it bears the name the top with from three to five bands, the ends of Rameses IL, the older date of the column is hanging down between the ribs. The buds proved by the fact that the inscription of the which form the capital are also surrounded king is cut across an ornament of the capital, with leaves at their base." a circumstance which would not occur if the Of the four columns which stood in the column had been raised by his order and in his centre of the hall, the bases have been pre- time. served, on which the monolithic shafts Avere As there were four columns of two ditlcrcut fixed so strongly that when one of the columns species, the proportions and type of which were

was thrown down, its fall raised the base on its not the same, there occur also two groups of four capitals, the dimensions of which side. None of the columns are intact ; they are Hathor

all four broken in several pieces. One capital differ in the same ratio as the columns. The

only is complete; it has been carried away two groups have one point of similarity. The with the piece fitting immediately underneath, goddess is represented only on two opposite and stands now in the Museum of Fine Arts in sides of the capital, and not on all four, as may Boston. Apart from the beauty and the be seen in later epochs. The great Hathors little feet of vigour of the workmanship, it is remarkable by are a above seven high. One them

its fine polish, which has remained undamaged had one side quite perfect because it rested on

through many centuries, and which is a charac- the ground; it is now in the Boston Museum. teristicfeatureof theworkofthe twelfth dynasty.'' The other three, more or less damaged, are at the Louvre, in the British Museum, and at

' Leps. Dcnkm. i. 47. Berlin. The head (pi. ix., xxhi. a, xxiv. b)

English ed. vol. ii. 99. I p. has the usual type of the goddess : a broad Plate liii. gives the exact drawing and the dimensions of that heautiful monument. face, with ears of a heifer, the thick hair, 2 BUBASTIS.

is admirable; but in order instead of falling vertically, curls up outwards. capitals of Bubastis that it be rightly appreciated the capitals Here and there, in tlie eyeballs and on the lips, may seen some way off. Looking at traces of colour were still visible, and were must be seem flat, and destitute of even quite vivid, but faded away after a few them close by, they whereas at a distance, the features hours of exposure in the air. Above the head, expression ; with a striking liveliness. In fact, the little shrine which is commonly seen in come out

that kind of capital, and which is particularly they were meant to be placed at a height noticeable in the temple of Denderah, is equal to that of the neighbouring columns. reduced to a cornice adorned with asps bearing We are in a complete uncertainty as to the a solar disk. On the other sides are the exact distribution of the hall and to the manner emblems either of Northern or Southern in which the capitals were disposed. But I that the Hathors Egypt, viz., the jilant -which belongs to each cannot help thinking were on pillars, standing of these regions. lb stands between two asps, the top of square alternately wearing the corresponding head-dress and with the columns, so that the arrangement was placed in such a way that their heads are tucked quite analogous to the small temple in Deir el along the hair of the goddess. There were Medineh." two capitals with Xorthern emblems, and two As to the inequality in height of the two with Southern emblems. The one in Boston is groups of columns, we often see in Egyptian one of the North capitals. Below this repre- temples contiguous colonnades differing in sentation was a blank space on which Osorkon height, and following each other either in II. engraved his cartouche. On the surface the length of the edifice as at Luxor, or in its which rested on the pillar, Osorkon I. had a width as at Karnak, in the great hall. Judging dedication engraved. from the bases of the large columns, I believe

The other group of four Hatlior capitals is that close to each of them, on the outside, stood smaller and more simple (pi. xxiii. r.). The a square pillar bearing a Hathor capital, on the cornice which is above the hair has no asps; top of which lay the architrave. Eight and the sides had no representations of North and left of the eight huge f ulcrums probably stood two columns with palm-leaf capitals, and two South ; they were a blank, and Osorkon II. engraved on them his cartouche. The best smaller Hathors, so that the central construc- specimen has been sent to the Museum of tion being the highest, had two .lower wings, as be seen at Karnak.' Or the lower Sydney. When we raised it, the lips were still may covered with a vivid red paint. construction was put as a prolongation to the

These two varieties of Hathor capitals are at higher, to which it might serve as a western the whole had an present unique in their kind, especially the entrance, and appearance larger ones. The only capital which may be similar to that of the Ramesseum or that of the temple of Luxor.^ I must add that said to have some similarity, is found in Upper north of the Nubia at Sedeinga.^ It crowns a column temple, and quite outside, at a distance of about fifty yards, met with the the single remnant of an extensive colon- we two same styles of nade. As at Bubastis the head of the goddess columns, lotus-bud and palm-leaf, but on a much smaller scale. They seem to have belonged is only on two sides, and there seems to be an to attempt to figure the plant of the North on Leps. Denkm. i. 88. the other faces. The workmanship of the Maspero, L'arclicol. c'gypt. vigu. 70.

Maspero, 1. 1. vigii. 77. Pcrrot et Cliipiez, Egypte, vign. Leps. Lricfe, p. Denkm. i. 114, 115. —

TUE TWELFTH DYNASTY. a cloorway giving access to a I'oad Avhicli led to the others. In reference to the first, the column tlie western entrance of the temple." of the Labyrinth, absolutely similar to that The reader will ask for the grounds which of Bubastis, seems to me convincing evidence. induce me to attribute these columns and The Labyrinth belongs to the twelfth dynasty. Hathor capitals to the twelfth dynasty. I Both columns must be contemporaneous; in admit that there is not absolute certainty, and both of them there is the same simplicity and

that this attribution may be questioned, particu- elegance of workmanship ; besides, the column larly as regards the Hathors and the palm-leaf of Bubastis has preserved the beautiful polish

columns. But if these bo not the work of which appears also on the architraves of the twelfth dynasty, they are that of the Usertesen III., wherever they have not been

eighteenth. It is certain that the two styles of erased by Rameses TI. TJic architraves be- columns above described were the favourite longing to Usertesen III. must have had some- types of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty. thing to rest upon; I believe therefore that Thothmes III. used the lotus-bud at Karnak there can be no doubt as to the age of the ; a large column of the same style lying on the larger columns. If these only are the work of ground at the entrance of the temple of Phthah the twelfth dynasty, they must have formed the in Memphis belongs also to him. Amenophis entrance to the two halls whicli existed before.

III. seems to have had a special liking for it, as But I see also a great difficulty in attributing we may see at Thebes, at Elephantine, and the palm-leaf capitals and the Hathors to the especially in the temple of Soleb in Nubia. eighteenth dynasty, as one might be tempted to For him were made the palm-leaf columns which do at first sight. There is absolutely no in-

were considered as the oldest, at least, if we scription of those kings mentioning constructions can trust the inscriptions engraved upon them. of that kind, there are no traces of the great They are also in Soleb, where both styles are architraves which should have been on these

found together as at Bubastis. Besides, it can- pillars, and on which undoubtedly Amenophis not be denied that the Hathor capital with two III. would have recorded his high and pious

faces of the goddess is met with in temples of the deeds. His inscriptions would less likely have

eighteenth dynasty, at Deir el Bahari, where it been usurped by Eameses II. than those of the

dates probably from Hashepsu or Thothmes III., twelfth or thirteenth dynasty, which, neverthe-

at El Kab aiid Sedeinga, where it dates from less, have been preserved. All the monuments Amenophis III. In the last two instances there bearing the name of Amenophis III. at Bubas-

is another similarity with the Hathors of tis are statues of priests and priestesses, the Bubastis, the two sides Avhich have not the inscriptions of whicli do not speak of construc- face of the goddess bear the emblematic plants tions, and which are no integrant part of the of North and South. Under such circumstances building. These are the reasons why I attribute

it may well be asked whether the colonnade of to the twelfth dynasty the Hathor heads and the

Bubastis is not the work of the eighteenth palm-leaf columns which, as we saw before, are dynasty, and of Amenophis III., Avhose name older than Rameses II.

is preserved on several statues discovered in The more excavations are made in Egypt, the excavations. the better we shall kuow the twelfth dynasty In answering this question, a difference must one of the most powerful which occupied the bemade between the great lotus-bud columns and throne. Usurpation has been practised in the New Empire on a much larger scale than was

One of the lotus-bud columns is now in the Louvr supposed. Every temple is like a roll of vellum It "^""

texts have been There was thereon a smaller figure, probably ou •w-liicli several successive the throne, and holding Avrittcn, one over tljc other. In the Delta, a woman, standing on her hands. where the distance from the quarries was con- the headdress of the king with The which are generally engraved siderable, the temptation must havo been very two inscriptions, throne, along the legs, are groat. As the temples of tlic twelfth dynasty on the edges of the king had inscriptions only on the architraves and destroyed. If they were the name of a the doorposts, but not on the walls or the of the twelfth dynasty, Rameses II. may have

columns, it was easy for Amenophis or Rameses preserved them. It is possible also that we to use these flat and well polished surfaces for must assign the same date to two standing celebrating his own glory, and thus attributing colossi, the fragments of which are scattered to himself the work of former generations. liere and there. They both wear the southern The statues have not fared better. They headdress, and one of them had the eyes have not been spared more than the temples. hollowed out like the Hyksos statues. the It is evident that we sliall have to change No monuments of this epoch give us the names of a great many statues exhibited in our name of the localit3^ However, the goddess museums where they havo been labelled from Bast is mentioned in the inscription of Amen- the last name inscribed upon them. The his- emha (pi. xxxiii. a). With the name of User- tory of Egyptian sculpture lias been thrown tesen is quoted the god Sokaris, a divinity of

into a great confusion. It is at present a field Memphis, and one of the forms of Phthah (pi. which has hardly been cleared. If most of xxxiii. r). It is to be noticed that at Tanis,^

tlie royal statues, or at least their casts, coidd where the statues of the kings of the twelfth once be put together, and a careful study be dynasty arc numerous, the gods whose

made of them, it would be astonishing to see worshippers they call themselves, ai'e the gods bow many statues engraved with the cartouche of Memphis, and they frequently mention the him, of Rameses II. were never made for and sanctuary of that city, -|- anJch toui. ^ \ are older works of which he took possession. The small number of inscriptions preserved at In so doing, lie followed the example which Bubastis does not allow us to ascertain to what Tliothmcs III. and Amenophis III. had given god the sanctuary was dedicated ; whether it him, as we may ascertain in collections like was to the local divinity. Bast, or to the great that of Turin. If now it be asked who was gods of Egypt as in the time of Rameses II. chiefly set aside by such usurpations, I have no I should think it was to the last, and that the doubt that this comparative study will show worship of Bast became prevalent only much that it was chiefly the thirteenth dynasty, later. One of the sculptures of Usertesen III. especially in all cases when Rameses did not represented a procession of noma gods (pi. leave any name except his own. xxxiv. c). Only one emblem remains, and the I have no hesitation in putting among the sign is not very distinct, it looks like a different monuments of the twelfth dynasty the statue reading of the nome of Heliopolis, to which the head of which is in the museum of Sydney, Bubastis then belonged, as under Seti I., and while the base has been left on the spot, being even much later, it was not yet a separate nome. too much damaged to be carried away (pi. The Ptolemaic name of the province does not XXV. c). The head, which has the flat type of occur anywhere in all the inscriptions dis- the Middle Empire, wears the white diadem of covered. Upper Egypt, like Amenemha I. and Usertesen

I. at Tanis. Petric, Tanis i. pi. 1, 3 a, 3 c, 3 d, iii. IG a, IG b, 17 b. ;

THE TnirvTKEX'rn nrNAsxr.

the characters and of the architrave ou Avhich

THE THIRTEENTH DYNASTY. they are engraved, indicates that it must have rested on pillars of large dimensions, another "VVirn the thirteentli dynasty we enter one oftlio proof that the great columns already existed most obscure periods of Egyptian liistory. The at that remote epoch. This cartouche has monuments become more and more scarce, and generally been considered as belonging to the obscurity hists as far as the beginning of the Sebekhotep I., a king known to us thi-ough the New Empire., We do not know the transition inscriptions which ho left on the rocks of from the thirteenth to the fourteenth dynasty, Semneh in Nubia, and which record the height nor can we fix exactly the epoch when the of the Nile in the three first years of his reign. invasion of the Hyksos took pkice. Neverthe- Until now his name had never been discovered less, it remains a well established fact that in the on a temple, nor even on a monument of large thirteenth dynasty, the Sebekhoteps and Nefer- size. Judging from what was found at hoteps ruled over the whole of Egypt, not only Bubastis, he must have been a builder. of Egypt proper, north of the first cataract, It seems that the kings of the thirteenth but much farther south, as far as Upper Nubia. dynasty, far from being Hyksos as Lepsius Professor AViedemann has given a list of one believed, at first endeavoured to follow the hundred and thirty-six kings quoted by the traditions of their glorious predecessors of the Turin papyrus between the twelfth dynasty and twelfth. They gave a great value to the the Hyksos. It agrees nearly with the number possession of Nubia, and probably they made given by Manetho for the thirteenth and the military expeditions into that country, since fourteenth put together. The Sebennyte priest monuments of one of them have been found not assigns Thebes as the native place for the far from Mount Barkal, in the island of Argo.^ thirteenth dynasty, and Xois for the fourteenth, They belong to Sebekhotep III., who seems to while the anonymous writer called Barbaras have been the most powerful, and of whom there Scaligeri calls them Bubastites and Tanltes. are several statues. One of them is at the It is not impossible that both may be right in so

Louvre ; it is nearly certain that it comes from far as both dynasties came out of the Delta, and Tanis, where its duplicate still exists,^ and one that wo have to interpret the name of Dios- was discovered by Lepsius in the island of Argo. polites, given by Manetho to the thirteenth Looking at those monuments, one is struck dynasty, as signifying natives not from at first sight by their great resemblance with the Thebes, but from one of the cities of the Delta works of the twelfth dynasty. This likeness dedicated to Amou, whether it bo the city appears in the whole attitude, in the manner in called later Diospolis Parva or another. which the hands are stretched quite flat on the In the list of the papyrus of Turin wc find as legs, and chiefly in the style in which the lower the sixteenth the cartouche given on pi. xxxiii. part of the body, and especially the knees, have 1,0. In other texts it accompanies the prenomeu been worked. The sculptor has applied all of Sebekhotep. It occurs twice at Bubastis, in his skill to the head, which was to be a portrait one case it is complete, in the other, two- but the legs .are coarse, made with a kind of thirds of it have been erased. I found also clumsiness, as it were, by a second-rate artist; other fragments of the architrave, which gave the knee-pan is rudely indicated, the ankle is part of the titles of the king Q"^^. The in-

" Lc.ps. Denkm. ii. 120-151. liouge, Notice des monu- scription must have been hidden in the wall in iiients, pp. 15 et IG. the reconstruction of the temple, but the size of ^ Kougc, Iiiscr. pi. 76. Petric, Tanis i. pi. iii. p. 8. ;

Id JSUI5. thick and rouglily marked. These character- which has the greatest likeness to the Rameses istics remind us not only of works of the twelfth of Geneva ; it is at the Britisb Museum, where dynasty, but also of statues several of which it has been labelled Amenopkis III., though it have been preserved, bearing the name of bears no hieroglyphical name. Eameses II. I shall mention only two. One If the kings of the thirteenth dynasty have is at Boston, and was discovered by Mr. Petrie at been so powerful, and if they have carried their Bubastls, far as Nubia, it is astonish- Nebesheh ; the other comes from and conquests so Upper

is now in the museum of Geneva (pi. xiv.).' It ing that they left so few monuments, and that

is evident that this last one is notRamescs II. their cartouches occur much, more seldom than the type of the face is quite different from the those of the twelfth. The reason of it seems Ramessides, and in addition to other erasures, to me that the thirteenth dynasty has been the the sides of the throne have l^een diminished object of a peculiar malevolence from the in order to engrave the name of the king. kings of the nineteenth. For a cause which

The head-dress is the same as on the Sebekhotep we do not know, neither Seti I. nor his son of the Louvre. The statue is in a remarkable Rameses considered the Sebekhoteps as legiti- state of preservation, there is only a slight mate kings, and they did not admit them in the piece of the nose which is wanting. It was royal lists which were engraved at Abydos and broken in two at the waist. The base Sakkarah, no more than the Hyksos. The appeared already in my first excavations in eighteenth dynasty, and especially Thothmes

1887 ; but it was sunk deep in water, and I III., did not share the same feeling, as he left it until I should have discovered the upper mentions them in his list of Karnak. The part. The inundation of the following sum- hatred of Rameses and his family against tlie mer carried off the earth which covered the thirteenth dynasty may explain why its monu-

head ; it had fallen forward close to the base, ments are so scarce. From the destruction with the face in the soil. "When it was raised practised by the Ramessides, we possess only and turned, the colours Avere seen quite fresh. what has been saved either because the island of The stripes of the diadem A^ere painted alter- Argo was very far off, or because the in- nately blue and yellow, and there were traces of scription was hidden in a wall as in Bubastis, red on the face. The colours soon vanished or because the old name had been thoroughly ex- after they had been exposed to the air two or punged. We must attribute to a fortunate

three days ; but we had here a good example neglect the good preservation of the statues of of the use which the Egyptians made of poly- the Louvre and of Tanis. The result is that chromy. They painted their statues even the thirteenth dynasty, which lias played an when they were made of black granite. important part in the history of Egypt, is among Thus I should attribute the Rameses of the least known. But we can hope to derive

Geneva to a king of the thirteenth dynasty. more information about it from careful re- The statue has a curious peculiarity. Seen searches among the materials with which the from the side, in profile, the head seems dispro- later temples were built, especially those of the portionate, and mucli too large for the torso, nineteenth dynasty. while the chest is somewhat hollow. This

singularity may l^o seen also in a statue THE HYKSOS. * Another monument of the same kind is the liamcses of JosEPHUS, quoting Manetho, gives the following tlie Louvre, vid. liouge, Notice des monuments, p. 19 and 20. version of the invasion of the Shepherds and of ;

'L'HE IIYKSOS. — their conquest of I'j'gypt ; " The so-called Tl- sacred language, a king, and Nci.s, in the

maos became king. Egypt during his reign lay, demotic, is She/iJicrd and ShepJiprdf<. Some I know not why, under the divine displeasure, say they were Arabs." and on a sudden, men from the east countr}^ of This—is all that Manetho states, but Josephus an ignoble race, audaciously invaded the land. adds : " It is mentioned in another work that They easily got possession of it, and estabhshcd the Avord Hi/k does not signify kings, but themselves without a struggle, making the rulers shepherd prisoners. Jfijk or //(;/,•, signifies in thereof tributary to them, burning their cities, Egyptian, jirisuiK'rs, and this seems tome more and demolishing the temples of their gods. All likely, and more in conformity Avith ancient the natives they treated in the most brutal history." ' manner ; some they put to death, others they re- It is useless to repeat here all the opinions duced to slavery with their wives and children. which have been expressed on this important " Subsequently, also, they chose a king out of and much controverted passage. Few texts their own body, Salatis by name. He estalj- have been the object of so much discussion. I lished himself at Memphis, took tribute from shall only state what seems to be most plausible the Upper and Lower country, and placed in the conflict of diverging views to which this garrisons in the most suitable places. He part of the history of Egypt has given rise. fortified more especially the eastern frontier, We do not know when the inroad took place ; foreseeing, as he did, that the Assyrians, whose it is certain, however, that under the thirteenth

dynasty, Egypt still power was then at its height, would make an was her own master ; if the

attempt to force their way into the Empire from strangers had already entered the land, it ivas that quarter. He found in the Sethroite uome not as invaders nor as conquerors. In the a city particularly well adapted for that purpose, obscure period of the fourteenth dynasty, when, lying to the east of the Bubastite arm of the according to the papyrus of Turin and Manetho, Nile, called A carls, after an old mythological the kings succeeded each other at short fable. This he repaired and fortified with intervals, after reigns which had not even the " strong walls, and placed in it a garrison of duration of one year, these men from the east

240,000 heavy-armed soldiers. In summer he country, of an ignoble race, audaciously in- visited it in person, for-the purpose of recruiting vaded the land." The contemptuous qualifica- them with a fresh supply of provisions, paying tion applied by Manetho to the strangers, shows their salaries, and practising military exercises, that they were not a distinct nation, whose by which to strike terror into the foreigners. name and original settlement were well known. " He died after a reign of nineteen years, and They were more or less barbarous hordes driven was succeeded by another king, Beon by name, from their native country, and over-runnino- who reigned forty-fom' years. After him Egypt as the barbarians over-ran the Roman AiKxchias reigned thirty-six years and seven Empire. Their name has not been preserved months; then Ajjophis, sixty-one years; then neither the Egyptian inscriptions nor the Greek

writers mention it, although lanias, fifty years and one month ; and lastly the Egyptian Assis, forty-nine years and two months. texts are most minute when they describe the

" These six were their first rulers. They adversaries of Rameses II. mustering at were continually at war, with a view of utterly Kadesh, or the invaders who threatened the exhausting the strength of Egypt. The general empire under Merenphthah or Rameses III. name of their people was Tlyhsus, which means

; ' Shepherd Kings ' for Tfyl- signifies, in the Bunscn, Egypt's Place, vol. ii. BUBASTIS.

solved ; but the fact is undisputed Whenever the Hyksos arc spoken of it is not yet l^ecn Chaldaea is one of the countries where the not by their name, they are described in vague that races have been fused together at the words or even abusive epithets. They are the different earliest epoch. 'f=A Asiatic shepherds, ov\ \^\ There is a remarkable coincidence between the Aamn, the nomads of the Ea^t, '^^'^^^ the events which took place in Mesopotamia and the invasion of the Hyksos. In the year "%\"§^ i^ the shej^herds, or even fj^"^^ '^'^ | 2280, the King of the Elamites, Khudur plague or the festilence. If therefore they had Nakhunta, over-ran Chalda;a, which he con- been a distinct nation or a confederacy such as quered and pillaged. As a trophy of his Rameses II. had to fight, it would be strange victory, he carried to his capital the statue of that no specific name should be applied to them, Nana, the goddess of the city of Urukh. To and that nothing should connect them with a this act of sacrilegious robbery we are indebted definite country known to the Egyptians. We for the knowledge of the campaign of Khudur are compelled to admit that they were an Nakhunta. For, 1635 years later, Assurbanipal uncivilized multitude, under the command of conquered Susa, and restored the statue to the chiefs, called in Egyptian |z] ////. They did temple from whicli it had been taken. It must not belong to the Semitic or to the Turanian have been one of the high deeds of the campaign class them exclusively in one of stock alone ; to in which Assurbanipal took pride, for in the in- error; they these two races seems to me an scription whicli relates the defeat of Elam, he origin, must be considered as a crowd of mixed twicerefers to the sacrilege of Khudur Nakhunta, in which the two elements may be recognized. " who did not worship the great gods, and who probably not " Their inroad into Egypt was in his wickedness trusted to his own strength." driven to the valley of spontaneous, they were We see here, whatwe shall notice alsoinreference events which took place in the Nile by great to the Hyksos, that the chief cause of hatred and eastern Asia and led to the conquest of Egypt. antipathy between the two nations was diversity that look for the It is in eastern Asia we must of religion. They did not worship the same cause of the invasion of the Hyksos, and on this gods ; it was enough to make them enemies, obscure point an unexpected light has been and more than 1000 years afterwards, the people thrown by Assyriology. of Accad had not lost the tradition of the mis- The Assyriologists agree in stating that, from deeds of the Elamites against their gods. a remote epoch, Ohaldcea received in succession If Mesopotamia was twenty-two centuries and retained on her productive soil ethnical B.C. the scene of great wars and bloody various origins," which in the end elements of invasions, it is not unreasonable to suppose were mingled together. Semites, Kuschites or that the effect was felt as far as the banks of in this region they Kossscans have met ; the Nile. The waves raised by the storm the in turn quarrelled for dominion ; each which came from Elam overflooded Egypt. In the other last reigned over ; and at they formed Mesopotamia there have always been nomads a population of a mixed charactei-. It is a as well as a settled population. From there a matter of discussion which of the races has multitude, not much advanced in civilization, been the oldest, and which has brought the and of mixed origin, thus justifying to a certain civilization to the other. The question has degree the predicate of " ignoble " given them by

° Perrnt et Chipiez, Assyrie, p. 17. ' Lcnormant, Hist. aiic. iv. 92. —

Manetlio, was driven out by the niouutaiiiccr.s of employed as an e})ithet, but always applies to

Eiam, and it pushed on us far as Eg-yi)t. It is actual prisoners. Once, for instance when it evident that liere we launch out into con- prccodes the name of the Shasu, we see on the to jecture ; but this hypothesis seems to rae sculpture the captives tied by the elbows and account in the best way for the few facts on brought to Egypt. I believe, with the majority " which we can argue. "Phoenicians" or "Arabs of Egyptologists, that the other interpretation are the geographical names assigned to the is the best, and that the first syllable of the " Hyksos by Manetho and Josephns ; Phoeni- word Hyksos must be deinved from the cians " meaning, in my opinion, invaders Egyptian M^ a iirince or a cJbivf. There is coming through Palestine, which was the natural nothing extraordinary in the fact that the " way ; as for the term Arabs," it may be whole nation is called tlif chiefs of ilie Shasu. synonymous with that of" nomads." One fact We have an expression quite parallel in a remains, the absence in the Egyptian inscrip- papyrus of the twelfth dynasty." The wanderer tions of a specific name connecting the Hyksos Saneha, after having settled in the land of with a definite country, while they are always Tennu, is obliged to repel Ihe chiefs of the mentioned by vague and general epithets tlte

mouittuiiis, \/}'v\(S.^\^ 1 hiku setu. There eastern xJwjjhcrds, flie iiomach, and the like. Such qualifications may very well apply to a the word f/(/(y"evidently refers to the whole tribe wandering crowd without fixed residence, which, of hiohlanders. Let us replace the word after having perhaps made several intermediate setu, by JtTr( "^l y M I i Shasu, and we have stations, came down upon Egypt and conquered the expression Hyksos. As for the second it without great difficulty. part of the word, it clearly comes from the The name Hyksos, given them by Manetho,

*^^i'3 ^"^st translation of word Iilil'%^^1-'^ ^ ' is of recent formation, and certainly later than which became the campaigns of Seti I. and Rameses II. in which is vomad or slwpherd, and were Syria. It does not occur in this form in the the Coptic tycxjc, a shepherd. The Shasu

is vagrants, the Bedouins of the present day, Egyptian inscriptions ; but it is certain that it portion of Egypt, iu formed in a regular way, and it reminds one of wandering over the eastern they en- other words of the same kind. Egyptologists the desert, the crossing of which are divided with respect to the interpretation dangered. If the word ^^ "°^ MjI'^^^cLi j like Prof. to be given to the name. Some, very ancient in Egypt, as Prof. Krall observes, Krall,' the translation of Josephus, and adopt it is because of its Semitic origin. It is

to iuIUkjc, and derive it from the word 'w"'^^^_^ ^'f-^^'j meaning connected with the word >^?^,

it was introduced into Egypt under the N"ew •Ain-'iaoner. It would thus be a term of contempt, Empire, when the Semitic words were adopted such as we often meet with. W^'%M=^ '^— iu abundance. Thus in the 23rd century B.C. nomad tribes or bound ivith cliains, ai^/AaXcurot ttol- prisoners, coming from Mesopotamia, and ruled by [-^^^ /LieVesj would be like the vile Kheta, and other e \chiefs, overran Egypt, and took possession expressions of the same nature. It may be ^ of the Delta. The conquest was facilitated, if objected that the word hah is not .UJ not by anarchy, at least by the instabihty and the

' Acg. Studien, ii. p. G9 ct seq. Do Cara, Gli Hyksos, " Berlin, i. 1. 98. Leps. Kocnigsb. 212 et seq. I'ap. de appointment. In the same way we see that weakness of tlie royal power. They advanced Egypt, probably as far as Merapliis. Undoubtedly the the Assyrian kings, who conquered gave to the great cities. invasion was marked by the acts of savagery native princes as governors and the depredations with which Manetho It was not different at the time of the Hyksos reproaches the Hyksos. It has always been invasion. After a time of warfare and dis- the case in eastern wars, especially when an turbance, the length of which Ave cannot uncivilized nation fell upon a land Uke Egypt, appreciate, the country settled down and the wealth and fertility of which contrasted resumed an appearance very similar to what with the neighbouring countries, and still more it had been before. The worship alone was with the desert. But the superiority of the different. Thus the continuity was preserved civihzcd race was not long before becom- in the progress of Egyptian civilization. There ing prevalent. The Egyptians compelled is only a slight difference between the New their conquerors to submit to their habits Empire and the Middle, for the Hyksos had and customs. The invaders adopted the not put an end to the former state of things. civilization of their subjects in all but the Under their rule there was a weakening in the

religion. "We may even suppose that when life of the nation, a kind of temporary paiise in its artistic intellectual the they settled in the land, the Hyksos maintained and growth ; but as the Egyptian administi^ation. The officials, root of the tree had not been cut off, it very who were always very numerous in Egypt, and soon shot forth new branches. At the same time, as the cliief discrepancy between the who in their inscriptions take as first title jU Hyksos and their subjects lay in rehgion, it scribe or irrtfer, must necessarily have been explains the persisting hatred of the Egyptians natives, as they alone knew the language, the against the invaders, who were always con- writing, and the customs of the country. It sidered as impure and barbarians, because was so at the time of the Arab conquest ; the they were hostile to the gods of the land. officials remained the same as before, they were Manetho, quoted by Josephus, informs us Copts. ^ But we have a more striking example, that the Hyksos reigned over Egypt 511 years, which proves that it was usual with Oriental and that their kings formed the fifteenth and conquerors to do so. The cuneiform tablets sixteenth dynasties. Africanus^ assigns to newly discovered at Tell el Amarna, contain their dominion a duration of 518 years. It is reports directed to the King of Egypt by the hardly possible to reconcile the dates supplied governors of the cities of Syria and Palestine, by the various chronographers at this obscure which had been subdued by the kings of the period. The two sources from which we derive eighteenth dynasty, and which were thus under the most extensive information are Josephus Egyptian dominion. These reports are written and Africanus, who establish in the following in Babylonian, a language then current in way the list of the kings. Eastern Asia, and which the King of Egypt Josephus. understood but imperfectly, as he was obliged to have recourse to a dragoman who inter- preted the letters of the kings of Mesopotamia.

It is clear that the governors who wrote the reports were not Egyptians, they were natives to whom Thothmes or Amenophis had left their

I'utrie, Tanis —

THE IIYKSOS

In both authors these kings are indicated in his excavations at San (Tanis) in 1860. On as being the first ; they are called by Africanus the arms of two colossi representing a king of the fifteenth dynasty, to which another, the the thirteenth or fourteenth dynasty, he found sixteenth, is said to have followed. But, not to engraved the cartouches of Apepi, which he at speak of the fact that other authors, like first deciphered incorrectly, but which must be

Eusebius or the Old Chronicle, do not mention read as follows : this subsequent dynasty, the statement of the ^'-^-^ two chronographers is contradicted by the 1JC°^;S]¥ (Mlil god, Uaahenen, the sou. lla, Apepi. Egyptian texts ; for we shall see that the king of called here Jjwjihis or Ajyhohls is one of the This inscription alone is sufiicient to show last, perhaps even the very last Hyksos king, that in his time the Hyksos were no more the who had to fight the native princes of the fierce conquerors described by Manetho. They seventeenth dynasty. "We are thus compelled to did not destroy the temples, since they wrote admit that there is an inversion in the statement their names on the statues made for their native of the chronographers, and we consider the predecessors, and dedicated to the native gods. kings of whom they give a list as the sixteenth Besides, though they were worshippers of Set dynasty. or Sutekh, they considered themselves as sons

It is in a papyrus of the British Museum, of Ra, the solar god. called Sallier I., that the mention of a Ilyksos At the same time as the cartouches, Mariette king has first been discovered. This document, discovered other monuments to which the name which was translated by Brugsch, E. de Rouge, of Hyksos has since been applied. They Goodwin, Chabas, has been the object of much consist of four sphinxes, originally placed on discussion. Quite recentl}^ it has been trans- both sides of the avenue leading to the centre lated anew by Maspero, who denies to the of the temple. These sphinxes have a human narrative it contains, a historical character, and head surrounded by a very thick and tufted considers it as a tale or a legend, the end of mane. As for the face it has a type quite which has unfortunately been lost. It probably different from the Egyptian. The nose is wide related the beginning of the war between the and aquiline, the cheek-bones are high and Hyksos king and his native rival, the prince of strongly marked, the mouth projecting, with

Thebes. In spite of its legendai'y appearance stout lips and fleshy corners. At first sight it we gather from the document important is impossible not to be struck by the fact that information. We see that the strangers are we have here the image of a foreign race, and

^^^^ art is not purely Egyptian. called by the offensive epithet of u "v^ ^^ an which No doubt the artist who sculptured them was the im-jmre, or the flarjue ; they are governed by Egyptian, the workmanship has all the charac- "^ the king, Apcpi, who resides in Avaris, \\ teristics of native art ; but on the faces, which % °i^ and who adopted for his god l"^"^ are portraits, we see that the originals belonged to another race, and they clearly betray a >$:_J Sutekh, exclusive of all others. His ad- foreign element. versary is King 8ckenen-Ba, 1 "^ (op^^l^j| Mariette from the first attributed them to the Hyksos, and he was confirmed in his who resides in -^^T '^'-'^ c'7// of the south, Thebes. opinion by the fact that on the right shoulder A further step in the knowledge of the of each sphinx is an inscription hammei'ed out, could decipher the sign of Hyksos was made by the discoveries of Mariette but where he 'J^ 1 ;

the god Set, and tlie words 11, the r/ood god. impossible, since they differ only by the last

I instead of ^.^.^ The whole was so like the inscriptions of word j n , power instead of I

Apepi that he did not hesitate in reading his stn-nr/tJi, the sense of both words is nearl}^ name on the sphinxes, and even in attributing identical. their execution to his reign. Since then these In order to complete the list of Hyksos monuments have always been called Hyksos. kings, known or supposed to be so, before the Several others of the same style have been excavation of Bubastis, I have to mention the added to the sphinxes ; viz. at San a group of '^ '*"*'''""* two standing figures with long hair, and «"« CSiSI CS^B]

the famous tablet of the year ; and the holding offerings of fishes and lotus-flowers ; 400 name the bust of a king discovered in the Fayoom, which Dev^ria read on the Bagdad lion now at found in a and another which Lenormant the British Museum, Co P ^Vj f^^^i^ Rn Set nouh. collection at Rome. The first is probably not a historical king, but The opinion of Mariette which was admitted

only the god Set ; as for the second name, it is at first with great favour, has not remained a false reading, and we shall see further that uncontradicted. Tt is beyond dispute that this sovereign must struck out of the list these monuments are at least as old as the be of the Egyptian rulers. Hyksos, in spite of the numerous usurpations Until the city which they have undergone, even as late as now which was pre-eminently called Hyksos, was Tanis. There the name of the twenty-fii'st dynasty, and of which they Apepi had been discovered as well as the still bear traces. But are they really Hyksos? sphinxes, there also we know that Eameses II. The question is very much debated, and we dedicated monuments to Set or Sutekh, the shall revert to it presently. It is nearly certain god of the foreign invaders. could that Apepi was not the author, but the first Thus we justly consider usurper of the sphinxes. The king who Tanis as their capital. B. de dedicated the monuments would not have Rouge even suggested that Tanis was another name for Avaris, the fortified city mentioned by engraved his name on the shoulder ; the in- scription would not be in lightly cut characters Manetho in his narrative. We did not expect that the result of our excavations at a place where it more or less defaces the would be to reveal the greatest statue. However, the usurpation may have likeness between Tanis and Bubastis. This last been made on the work of another Hyksos. city has also been an important settlement of the stranger The fact that it was not for Apepi that the kings they thei^e sphinxes were sculptured does not imply that raised constructions at least as large as in the northern city there also it was not for another king of the same race. j Rameses II. preserved the worship of the alien divinity. Ii,a aa Kenen is not the only Hyksos ruler who On the way from the hall had the prenomen of Apepi. There is another second to the hypostyle, close to the place of the first columns, Apepi whose coronation name is Co ^[^ j P I discovered a fragment of a doorpost in red Ba aa user, and who is known through the granite, on which originally stood an inscription mathematical papyrus of the British Museum.^ in two columns. PI. xxii. A gives an idea of the "We are compelled to admit that there are two size of the inscription, which is in quite different Apepis, unless this last coronation name be proportions from that of Tanis. It has been only a variant of the first, which would not be hammered out ; nevertheless, it is quite legible.

3 Eisenlohr. Proc. Bibl. Arch. 1881, p. 97. Close by was a second fragment, which —

THE HYKSOS.

evidently was the coronation name, but the Thothmes ITT., which undoubtedly are usurped. erasure is so complete, that there is only The feet rest on the nine bows. In spite of a part of the line left which surrounded the the most active and persevering researches cartouche. On one side of the inscription we we could not find the upper part of the statue. read (pi. c), the Ajjcpi, xxxv. son of Ba, and on If it has not been destroyed it may be in some the other, he raised f'dlars^ in great itumhers; and European collection. Fortunately both sides bronze doors to this god. We do not know who of the throne, along the legs, are nearly intact, is meant by this god ; we cannot even assert and have preserved the name of a king at that it is Set. On another stone w.alled in the present unknown (pL xxxv. a). This king, who first hall we found the beginning of the titles styles himself the Horus crowned with the schent, of Apepi (pi. xxxv. b), such as they are indicated does not take the title of ^\^ King of Upper and on an altar in the museum of Ghizeh.*^ We Lower Egypt, like the kings of the twelfth learn from these two texts that Apepi made dynasty. constructions in his reign. It is not a mere He is simply 11 tlie good god, and

usurpation as we found on the monument of "^ tlie son Ba. is of The standard (] "J () j^,

Tanis ; it is a document inscribed with his he who embraces territories. It is followed by name and recording that he increased the the two cartouches. temple of Bubastis. The size of the inscrip- /^"^ (^'^ The first must be read User en tion which relates it shows that his work must Ba. The sign, which is usually have been of importance. Once more we written has here a peculiar form. \ recognize the entirely Egyptian form of the Its i^eading is assured, because it work made by the foreign rulers. They have V^^ k J. occurs as a variant in the first quite assumed the garb of the native Pharaohs. cartouche of Rameses II.'' They are called sons of Ba ; the epithet of ^ -f- The second must in my opinion be read their cartouches, giving life or everlasting iolloyrs Ba-ian or rather lan-Ba. Mr. Petrie^ has similar to those of and the titles of Apepi are proposed the reading Khian, taking the upper the twelfth dynasty. disk as a ® and not as a solar disk, and laying Close to the doorpost, and nearly touching stress upon the fact that in this cartouche the it, little lower, the base of a statue in stood, a disk is entirely hollowed out, which it is not in blackgranite, of natural size(pl.xii.). The statue, the other, and in the expression '^,. It may which is sitting, is broken at the waist ; the be answered that on the same side, just above two hands are stretched on the knees as in the the second cartouche, the solar disk which statues of the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties; accompanies the hawk is also hollowed out, a narrow band falls between the legs. The and made exactly like that of the cartouche. knee are style is vigorous ; the muscles of the Moreover, there is a manifest intention of strongly marked, but worked with care; the making the solar disk conspicuous at the top workmanship reminds us either of the great statues of which we shall speak further, or of ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. ii. pi. 2. Laps. Koenigsb. pi. 33.

the statues of Turin bearing the name of ' Mr.Pctrie quotes two cylinders, one of which is in Athens, the other belongs to Prof. Lanzone. The paper impressions of the cj'linder of Athens, which Mr. Griffith kindly sent to * tlic word . Erugsch, Diet, liier. 10G8, gives ,"^, p. || me, show a flattened disk, or even an<:ri>, hut not a ©. As here to the word which he translates masfs. I give ||| for the cylinder of Prof. Lanzone, I have seen it and examined

a wider sense pillars. There was in the temples of Pano- it carefully with the owner. It bears a totally different name, longer, in which occui'S an <:!> besides several indis- polis and Memphis a hall called j^]^j^ ©. mnch ^ Mar. Men. divers, pi. 38. tinct siqns. An, of the fifth dynasty," who seems of the cartouche, as is always the case, so that king f^^~^ there may be a perfect symmetry l:)etween both to have had special titles to the rever- j cartouches as in the name of Apries. The ence of posterity, since, many centuries after his VZ^ reign, the king Usertesen I. of sign ijO is clearly too short, the sculptor was the twelftli dynasty dedicated to him a statue obliged to put it in as he could. It seems now.in the British Museum. In both cases the that the artist began to engrave the cartouche graphic variant of the cartouche of Bubastis in the lower part, with the eagle, to which he does not exist, and Ave cannot identify our king allowed too large a space, so that there was not with any of those two, especially not with the sufficient room left for the signs [1 in regular [| king of the fifth dynasty. proportions. If he had not been l:)Ound to put As it has been pointed out, first by Mr. Griffith,

O at the top of the cartouche, isolated as must it is impossible not to recognize the cartouche be done for the name of Ea—in other words, of Bubastis in the insci'iption engraved on the if the disk had been a ® Ich, instead of lla o chest of the small lion from Bagdad, now at nothing prevented him from writing the © on the British Museum.' It has been slightly the side of the l|l|, and beginning the cartouche hainmered out, but since we can compare the

cartouche to another which is quite legible, with ®|](| as is always the case with the the identity of both is striking. The is easily cartouche of Xerxes. p recognizable, as well as the head, and the Another curious peculiarity to l)e noticed is the dedication of the statue. lan-Ra has lower part of the S equally. As the form of dedicated it to himself, to his donhle or to his the sign is unusual, one could suppose it was image. He is himself his own worshipper. the god Set 7^, though the head is not that Where is the place of king lan-Ra ? In which of the god. The below has been widened dynasty are we to classify him ? Is he a by the erasure, and was interpreted as f%s^ nnh. Hyksos, or does he belong to a native family ? The result is that the king B.a Set nnb, whom The first cartouche is very like a well-known Deveria believed he had discovered on the one, if we do not take into consideration a lion, rests only on an erroneous reading, and as I

said must be struck out of the lists of graphic detail. The letter 1 x, which we the kings. The cartouche of the Bagdad lion is not should take as a complement of the sign "^ is engi'aved on the shoulder as with the spMnxes written before, as if we had here an intensitive of Tanis, but on the chest, in the place verb, and that the word shonld be read snser. where according to all probabilities the king We migkt take it as a mere caprice of the for whom the monument was made would have artist, if the same peculiarity did not occur on had his name written. "We may therefore the other monument where this cartouche is safely conclude that it was under lan-Ra's written, the Bagdad lion. I believe, therefore, reign, and for him that the lion was sculptured. that we cannot identify it with the cartouche This lion is particularly interesting to us, '^'7^ User en Ea, which belonged to two kings of because it is a monument of the Hyksos style.

J, very different epochs. It is found in the « The head is not human, it is that of the animal, ' list of Karnak, the exact order of which but the mane is exactly similar to the sphinxes V___y is difficult to establish, among kings ex- tending from the eleventh, to the eighteenth ' Lepsins, Answahl, pi. ix. dynasty It is also the coronation name of ' Vid. Dcv('ria, Rev. Arch. 1861, ii. p. 25G. Tomkins Abraham, p. IGO. Maspero, Introd. aux iiion. divers de Lepsins classified it in tlie clevpnth. ]\raviette, p. 21. THE HYKSOS. of Tanis. Thus we have at last a Hyksos divinity. Clearly there was a great difference inonument, the author and dedicator of which as to religion between the Hyksos and the is well established. lan-Ra had monuments Egyptians, who considered the strangers as made for him in the foreign style which has impious and as enemies of their own gods. been considered as the work of the Hyksos. Since Set or Sutekh was the divinity of the

This very important fact induces us to make a foreign dynasty, it is extraordinary that his step farther. Is lan-Ea not the author of name does not appear on the statue of lau-Ra, the sphinxes of Tanis, Avhich Mariette contended who seems to have had no other god than him- to have belonged to Apepi, but which existed self. This circumstance corroborates the idea before this king ? Apepi inscribed his name on recently put forward by the Rev. Father De the shoulder, in a place indicating that the monu- Cara. The learned Jesuit suggests that the ment had on the chest another name wliich worship of Set was instituted by Apepi, and he did not wish to erase, and whicli we do not that from this important event of his reign see now, because a later king, of the twenty- dates the era mentioned on the famous tablet

first dynasty, Psusennes, destroyed it altogether of the year 400, dedicated by Rameses II. It

and replaced it by his own. It is natural to would explain why the name of Set is absent

suppose that' the name which Apepi respected from the statue of lan-Ra while it exists in was lan-Ra, since we have another monument the insci'iptions of the sphinxes of Tanis.

of the same style as the sphinxes bearing it at Pcrliaps Apepi had not yet achieved his great the regular place. religious reform when he erected at Bubastis Another curious feature of this important the great constructions, the mention of which inscription is the dedication. It is well known has been preserved. They were made in that on statues or obelisks the name of the honour of "1 ^^ this god, we do not know which, in honour of the is god whom monument made, for it would be rash to draw any conclusion is found at the end, after the name of the from the spot where the stones have been

dedicator, and followed by the word \l\l\ who unearthed. In a temple which has been over- and so completely as Bubastis, loves, who worshijjs. It is useless to quote thrown so often be derived from here instances of which there are hundreds. no conclusive evidence may the door- But here occurs the extraordinary circum- the vicinit}'- of two stones. Because post with the name of Apepi and dedicated to stance that lan-Ra is worshipper of his own ''"'^' '^^^ the statue of lan- i/^^» close to person: JU-k.=^ V [1[^, /;,c loves, he worshi'ps his 1 ,v^ Ra, the worshipper of himself, we cannot infer double, Ms oion image. It reminds us of what that the divinity which Apepi had in mind was is related in several texts, of the ungodliness of the same lan-Ra, whom he might have wor- the Hyksos. The inscription of Stabl Antar shipped as his ancestor or as a deified pre- -y^ ('• s)- li^Prnk^^sf?. """' decessor. This hypothesis, without being reigned, ignoring Ba, meaning hereby in impossible, is not very probable. Nevertheless, hostility against Ra, altliough the god in this strange dedication of the statue of

appeared in their names and titles. The lan-Ra, there is a characteristic feature which is

Sallier papyrus is still more explicit in its state- not in conformity with what we usually see in

ment. It relates that with the exception of the truly Egyptian statues ; and in my opinion

Sutekh, none of the gods of Egypt received it is another proof that lan-Ra was a Hyksos. the worship which was due to them, while the I believe even that lan-Ra is one of the king Apepi was a fervent adorer of the foreign kings mentioned by Josephus as 'lai^ias BUBASTIS.

It clear that there or 'Avi>a^, which must perhaps bo read on its side (pi. xxvi. l). was 'lavpaq. were two twin statues, and as we had the head of To the epoch of the Hjksos belong the two one, we could reasonably hope to find the other. fmesfc monuments discovered at Bubastis—one It happened two days afterwards. The second of which is at the museum of Ghizeh, and the head was discovered in a much better state of the first it is in tho otlier at the Britisli Museum—I mean the two preservation than ; now colossal sitting statues in black granite which British Museum (pl.i. and x.) Thus the entrance were placed near each other on the east side of of the temple of Bubastis was adorned with two the temple at the entrance of the first hall, colossal statues of the same size exactly, which and both on the same side of the great columns had been most wantonly destroyed, so that it which adorned the doorway. Unfortunately was not possible to reconstitute one of them, in careful researches. PI. xxvi. b they are in pieces. It has been impossible to spite of the most ' in the find even one of them complete. The first frag- exhibits the manner which fragments ment which appeared was the top of a head- were j^laced when they were first exposed to light. It shows two fi-agments of the statue dress, wearing the royal asp ; the forehead was attached to the diadem, and the head had been of the Britisli Museum, the lower part of the broken horizontally, at the height of the eyes, torso and the knees, which are one block, and which were hollowed out. A few strokes on the the extremity of the legs, which had been seen eyelids look like lashes, and they may have pro- first. The head was a little deeper, close to the still the toes but the statuo duced the illusion when seen from below, for it knees, and deeper ; be completed, the upper part of the is not certain that the hollow of the eyes Avas could not inlaid with other material. A few days after- torso from tho waist to the neck has dis- wards the lower part of the head was un- appeai-ed. The other base was lying on its earthed (pi. xi.), and we recognized directly side. "When it was dragged out of the mud, the type of the sphinxes of Tan is—the same wc found that it had been split in two from high and strongly marked cheek-bone, while top to bottom, so that there is only one leg left. the cheeks are rather hollow, the projecting The fragment has been carried to the museum

mouth with stout lips and the fleshy protuber- of Ghizeh, with the head first discovered ; it is ances at the corners. The nose, which has all that remains of that statue. PL xxiv. d shows been preserved nearly in its whole length, is the base after it had been raised. There is tho

wide, strong at its origin, and aquiline. This greatest likeness in the workmanship between

time it was not a sphinx which had been found, this base and the statiic of lan-Ra. Unfor-

it was a royal head, dressed as we often see tunately on neither of the two colossi have we the kings of the twelfth or the tliirtcenth been able to discover the name of tho king dynast}^. whom they represent. At afewfect distance wecnmo across the lower Looking at the two heads together one that the is tho foreign part of the legs of a colossal statue in black notices type same ; the granite, which evidently was part of the same characteristics which belong to the Hyksos as other monument (pi. iv. and xxv. d). But when, the face are marked much in one as in the ; infiltration water having receded, we were able but there is not identity between the tw^o to excavate, we quite unexpectedly came upon faces. The head of the British Museum is the lower part of the torso and the knees which the image of a younger man. It is not so full

belonged to this base, besides another base of the as that of Ghizeh ; on the whole it has a more same size and of the same workmanship, lying juvenile appearance. It may be that they aro ;

TKE HYKSOS. the portraits of two different men, for instance I am brought back by my excavations to the a father and a son ; hut it is possible also that opinion of Mariette, and I believe that the it is the same man at two epochs of his life, monuments which ho assigned to the Hyksos one young, perhaps, when he had but shor tly are really the work of the foreign kings. It ascended the throne, the other when he was seems well established that they are later than more advanced in years. Notwithstandhij^ the twelfth dynasty, with which they have no minute examinations of the two statues, wo likeness in the type. The same may be said could not find out the name of the king or the of the thirteenth ; neither the Sebekhoteps, kings whose likenesses they are. The photo- nor Neferhotcp, nor one of the least known graph of the base of Ghizeh shows two successive Mermashu of Tanis have the strange features of erasures (pi. xxiv. d). The group of the two the sphinxes or of the two statues of Bubastis. Nilcs is of the style of the twelfth or thirteenth There remains the fourteenth dynasty, the dynasty, and such as we recognized before on history of which is nearly unknown, and the monuments of that time. Above it Rameses II. Hyksos. But if the fourteenth is a dynasty had engraved his name. His standard is still of native princes, as we hear from Mauetho, extant; it was adopted later by Osorkon II. The why should they have given to their statues part which was hammered out most deeply was and sphinxes a decidedly strange character ? Is the place of the cartouches, which were trans- it not more natural to suppose that the Asiatic formed or engraved with the name of Osorkon type was introduced into Egypt by the Asiatics II. This king usurped both statues. His na me themselves ? Is the coincidence not suffi- and his titles may be seen on the base of the one ciently striking that we may conclude that it

at the British Museum. The place where the name proceeded from a common origin ? Now the of the king who erected the statues must have limits of the problem have been very much

stood, is the edge of the throne, along the legs narrowed. We have the choice only between on both sides. There the base of the British the fourteenth dynasty and the Hyksos. "We Museum shows a very deep erasure, where we do not know when the fourteenth dynasty began, nor can wo tell when the thirteenth ended can still distinguish at the top =! t and "^^ but the scanty information which we possess between the cartouches. At Ghizeh the signs does not point between the two to an abrupt of the coronation name of Rameses II. are nearly and sudden change, such as would have been all discei-nible, but so deep that it cannot liave produced by a foreign invasion. Admitting been the original inscription. even withManethothat the first was Diospolite, It is only conjecturally that we can assign a and the second Xoite, this cii'cumstance does not

name to these statues ; and what seems most account for such a deep alteration in the type, natural is to give them the same as to the nor for such an obviously foreign character in sphinxes of Tanis. It may be either Apepi or the features of the face. Therefore the con- lan-Ra. Apepi, Ave know through his inscrip- clusion to which Mariette had arrived seems to tion, made such large constructions at Bubastis me by far the most satisfactory, and I consider that he may well have desired to leave his that the group of monuments to which he gave portrait in the temple. As for lan-Ra we the name of Hyksos really belongs to them. have no proof that he built much, but we know However, the share which they have con-

that he had monuments of the same kind tributed in works such as the great statues, is sculptured for him. merely the type, the character of the face. All Thus after having much hesitated myself, that renfards the execution, the technical side. Turanians, but I should not be able is essentially Egyptian, even tlie attitude. The heads were Shepherd kings employed native artists for to say which." Prof. Flower expresses himself making their portraits. They had submitted to in a more positive way on the Mongoloid the Egyptian civilization. They had yielded affinities of the Hyksos. There is nothing in to the ascendency which a superior race "will these statements which is not in perfect with the historical facts which are always exert on less civilized invaders ; but harmony of vfG may understand their desire that their mentioned above, as having been the cause presence foreign origin should be recorded somewhere, the invasion of the Hyksos. The of in Mesopotamia at a remote and nothing could show it as well as a good a Turanian race portrait. It is obvious that the artist en- epoch is no more questioned by most Assyrio- deavoured to give an exact likeness of the logists. It does not mean that the whole bulk the invaders, the entire population which king ; it is shown by the great difference which of exists between the head and the lower part of settled in Egypt, was of Turanian origin. It the body, where the hand of a less clever would be contrary to well-established historical in sculptor is easily traceable. Certainly under facts. It is certain that all that remained Egypt the Hyksos Egyptian art had not degenerated. of the Hyksos, in the language, in the worship, The two heads of Bubastis are among the most in the name of Aamu, by which they were beautiful monuments which, have been pre- called, everything points to a decidedly Semitic

served. It is impossible not to admire the influence. But the kings may very well not vigour of the work as well as the perfection have been Semites. How often do we see in with which the features are modelled. There eastern monarchies and even in European difference of origin between the is something harder, even perhaps more brutal states a than in the typo of the Eamessides, whose ruling class, to which tlio royal family belongs, and the mass of the people. We need features are more refined and gracious ; but it Asia find comes fi'om the difference in the originals, which not leave Western and Egypt; we to the race of did not belong to the same race. there Turks ruling over nations After along circuit we thus return to our start- which they do not belong, although they have ing point, and we inquire again, where was the adopted their religion. In the same way as the native of country the Hyksos ? consulting Turks of Bagdad, who are Finns, now reign over instead of historical documents, the ethnologi- Semites, Turanian kings may have led into cal characters whicb may appear on the monu- Egypt and governed a population of mixed ments. On this point we find a nearly complete oi'igin where the Semitic element was prevalent. agreement between two of the most eminent If we consider the mixing up of races which ethnologists of the present day—Prof. Flower took place in Mesopotamia in remote ages, in England, and Prof. Yirchow in Germany. the invasions which the country had to suffer, The illustrious German saw the head now the repeated conflicts of which it was the belonging to the British Museum on the spot, a theatre, there is nothing extraordinary that few days after it had been discovered, and he populations coming out of this land should

published a drawing of it in a paper read at the have presented a variety of races and origins. Berlin Academy. Prof. Yirchow was struck at Therefore I believe that though we cannot

first sight by the foreign character of the fea- derive a direct evidence from ethnological con-

tures, but he added that it was very diSicult to siderations, they do not oppose the opinion give their precise ethnological definition. " It stated above that the starting point of the may be," says he, " that the models of these invasion of the Hyksos must bo looked for in TUE EIGUTEENTn DYNASTY.

Mesopotamia, and that the conquest of Egypt belonging to the fourth or the fifth; but nothing by the SheiDherds was the consequence of the whatever of the seventeenth or of the eighteenth. inroads of the Elamites into the valley of the Except the serpent of Beuha, now in the Tigris and the Euphrates. museum of Ghizeh, and which dates from Amenophis III., before our discoveries atBubas- tis no monument of the Delta could be attributed with certainty to those priuces. It would be THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. extraordinary, however, that. wherever an ex- It is undoubtedly to the kings of the eighteenth cavation has been made, at Tanis, Pithom, dynasty that we must give the credit of having Nebesheh, Tell Mokdam, Khataanah, Tell el begun the war against the Hyksos, and having Yahoodieh, Saft el Henneh, especially in the embarked in a struggle which ended in the localities where ancient monuments have deliverance of the country from the yoke of the been discovered, precisely those of the seven- foreign dynasty. However, notwithstanding teenth and eighteenth dynasties should have their great and persevering efforts, Ahmes and disappeared. But we have discovered at Bu-

Sekenen-Ra did not succeed in achieving this bastis II., AmenoiMs and two of his successors ; arduous task. The invaders were finally driven and at the same time the fellaheen unearthed out by the kings who followed, and who were at Samanood a large tablet bearing the names not their immediate successors. The writers of Amenophis IV. and Horemheb. who have discussed this subject seem to me The explanation of these facts seems to me to have attached too much importance to the quite natural. In an inscription at Stabl Antar, campaign related in the famous inscription of which describes her high deeds, the queeu Alimes. The general tells us that under King Eashci^su, the sister and guardian of the

Ahmes I. the city of Avaris was besieged and younger brother, Thothmes III., speaks in this

^ conquered, and that the expedition was pushed way : I restored ivhat was in ruins, and I built as far as Sharohan, on the frontier of Palestine. uj) again lohat had remained {uncompleted) lohen

This narrative, engraved in his tomb, has often flte Aamu were in the midst of Efjijpt of the been considered as describing the final deliver- North, and in the city of Hauar, and when the ance of Egypt, which, however, does not seem to Shcphcrds^^^ "'"^"'/ '^"'"^ ^'"^^ ^^^ ^f^m have been realized as early as the seventeenth destroyed the {ancient) ^corJcs. They reigned ig- dynasty. It is probable that if the Delta had noring Ii'a, and disobeying his divine commands, been occupied in a stable and permanent manner until I sat dua-n on. the throne of It a. Making by the kings of the seventeenth dynasty, and by allowance for the exaggeration which is usual the first sovereign of the eighteenth, some in an Egyptian inscription, the passage seems to traces of their dominion would have remained in establish that order was far from being restored the country, whereas, on the contrary, it is a in the Delta when the queeu ascended the throne; remarkable fact that, before the excavations at the edifices ruined by the Aamu, the subjects of Bubastis, no monument of their time had been Apepi, had not yet been rebuilt, and probably discovered in the Delta. In every place where an administrative organization could hardly bo excavations have been made, either by our said to exist. However, before her reign, predecessors or by ourselves, if not statues or Ahmes, Amenophis I., Thothmes I., had carried larger monuments, at least names have been discovered of the twelfth dynasty, of the ' Golenischeff, Eecueil de Travaux, vol. iii. p. 2, vol, vi. 1. thirteenth, or even of much more ancient kings 3G et suiv. De Cara, Hyksos, p. 271. —

war into Syria and even as far as Mesopotamia, word Misphi'agmuthosls consists in two different and could not liavc done it without marcliing names fused in one Mlsaphris or Mesphres tlirough the Delta. Wo must admit that their and Thouthmosis. Misaphris or Mesphres is a wars had not been sufficient to overthrow and Greek transcription, easily explained, of Men- finally destroy the Asiatics, Avho may have hheperra, the coronation name of Thothmes III. had a party in Egypt. But it was different The name quoted by Josephus and Eusebius is with tlie conquests of Thothmes III., which had only the two cartouches of Thothmes III. com- a lasting result, since we know from the tablets of bined in one -word. Tell clAmarna,that under his successors Amcno- The stone of Amenophis II. (pl.xxxv. d) is a phis III. and Amenophis IV., Syria and part of slab in red granite with two panels. It was at

Mesopotamia were still tributary to Egypt. the entrance of the liall of Nekhthorheb, the most

The first campaign of Thothmes III. was western in the temple. It was brought from directed against the hereditary foes of his another part of the edifice ; for though we rolled

empire, the Syrians and Asiatic nomads ; and in many of the neighbouring blocks we did not find order to assert his final triumph over his formid- anj'thing else of that epoch. In turning over able enemies, and to perpetuate its remem- the slab itself we saw the reason why it has brance, he built in the land oi Bcnienen a fort or been preserved. It was put in later times as castle, which he called MenhJieperra (Thothmes) a threshold, or rather as an upper lintel to a door, and the slot-holes ai-e still visible, in suMucs the nomads (ora^J % ^:^ ^^^ "^ ^^^^" which the hinges w^erc inserted (pi. xxvi. a). This name is very significant when it is con- On the slab are two sculptured panels in nected with tlie information derived from the in- opposite directions to each other. In both of scription of Ilashepsu. Moreover, immediately them, the king Amenophis II. is seen standing after Thotlimes III. tlie monuments appear and making offerings to the god Amon, who sits again in the Delta, and the most ancient is the on his throne. The king promises him as a stone discovered at Bubastis. These different reward, health, strength, happiness, courage, facts have led me to conclude with Lepsius that it according to the usual formulas. It is strange was Thothmes III. who finally delivered Egypt that we find no mention of Bast, who at that from the Ilyksos, and who secured the coimtry time seems not to have been the chief local against their invasions ; for it is certain tliat a

divinity ; whereas the god wdiose worship Avas part of the people remained in the land and prevalent was Amon-Iia, the ling of the gods, accepted the dominion of the Pharaohs. the great king, the lord of the shij. After his This opinion on the work of Thothmes III. name, comes the mention of the j^lace where he seems to me confirmed by the very corrupt is worshipped, and where he is considered as passage in which Manetho, quoted by Josephus, residing. We should expect to find here J^ast, relates the expulsion of the ITyksos. It is said, the usual name of Bubastis. But that is not the that under a king whose name must be read case, and we come across a totally different Misphragmuthosis, the Shepherds -were driven name, he who dwells in Perunefer. This name out of Egypt, and took refuge in the city of has only been met with once, by Brugsch,^ who Avaris.'' I have suggested elsewhere * that the discovered it on a tablet of the museum of

- Brug.sch, Rcc. pi. xliii. Acg3'pt. p. 32S. Ghizeh, which speaks of a controller of the work- Etti Be /?acrtXc(os w uvo/xa euat 'Mio-i^pay/xou'^oxTts shops, in the city of rerunefer. We must infer ijTTdifj.tvov'i ^Tjcri Tous TTOt/xeVas vtt avTov Ik fxiv ttJs aA.Aij9

AiyWTOV Trdo-Tjs iKTrecriiv KaTnK\iiar67jvai. S' eis tottov . . .

^ Avopiv. Mnllor, Fragiii. ii. p. 5G7. * Zeitsclir. 1883, p. 9. Diet. Geog. p. 221. — — ;

THE EIGHTEEXTII DYNASTY. from the inscription of AmouopLis II., tliat generals acting in a similar way during the

Perunefer is the oldest name of Bubastis. Middle Ages or even in modern times. Seti I. Though wo found a dedication to Bast as early had to fight the Shasu on the frontiers of his as Araenemha I., it is clear that under the empire. In passing through Bubastis he pro- eighteenth dynasty, the worship of the goddess mised to Amon to repair the constructions was not the most important in the city, the erected there by Amenophis II., and which had sanctuary of which was the abode of the Theban perhaps suffered duricg the reign of the

god Amon. heretical King Amenophis IV. ; nothing is We do not know in what consisted the con- more in accordance with the religious ideas of structions of Amenophis II., but they must have all times. had a certain importance, since a following king Amenophis IE. was followed by an obscure thought it necessai'y to renew them. Between king, Thothmrs IV., after whom one of the the two panels is a vertical inscription in two most powerful sovereigns of Egypt, Amenophis columns, Avhich contains the following text : HI., ascended the throne. He is the only one

The Icing of Upper and Lower Egypt made ilie whose monuments were known in the Delta renovation of tJie huildings of . . . The son of before our excavations ; these monuments were Ba, Seti meri en Phthah caused to prosper the scarabs which the fellaheen discovered in the Jioiise of his father like lla. Thus Seti I. re- mounds of Tell Basta, and a stone serpent newed, the construction which had. been raised deposited in the museum of Ghizeh, which is the by bis predecessor. The same fact occurs at local form of Horus, worshipped in the city of Thebes,'' on the south pylon of the temple of Athribis now called Benha. The monuments Karnak. There, a large sculpture represents of the time of Anwaopliis IH. which avc Amenophis II. striking a group of enemies, discovered, are four in number, and are of the whom he holds bound together by their hair, following description : before the God Amon. The god makes the Two headless statues representing the same usual promise of victory over his enemies, and men, a higher official also called Amenophis. before tlie god is an inscription nearly identical These statues (pi. xiii.), both of black granite, to that of Bubastis, "^^;^M (3^1 are very unequal as to Avorkmanship. That which is on the left of the plate is in the museum A ¥ the renovation of the monuments was made of Ghizeh, the other is in the British Museum. by the King Bamenma, everlasting. The first was sculptured by a clever and skilled It may be asked what i*eason induced Seti I. artist : it is a fine piece of work, remarkable in to build up again or to restore the works of his particular for the elaborate modelling of the predecessor. I believe that when he renewed body, which is covered by a garment of very the monuments of Amenophis II. he was thin material, a long gown tied at the neck by actuated by a religious motive, by the desire to two braces. The man is sitting cross-legged, propitiate Amon, perhaps at the moment when in a position which is frequent with Orientals he entered on his Asiatic campaigns, for which the legs, folded under the garment, are not Bubastis must have been the starting point. detached. He holds in the left hand a papyrus It was an offering which he made to the god in which he unrolls with the right on his lap ; order to court his favour, or as fulfilment for a from the left hand hangs also a kind of purse vow. It would be easy to quote kings or or bag, the use of which I cannot tell. On the

papyrus is an inscription to which we shall have

° Leps. Dcnkm. iii, Gl. to revert. The date of the monument was furnished by a part of the garment (pi. (loreriior of the city, tJic general Amcno2')his the

XXV. b). The two braces by -which it is held heloved. This inscription must be compared

are tied together on the back by a kind of with that of the other statue: (PI. xxxv. e).

broach or slide, on which is the following in-

scription (jT^^^lT|' '^"^ Oood god, Nch Ma •' T^"^ °^^^ ^^ ""'^'^ •^^- ©^ & T ^ S i f t Fid, heloved of Ma, which is -the first cartouche scure than the first, though it is clear that it of Amenophis III. The same ornament and refers to the same man. But as the titles are inscription are found on the second statue, different, we must admit that he had the two which in addition has on the chest the cartouche statues sculptui-ed at two different epochs of of the king. The other peculiarity of this statue, his life. As the other one is of better workman- which to my knowledge has not been met with ship, and as it contains titles which on the whole before, is the manner in which his title of scribe indicate a higher position than the second, we or official is indicated. The sign is placed p|| may conclude that he began with the statue of the left shoulder in such a that the on way the British Museum, which was dedicated earlier reed and the inkstand are on the back, while than the other. As far as we can make them the purse is on the chest. It is to be regretted out, the titles of the second statue are merely

that the head has disappeared ; it must have sacerdotal, while the first shows political and slightly bent forward as if it were reading been civil emjDloyments, besides, here they are not so the text of the papyrus. numerous : the frince wlio takes care of the The second statue is not quite so large, it is domains cf the temjiles, tin' chief of Nelihcn icho below natural proportions ; tbe workmanship is inferior to that of the other; the position is to 1)0 read utelni, and means cultivated land, nearly the same, but there is no papyrus, and the domains. It is met with also in an inscription of Rameses titles of the man are inscribed on a vertical II. (pi. xxxvii. c) in the expression "W y37 ttie column running along the middle of the body. domains of the lonians (Brugsch, Diet, suppl. p. 171 et7G5). The following text is inscribed on the first 1 do not know of any other instance where it follows tho word .<2^ which 1 translate here, 7oho faJces care who statue :-' (pi. xsxT.p) of, '^^iJl^^P^; loolis after.

aTol I cannot interpret this word, the great hall, other-

wise than the temple of Buhastis. ~=^ ^ '-^ lit. the chief of NeJcJmi (Brugsch, Diet. Geog. p. 355). One does not see the reason why tho city of Eilithyiaspolis, or even Upper TO. «„7,;,,, ./(„„.,,,;,„ «'^feTlS^¥ Egypt, should be mentioned here. Brugsch quotes tho cstahlislihicj the giving ordinances fa same title from an inscription of Esneh, nf Ma, fhe ^^ -^'^ ^ ^^. the great festivals friends, hy the ^mnce, the first friend, who loves his It refers to an employment in of Horus and Hathor at Edfoo. There, it is natural that tho chief of lord, the head of all the worls of his hing, and of a great neighbouring city should play an important part in

the iirovinces ofpasture marshes, the chancellor, tJt.e the festival. But at Bubastis, in Lower Egypt, it would be extraordinary. In my opinion, tho expression must bo considered as a mere title, and we must leave aside the ' ^^^- eefaMish the tnith or jmtirc, indicates P ^^ i ^ literal sense, which may be historically true, but which has legislative work. This expression, and the more frequent one lost its original meaning, as is so often the case at the present day with sacerdotal or royal titles. of I Vi o^ which occurs in the titles of several

<:==> lit. 7i'ho quiets his going, kings, must be translated legidator. U'ho calms, meaning of ^H m LM "T" "T" 'T^ ^- T'^*^ reading of -f^ -^ course, tclio stops, who remains, another priestly right or

^ privilege analogous to what we find elsewhere [' [I -^ I consider to be '^^, which Goodwin translates _P ^ ^ 2^a?^ure, and Brugsch (Diet. Sappl. p. 490) level plain. to go iji and out. THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. 33 slops his march in the holy place, the gorcrnor of Bubastis. It is also close to this city that we the city, the general Amenophis who lices again. have determined the original site of the land of

Nehhen is properly the name of tlie city of Goshen.^ The expression " nomes of marshes,"

Eilithyiaspolis, now called El Kab, whicli is often or " of pasture land," seems to point to a fact taken as an emblem for Upper Egypt ; but I be- which is confirmed by several other inscriptions, lieve that here -we must entirely put aside the that several of the nomes of Lower Egypt were geographical sense, and take the expression not yet organized as they were under the chief of Nclchen as meaning a certain employ- Ptolemies, and had not yet the names given them ment in the great religious festivals, as we know at a later epoch. They do not appear on the from an inscription of late epoch in the temple list of Seti I., where we find in their stead names of Esuch, and as we may infer from the title of water districts. Under Amenophis III. the which follows. administrative organization of the country could

This priest had important administrative not be so complete as it Avas many centuries and civil duties." He had to make laws and later, considering that it was not long since the ordinances which applied to the friends (^tXot, land had been wn-ested from the hands of the foreign invaders. i) of the kings, as he was the first in rank Another monument of the time of Ame- among those officials who occur already in very nophis III. was a double group, which must early inscriptions. Wc have to notice the absence have been very elegant. It represented a man of precise geographical indications ; there is and his wife. The head of the woman alone no name of a city or of a nome. Wiicre has been preserved, with a fragment of inscrip- we expect to find Bubastis mentioned we find tion engraved on the back (pi. xxxv. g). It is only this: am IiM T" 7" 7" '^'^ pro- Jj^^ f, the priest who speaks and who describes all the vinces of the pasture marshes of the North. It is honours with which he has been overwhelmed. spoken elsewhere of, TtTtT ~^~^ n ^,^ the marsh He says that he was raised to the dignity of of Buhastis. So there must have been pasture chief -=^|^, and that the king put him in Bubastis, this re- land the vicinity of and above all his retinue. He adds that he reached minds us of what is said in the great inscription old age, having continually enjoyed the favour of Merenphthah, of the country around the city of the king. The cartouche of Amenophis III., of Bailos- (Belbeis), which was only at a short engraved on the chest, gave us the date of to the as distance, and belonged same nome this beautiful fragment.

' must not omit the base of a small statue, Siuce this was written tliu luusciim of Gliizeli lias We purchased a statue, the workuiansliip of which has the of which the feet alone have been preserved, as greatest likeness with the first statue of ]3ubastis. It is made Avell as the inscriptions engraved on both sides. of painted sandstone. The attitude is nearly the same^ as It Avas made for an ofiicial of the palace called well as tlie characteristic ornament jiQ], and the statue, is

' AViCj/'t (pi. XXXV. h,h'). The Berlin complete. The broocli is not visible, because it is covered ^ ^'>^f] and thick liair. The statue conies from Gurnah, by the long museum * contains a kneeling statue of the same one of the villages situate on the site of Thebes. I believe the name of Amenophis III., which it is the same man who had not yet been promoted to the man, with hi"h dignities which lie attained at Lubastis. His name has furnished the date for the monument of Bubastis. ax^ title are: i- — f)^ ^'- ft J ^Ig ^^1 Thus our excavations have yielded monuments m-iter of the lioolis of ItoUj icortls of Anion, Amenopld». ' Brugsch, Diet. Geog. p. 207. of several officers of Amenophis III. The state - Vid. Navillo, Goshen, Appendi.\. The Mound of the * Gl. Goshen, p. U and If. Catalogue, p. Jew, p. 22. of destruction in which they have been found III., and after he had by his successful wars shows that the temple may have contained more struck down and subjugated his Asiatic neigh- of them, which have disappeared. Bubastis bours. Before his reign, the consequences of was a good starting point for a sovereign like the struggle against the Hyksos were still felt. Amenophis III., who made both miUtary and Perhaps the foreigners had not yet been com- hunting expeditions into Mesopotamia, and who pletely driven out, in spite of the victories of of the capture of Avaris perhaps, also, had contracted family ties with the kings Ahmes and ; NaJtarain, as we learn from the tablets of Tell the Pharaohs did not feel sufficiently strong to

el Amarna. The same documents show that occupy the whole land, and to restore over its imder Amenophis IV. the kings of Mesopotamia whole area the administration and the worship who had been tributary to the father were also which would have entailed upon them the re- vassals to the son. He must therefore have construction of considerable edifices. Taking been attracted to Bubastis for the same purposes Hashepsu's word, it was she Avho began this as Amenopliis III. In fact, his presence there difficult task. has also been recognized. A thick slab of red Concerning the temple itself, I must recall granite, which probably was the base of a here what I said before as to the date of the statue or of an altar, bears on its edge the hj^postyle hall, consisting of two sorts of columns name of the particular god Avorshipped by and two sorts of Hathor-capitals. I believe it Amenophis IV. (pi. xxxv. i) after ho had must be attributed to the twelfth dynasty, and made his religious reform, and adopted himself not to the eighteenth. It is difiScult to under- the name of Khuenaten. The name of the god stand how no traces of the eighteenth should has been preserved, as in many other instances, have remained on the architraves where we dis-

because the stone w^as inserted in a wall ; for, covered traces of the twelfth. Surely the columns the other side, where stood the cartouche of must be of the same age as the architraves they the king, has been hammered out. Tlic surfixcc had to support. Future excavations alone will on which lay the statue or the altar dedicated solve the question of the origin of this style of by Amenophis IV. bears two large cartouches architecture. It is much to be regretted that

of Rameses II. The stone is now in the two of the most important temples bearing the museum of Ghizeh, names of Amenophis III., Soleb and Sedeinga in The historical result derived from the inscrip- Nubia, are now inaccessible, owing to the dis- tions of Bubastis, has been to show that the turbed state of the country. Researches in eighteenth dynasty had left important traces in those localities would show whether it was really

the Delta ; and this result has been confirmed Amenophis III. who raised those important by the discovery made at Samanood of a great buildings, whether it was he who introduced in cartouches of Amenophis IV Egyptian architecture the palm-leaf column and tablet with the _ and Horemheb. The eighteenth dynasty has the Hathor-capital, or whether, as I am inclined II. the of reigned over the Delta ; but at present we do to believe, he gave Rameses example

not find it earlier than Thothmes III., the great attributing to himself the work of the Araenem- conqueror who subdued Syria, Palestine, and has, the Usertesens, and the Sebekhoteps. part of Mesopotamia. The conclusion which we I also attribute to the eighteenth dynasty a are to-day compelled to draw, but which may strange monument of which I know no other be upset to-morrow by further explorations, is specimen, and which is now in the museum of

that the dominion of the Pharaohs over the Ghizeh (pi. xxi. v, and c). It consists of a large Delta Avas re-established only after Thothmes disk against Avhich two figures are leaning. THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. 35

One of tliem is Hoi'us as a cliikl, tlic otlicr It is not at all extraordinary to find on the disk Anion. Eight and left, and in the interval two figures. Egyptian art did not like ex- between the figures is sculptured the sign f tensive level surfaces without any ornament ; a liik, a frince. Behind the disk is its prop ; it disk of such large dimensions and destitute

is not a pillar as in it the statues ; grows of anything ornamental, would havo'produccd a thinner from the lower part to the top, so that bad effect, therefore they filled up the blank it presents an oblique surface, and has no thick- space with the figures of Ilorus and Amon, two

ness at the top ; its vertical section is a divinities worshipped in the temple, besides the triangle. Tlie figures and the disk are on a three signs [ Avhich were part of the name of circular j^cdestal bearing ornaments like hiero- the god. We shall find again the god Ra on -w^, glyphs : zigzags which are the letter n and the sculptures of Osorkon I. (pi. xxxix. u) ; the F=^ sh. They are still visible in front, there is also a large architrave of early date but on the sides they have been cut off, and the bearing the words ^|q^^(], '^'f' adorer of surface has been levelled in order to engrave on ihe spiri/s of On {Ifcliojwlu^), which implies it the cartouche of Rameses II., followed by the the worship of Ra. words \ ?V? Ba of the jmnccs. The lower It is probable that the statue had a hawk's surface is concave so as to fit exactly on a head ; there is no fragment which we may with

convex end, and to be strongly fixed. There certainty recognize as having belonged to it,

can be no doubt that it is older than Rameses except perhaps a shoulder (pi. xxiii. c), which II., since this king destroyed part of the inscrip- would have the right proportions. We have tions engraved under the figures. The nature here a veiy rare example of a statue made of of the is it is monument obvious ; the head- several pieces, in which the headdress was not dress of a gigantic statue of the god Ra. part of the monolith out of which the rest had

Supposing the headdress to be one-fourth of been carved. It is an exception to what has the whole heignt, the statue was from 22 been found till now. But wo have another to 27 feet high. It was not one of the largest similar instance in the same temple ; the four in Egypt ; suflace it to mention the colossus of architectural statues with the name of Rameses the Ramesseum at Thebes, or the other, traces II. where the top of the skull has been flattened of which Mr. Petrie discovered at San,^ and in order to support the headdress. One of which was 92 feet in height. The statue those diadems has been preserved, and is now "which had this curious ornament was a statue at the Berlin Museum. In the case of the disk, of Ra, as we learn from the inscription, Ba of the weight being considerable, and the statue the princes. The prop which is behind the disk, very high, it would not have been safe to put corresponded to the top of the square pillar it merely on a flattened surface of smaller which is always found behind standing statues. diameter; therefore the lower surface of the

The usual headdress of Ra is a solar disk ; on a headdress has been slightly hollowed out so as statue it could not simply bo placed on the head to fit exactly on the curve of the skull, while as when the god is sculptured on a wall ; it was the base of the prop crowned the top of the fixed to the skull by means of the circular base square pillar behind the statue. which is under the disk, and which has the same pilrpose as the crown of asps which we see in a THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. statue of Rameses II. wearing the «f^/(pl. xv.). Seti I. restored the constructions of Ameno-

" Petrie, Tunis i. p. '22, phis II., but he does not seem to have built ; fact the anything fifc Bubastis. On the contraiy, liis in the building we recognize the from son Eameses II., as lie nsnally did, covered the stones which have been displaced, like the block whole temple with his name. At first sight bearing part of the cartouche of Usertesen III.,

it looks as if he alone and the Bubastites had which was in a corner. He may even have to be credited with the foundation of the been obliged to build up anew a part of the beautiful sanctuary, which was the ol)jcct of the temple. We have shown that there were traces

admiration of Herodotus. But it is just the of Khuenaten ; it is quite possible that either he or the other heretical kings had more or less reverse ; a careful study of each inscribed stone has revealed that all the great architraves damaged it out of hatred towards the god Amon also, which l)car his name had been usurped ; and who was worshipped there. Perhaps, the that nearly everywhere his inscriptions Avere temple had been ruined from an eai"lier date.

engraved on older texts. Sometimes part of We must imagine that in those remote ages , the original name has been preserved (pi. xxvi. the character of the country and of the people

c), sometimes the old name has disappeared, was not vciy different from what it is now.

but all that surrounded the cartouche has How many half-ruined mosques are seen in elsewhere, which are still used for remained untouched (pi. xxiv. a) ; sometimes Cairo or

nothing is left except indistinct traces of older worship, and which will go on decaying, until signs which are distinguished only by a very they crumble to pieces, or until a pasha distance takes a fancy to rebuild them. I believe it . close observation, so that seen from a the inscription seems to belong to Eameses was much the same three or four thousand II. years ago. A Pharaoh ascending the throne,

Ilis name is found profnsely in the three and finding in his empire a number of temples

first halls of the temple, the part of the more or less ruined in consequence of wars or

edifice which existed before his time ; on the religious quarrels, did not betake himself at

walls, and on separate monuments, such as once to reconstruct them all ; he had other tablets or statues. On the walls, unlike the occupations, especially if, like the princes of the architraves, tliere are sculptures which un- eighteenth dynasty, he had to defend himself doubtedly were made for him, and must be against numerous and formidable enemies. In attributed to his reign. He had every facility order to undertake this costly task, it required for engraving all he desired, for the custom of a time of peace and tranquillity, and a prosper- the Pharaohs to cover the walls of the temples ous state. Therefore it necessarily happened with sculptured figures and inscriptions, is of that in many localities the sacred buildings relatively late epoch. I believe that in this remained in the condition in which war or the respect the kings of the twelfth and the fury of fanatics had left them. The worship, thirteenth dynasties had preserved the tradition however, was not given up, it was perhaps

of simplicity of the Old Empire. They had restricted to a small part of the temple ; and it inscriptions, and even sculptui"ed figures on the went on in the same way until an Amenophis, a door-posts and lintels, perhaps also on the Rameses, or an Osorkon raised up again the

basements ; but wo do not find any great crumbling walls, enlarged the edifice, adorned it sculptures of those kings on the plain surfaces with the works of his best artists, and recorded

of the walls, as is the case after the eighteenth his munificence towards the gods in high-flow- dynasty, and we have every reason to believe ing inscriptions. This may be what Rameses that there were none. II. did for the temple of Bubastis, taking care Rameses II. certainly made some alterations to avail himself as much as possible of what ; ;

THE KINETEENTH DYNASTY. had been done by liis predecessors, and employed by Osorkon II. in the reconstruction cudoavouring to give himself the credit of their of the Festival Hall. Sometimes, before they work. He erected a considerable nnmber of were used as ordinary building stones, the statues with his name, the most important of projecting parts of the statue were more or less which were the following. obliterated. Sometimes also, the fragments

Beginning with those he nsurped, I men- have been walled in as they were ; the tioned already one, the head of which is at number of these was so large, that when we Sydney (pL xxv. c), Avhilo the base remained turned the blocks of the Festival Hall, especially on the spot, being too much damaged to be those with which the southern wall had been carried away. Near the king was another built, behind most of the fragments of the figure, the foot of which is still visible, and one sculpture of Osorkon, representing his great of the hands holding the headdress. The festival, we discovered something which had cartouches of Rameses are on the back, and on been part of a statue of Rameses II. Fre- the sides of the Nile gods. I attribute this quently it was a group of two or three figures, statue to the twelfth dynasty. where the king was sitting between divinities.

I believe the statue at Geneva (pi. xiv.) to Several heads discovered in that way have been be later, and I classified it in the thirteenth carried to European museums. dynasty. A careful examination of the monu- There were a great number of groups where ment shows many traces of the chisel by which Rameses was associated to one or two gods ; older inscriptions were destroyed. The sides some of them were standing, others sitting of the throne are not so wide as they ought to be though several of them are of natural size, they, there is an erasure on the back below the words generally speaking, are on larger proportions. Rameses was very fond of putting himself 4^^ find on the slab under the feet. On among divinities, and of worshipping his own the sides are the cartouches of Rameses, and image, to which he presented offerings at the also on the back in the two middle lines. same time as to Phthah or Amon, near whom Right and left are the usual formulas, ^^ 1?=^ he was enthroned. Such groups abound in the for instance, there '""^"'^^ ^"^''>' f^"^- temples of Lower Egypt; [j^g^^ • • • ^^'V' ^Ml were two at Tell el Maskhutah, and a great monuments are firm. King Bamcses, :^j = number in Tanis, where they are more or less

v\ poo . . . luhile lasts the earth, tJnj (| y^ ruined. Sitting groups are often placed out- momiments are prosperous, King Rameses. side the temples near the entrance, or on the An older date must be assigned also to two way leading to it. In localities like Pithom, colossal statues, which were erected on the where the enclosure of the temple was made western side of the festival hall. They are of bricks and had no stone-wall or pylon where both of red granite, wearing the headdress of inscriptions might be engraved, such groups placed as substitutes for a Upper Egypt ; one of them has eyes hollowed are invariably out like the Hyksos. They wei-e usurped representation which never fails in the large after Rameses by Osorkon II. The same may stone temples like Karnak, Edfoo, or Denderah, be said of the great Hyksos statues which were and Avhich is called the introduction of the Icing described above. into the temple. The texts which are engraved Among the statues which may be attributed on the backs of the groups are quite similar to him, a great number are difficult to to those of the temples. recognize, because they wei'e broken, and There was a group outside of the temple on the east side near the road leading to the fitting exactly to the head, and adorned with entrance. It was threefold, and consisted of asps wearing the solar disk. The composition

Phthah, the king, and Ea. It is much as a whole is elegant, and the conception of it damaged, and the texts are nearly destroyed. is well appropriated to the material out of which I could only read a few bits of sentences, such the statue was carved. Moreover, in order that on both sides the plain surface produced by ^^3:?'^^^ as: <2=-^_5 ^^ 7(7/,o ivits all tin/ the thickness of the headdress should not re- tJioii dcsirest, ^ froviicrs vJtere main void, thus producing a bad effect when the in profile, sculptured creator of thy leauties, and the like, with the monument was seen he on cartouche of Eameses often repeated. On the both lateral faces of the headdress a hawk has pleasing deco- north side of the temple stood several standing opening his wings, wdiich a features which colossal groups, one of tliem, representing the rative effect. The have a type king with the god Phthah, was near the lateral is quite conventional, without any likeness to II. entrance of the first hall (pi. xix.), the others the characteristic face of Eameses near the colonnade. Sitting groups of the The same may be said of four great statues, king and Ea have been broken and inserted in the heads of which we discovered, and which the southern walk must have adorned the entrance of the Festival The statues of the king alone are of red Hall (pi. xxi. A, xxiv. c). They were all four absolutely similar, of equal size, of a height of granite ; they are ornamental statues, having a decorative purpose, and made for the embellish- seven to eight feet, and holding a standard of those four heads ment of the structure. I shall first mention a in the left hand. Three is in British head (pi. xv.), belonging to a body which has have been carried away. One the in Berlin. disappeared, a head which is now in the museum Museum, another in Boston, another at Ghizeh. The statue was standing, and held They are all marked with the name of Eameses a standard with the left hand. The king wears II. The bases, which are generally much the headdress called in Egyptian atef, and weathered, have been left on the spot. On the which consists of two plumes supported by a back of one of those statues, I read these two ram's horns. Kings are often seen in religious fragments of a sentence, celebrating the high ceremonies wearing that headdress, for in- deeds of the king : Eameses stance, Eameses II. himself, in the sculptures of vlio 'iiiiif the first hall (pi. xxxvi. a). It is .interesting to d^ ^ <=«=;: QUI makes jyrisoner the land Nubia by his strength, compare the way the artist worked in both cases. of despoils the land the Shasu, the lord In a statue he was obliged to avoid all thin and who of of "^^ t^^^ loho fragile projections. Having to use such hard diadems, Barneses. | ^^^ ?f| material as red granite, he could not detach annihilates the land of the Thehennu. These the details of the headdress—he followed in heads are of a kind wliich is not rare in Upper this respect tlie traditions of Egyptian sculpture Egypt. They remind us of the colossus of

in the working of hard stone. Therefore he Tell el Yahoodieh," and of other monuments shortened the horns so that they might not discovered at Eamleh or San. They are re-

exceed the width of the plumes. Besides, markable for their thick hair, which is tied by a instead of connecting the skull with the head- band on the forehead and on the sides, and dress through a kind of stem, out of which the the details of which arc worked with great horns seem to grow, as we see on the sculptures,

he made below the horns a rco-ular crown. ' The Mound of tlie Jew, frontispiece. ;

THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. care. The top of the head is quite flat, as if and in particular Merenpthah, have preserved sometliing had been placed over it. We might it. He liked statues wearing a more or less think that they supported some piece of the complicated headdress, and holding a standard. architecture, but the regular Caryatid, as we Several such specimens have been found at San find it in Greek art, is unknown in Egypt. It and elsewhere. is probable that this flattening of the head Tlie conclusion to be derived from this was made iu order to lay over it the headdress, review is that among the numerous statues the schent, which did not form one body with found at Bubastis, inscribed Avith the name of the statue, but was a separate piece. One of Rameses II., there is none having his type such the headdresses has been found ; it had been as the colossi of Mitraheuny and Luxor, or used as building stone. It is now in the Berlin the statue of Turin, which may be called museum. These statues must have produced his image. Nev^crtheless, if we consider all an effect similar to the four sitting colossi the broken statues, of which fragments alone placed before the temple of Aboo Simbel. remain, we can boldly assert that the temple "Wo must not look for portraits in these of Bubastis was one of those containing the statues. The faces arc flat, broad and short, greatest number of statues bearing his name. without any pretensions to picturing the type The religious and historical inscriptions of of Rameses. There is nothing characteristic this king are but few in number, and are in a in the features, they have neither individuality bad state of preservation. In particular there nor expression. The modelling can hardly be is no complete tablet of Rameses II., or of any said to exist'; and in that respect they are the other sovereign. The reason of it is obvious. opposite of the Hyksos statues, where it is A tablet is a slab which, generally speaking, admirable. The workmanship is far from being is not very heavy, aud may be employed for perfect, and, especially when they are seen close many uses. In a building Avhich was so long by, those heads cannot be called masterpieces a quarry, and which was so unmercifully plun- it is second-rate art. In truth, rightly to dered, the tablets could not be spared, and appreciate them, they should be replaced in must have soon disappeared with all the white conditions analogous to those for which they limestone. were intended. Let us suppose that the PI. xxxvi. E reproduces what remains of a statues are intact, that the heads are at a great tablet of red granite, discovered near tho height of nine or ten feet, seen from below eastern entrance of the Festival Hall ; it was an and at a distance, as when they adorned the eulogy of the king, celebrating his high deeds entrance, and struck the eyes of the people in his wars against his neighbours. 1. 1., it is approaching the temple ; and we shall under- said that he smote the chiefs of the Bdcnnn with stand that those four colossi produced an im- his valiant sivord. The Retennu are the posing effect, of such a nature as suited Egyp- nations of Northern Syria. 1. 3., the Thehennu tian taste. In this case, architecture -v^as their are mentioned : the remembrance of his victories chief purpose ; and we are likely to misappre- remains among the remote nations, when he trod hend the conception of the artist, when we under his feet all countries, by his valiance and scrutinize those statues individually or from too courage. 1. 4. speaks of prisoners brought near a standpoint. I consider this ornamental living to Egypt. 1. 5., of negroes and Khetas. style, in which sculpture was an integrant part 1. 9., he is celebrated as the valorous bull loho of the structure, as being special to the nine- knocks doivn millions of countries. The nearly teenth dynasty. The successors of Rameses II., complete loss of this tablet is not much to be regretted; it was a bombastic praise of the the region of Add, which extends south of the king written in stereotyped sentences, and Gulf of Tajurra. mentioning victories wliicli lie may never have Concerning these two nations, as well as the gained, and nations against wliora it is not TJieJionin,' quoted by the tablet, we have no in- certain that he ever had to fight. formation about the wars in which Rameses II.

An interesting text, as regards history, is the may have subdued them ; we do not know of

list of prisoners, representing conquered nations, any campaign lie made in Libya, or on tho two fragments of which have been left, on blocks Upper Nile against the negroes. And, how- of red granite (pi. xvii. and sxxvi. e, d). The ever, if he had made them, and if they had

sculpture is not very distinct, as the stone is been successful, he would not have failed to much weathered, but we can recognize that the relate them repeatedly and in boastful .words faces have all a Semitic type with pointed on the walls of his temples, as he did for his beards; there are no negroes among them, expedition against the Khetas. Such docu-' although some of tlie names engraved in the ments warn us to be cautious in dealing with ovals below refer to Africa. Most of the names certain official inscriptions which the Pharaohs are well known, and mean countries of a con- ordered to be engraved, and which some- siderable extent. times arc our only lueans for reconstructing their history. When these inscriptions can- Jl'^t^Mi and m ^^t^:^ Keli andNaJiannv, llw m w __ not be controlled by documents from neigh- are often quoted together." They arc fre- bouring nations, or by other texts of a dif- quently met with in the narratives of the cam- ferent nature, we run tlie risk of being misled paigns of the Pharaohs in Asia. According to Ijy those official panegyrics. Few kings have M. Maspero,* Keti is Flat Cilicia, and also dazzled so strongly as Rameses II. the eyes Rough Cilicia, a province of which was still of the first Egyptologists, the pioneers who designated under the Romans by the name of first entered a field which had remained closed KrJTi^. Naharaiu is the country between the

for centuries ; there are few also, whose prestige Orontcs and the Balikh, soutli and west of the and glory have vanished so rapidly, after their Khetas, on each bank of the Orontcs. n^.,—, life and character had been studied more ,Sf.»/,-/;t'v. Whether or not it be closely. the Shinar of Genesis, it was certainly in Meso- Near the entrance of the temple, on the

well ."^y^ t^i^i] KcshliCsh, which potamia, as as .^y^ northern side of the doorway of the first hall, in is mentioned in another text of Rameses IT. and not far also from the Hyksos statues, conjunction with names of Asia Minor. was found a fragment of a tablet in black granite, the Mash nash, are an African which has l)cen carried to the museum of nbv J'**"'! -f] J''l"

Rev. H. G. Tomkins ' recojrnizcs in the name goddess Bast, who addresses herself to the king

in the second part. It is to be noticed that

Chabas, Voyage, p. 109. Rccufil, X. p. 210. Leps. Donkm. iii. 1 i5. Rccuoi!, X. p. 97. Lep.s. Dcnlcm. 14.-., 17G. ;

THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. every time the name of the king is mentioned, All around the first hall ran a basement it is ^-—i inscriptions, a list of followed by the predicate J_^ § he bearing geographical who 2^ossesses EijijpL This qualification seems nomes, of which very little is left. It consists of to be an integrant part of the name, eince it standing figures bringing an offering of two

'jii-huj vases, between which is the sign ; before each always precedes the usual ^-f- life, or ] everlasthig (pi. xxxviii. n). figure are two columns of texts containing Vertical lines. Rameses, possessor of Egypt, promises made to the king. The emblems of everlasting. Thou art on the throne of Ra the nomes have disappeared, except s^, the festivals are made to thee as to hiin. nomc of Libya, which ranks third in the Rameses, etc. Thou art like Ncfertum, Ptolemaic lists, and eleventh in the much older thou art beloved like Phthah. lists of Abydos of the time of Seti I.^ The

1. 1. . . . Rameses, possessor of Egypt, nomc of Libya was one of the most anciently everlasting. organized, long before the Bubastite, the 1. 2. ... to be the lord of the foreigners, name of Avhich does not occur anywhere in priest of Bast, born of Sekhct. the inscriptions of that epoch. The sentences

1. 3. . . . possessor of Egypt, everlasting, which accompany the figures are hackneyed nursed by Uoti, suckled by Sati, thou hast promises made to the king (pi. xxxvii.). chosen the city of Bast, their protection is "... I send thee all kinds of victories, for over it, thy sword, I overthrow for thee the strangers. 1. 4. ... of Egypt, like Nefertum. His ... I give thee the lands of the sea, thou mother, the daughter of Ra, sends life, art established as lord oE the land, like Ra.

stability, and purity, into his nostrils ; the ... I bring them to thy house. inhabitants, ... I gi\'e thee the festivals of thirty years of

1. 5. . . . joining his limbs, the King Rame- Toncn; the land abounds in all kinds of goods. ses, possessor of Egypt, everlasting. ... all royalty, the territories of the

1. G. . . . well made monuments in front of lonians. her; she appears, and is well pleased in all ... I give thee all the lauds of thy her festivals, magnifying what he has done, for enemies. ever. thee the . . . my prisoners ; I overthrow for

1. . . . Rameses, etc. I take the thnbrel, 7. strangers." and I rejoice at thy coming forth, for thou hast On the basement was also a sculpture, which multiplied my sacred things millions of times. has some likeness with the list of nomes (pi.

1. 8. . . . in order to enrich my altar every xxxvii. j). We see there a Nile god holding a day, my terrace abounds daily with all the kind of table of offerings, over which is the sign sweet flowers placed before me. T which means fo join. Behind the god is the

1. 9. . . . eternally like Ra. I am on thy goddess of the east, and opposite, there must head, King Rameses, possessor of Egypt, ever- have been another Nile god, a hand of whom lasting. only is seen. No cartouche indicates to what L 10. . . . residing in its interior, with her date the sculpture must be assigned. I am son ; the gods who are accompanying her are in inclined to think that it is a remnant of the great joy. twelfth dynasty. It is not unlike a table of This tablet is important in several respects, and especially because of the information we

1. 11. derive from it about the gods of Bast. Ducm. Goog. InsL-hr. i. pi. 01, offerings discovered by M. Petric at Nebeslieli,'' was a fervent adorer of Set, remained faithful to and whicli belongs to tliat dynasty. the tradition of his father ; in his time Set is There are other representations in which styled Set of MerenpMliah.^ Phthah of Barneses

Eameses II. is shown making offerings to is met with at Bubastis. This divinity had a various divinities. In reference to those repre- large share in the worship celebrated in the sentations we must observe that Eameses is temple ; he is often represented, and there were never found worshipping Bast, nor does the statues of him'' (pi. xix.). It is quite possible that name of the goddess appear on the architraves it was on certain personifications only of the where usually it is said to whom the temple divinity, that Eameses II. claimed a kind of had been dedicated. It is the same with right of property or possession, for the same Bubastis as with Tanis. It was dedicated to the god may be quoted in the same inscription great gods of Egypt. Those who occur most with his general and his particular form. For frequently are Amon, Phthah, and the Hyksos instance, at the beginning of the treaty with god, Set. The last one seems to have been the Kheta, it is said that the king was in the the object of a special reverence from Eameses, city of Eameses, making offerings ." io his who gave him the most honourable place in the father yimon-B.a, to Ilarmahhis, to Tarn, the temples of the Delta. It is he whose represen- lord of the two On, to jhnoii of Barneses, to tations are most numerous. Ho is found on the Phthah of Barneses, and to Set the very brave, columns with palm-leaf capitals, especially on the son of Nut.'" We have not found Amon of the specimen of the British Museum ; he is on Eameses at Bubastis, but it is probable that large architraves (pi. xxii. c), and on scenes his name stood there also. Amon, as we saw of worship (pi. xx.). "We shall see farther that before, was the god to whom Amenophis II. when the Bubastites changed the dedication of had dedicated his constructions ; large blocks the temple, they erased in many places the coming from ai'chitraves bear after the name

they it, name of Set, or transformed without of Eameses the words Oc^f^V'OO ''f/'O ^oorshil^s destroying it completely. Amon-Ba. It is the same for Merenphthah, A peculiarity Avhich occurs at Bubastis, as and even Osorkon I. well as in other edifices of Eameses II., is the Another god whose mention is frequent habit which he had contracted of attributing under Eameses II. and afterwards, is Shu, the to himself a special claim to the protection of son of Ea. Oa a doorpost of the second hall the gods, in coupling his name with theirs. we read: B.ameses ^oho Set becomes Set or Sutehh of Eameses, and the ^^i\^^^^\^\\\ ^vorships Shu, the son Ba, the great god, same with Amon and Phthah (pi. xxxvi. c, g). of the lord the slcy. Set of Eameses is found on a vertical inscrip- of Merenphthah, who in these tion, where the head of the god has been slightly respects seems to have followed entirely the line of his father, also hammered out (pi. xx., xxxvi. i). was a worshipper of Shu (pi. xxxvi. On the column of the British Museum also k). Three of the sons of Eameses have left their we see Sutelch of Barneses ; there the lower part of the cartouche has been usurped by Osorkon names at Bubastis. It is probable there were still more, for II. The same habit may be observed in the fragments of statues of "royalsons temple of Tanis.^ The son of Eameses, who of Kush" (pi. xxxvi. n) must have belonged to

^ Petrie, 1.1. pi. ii. 5a.

" ' Potrie, Tanis ii., IS'cIh A, pi. ix. See pi. xxxviii. F., the inscription of a broken statue cf 5 Ibid. Tanis i., pi. iv. Phthah. :

THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY.

members of liis family. The first is the cele- the first cavalnj office)- of his father, who looks brated KJiaemuas, who inscribed his name on after (he horses of the king, meaning also the the side of a colossal statue in red granite of his war chariots, for the word used here for horses father; the signs which followed his name have applies generally to horses drawing the chariots.

disappeared (pi. sxxvi. ii). This prince is famous Menthuhershepshef was the fifth son of

for the religious offices which were conferred Rameses II. Another whom we see in several upon him, for the great festivals in the celebra- sculptured representations (pi. xxxvi. K, l), is tion of which he took part, for the high sacer- Mcreivphthah, who became king after Rameses dotal dignities with which he was invested. TI. He wears also the lock of the royal princes, His name, like that of a saint, became legendary, and he makes offerings to Amon and Shu.

since we find it in the romance of Sctna. It His titles, which are found also on a statue at

would have been extraordinary, if iu his San,^ are : the ]:)ri)icc a the protector of Erjiipt,

frequent journeys through the country in order ' <^Q, ' the royal officer, the lord of the seal, to inspect the temples, he had forgotten Bubas- 1¥ho^ ///e first general, Merenphthah, j^Ti tis. He is called here ^|^1||| the "^^^ ^ %&=t § '. It is curious to find after his friest lierseslda in the liolij field. This last word is the usual name of the country around name the qualification of justified, which is

Bubastis, until the Ptolemies made a separate usually applied to the deceased, but it is seen noma of it. The sacerdotal title, which pro- also after the name of Rameses in the royal list

bably was that of the high-priest, was given of Abydos, where Seti I. is followed by his son. also to the goddess herself, who is stjded in Comparing the titles of these princes with the inscriptions of Osorkon I. and later, the the inscriptions concerning them which were herseshta of Turn (pi. xli. e.). known before, and especially with the lists of The two others are military officers. One of the sons of Rameses II. at the Raraesseum them is known, thanks to a crouching statue now at Thebes or at Sebua, we can elucidate a in the museum of Boston. It has been usurped, few facts concerning the history of the family. for it had in front an inscription for which that When the inscription in the Ramesseum of the prince has been substituted, and on the was engraved, it was long before the monu-

side is another which has simply been scraped ments of Bubastis were dedicated. At that

off without anything else being engraved time the family was complete, the eldest instead. The head has been diminished on one sons of Rameses were still living. The first- side in order to sculpture the lock of hair which born and heir pi-esumptive was Amonher-

is one of tlie distinctive marks of the princes of shepshef, Amon loields his sword, a name easily

' royal blood. to be accounted for after the successes which The cartouche of Earaeses II. on his shoulder Rameses had obtained in his wars against the of which he desired to give leaves no doubt as to his father ; otherwise we Kheta, the credit might have taken him for the son of Kameses to the god. This name was a favourite with succession to III., who had the same name, and who died the Ramessides ; it was given in

when he was heir presumptive.* He is called two of the sons of Rameses III., who became heir pre- Menthxiherskepshef (pi. xxxviii. o, c', c"), which Rameses V. and Rameses VI. The means, Menthu wields Ms sword. His titles are sumptive was plume-hearer at the right hand of

^ Bnigscli, Dicb. suppl. p. 829. Zeitsclir. 1885, pp. 55 and 125. 1 Petrio, Tanis i. pi. i. 4a. ;

title the distinc- the triuj, which was a common ; titles of the heir presumptive; he is n prince, special to him were d tions which were and first general of tlie infantry, but he is not 'S!r=fQc=o general p-ince, ^^Ti"^?* or fird of because he is not the first born, he is the infantry. The second son of Rameses was also ^^J^ protector of the land, a very high title,

only general of infa.ntri/, but not n . The since it is given to Anion,* and q^ lord, of the third, Phraherunemef Ba on ^°"^f ^^ seal, lord chancellor. These two last titles might his riglit, -was Jird Kenvn, l.^\l of the indicate that he had been associated with the infantry. The Kennu must have been some- throne,^ which is the more probable, since thing like a colonel, a rank which was evi- having reigned nearly sixty years, Rameses must dently lower than his brother's, though at have been much weakened and incapable of the same time he was chief of the cJiariofs going to war. and first cavalry o{)icer of His Majesty. As The statue of Menthuhershepshef is dedicated such he accompanied his father in his ex- to Bast, called also I 00^ Uoti, the goddess of pedition against Ivadesli. After him came Bubastis. The geographical name r?^ Bast Khaemuas, who begins the series of the sons was used at this time, but it may have applied who have no special title, then Menthuher- only to the part of the sanctuary specially shepshef. Merenphthah is only the thirteenth. dedicated to the goddess, for it is certain that Let us now go over to Bubastis, and we though Bast was worshipped in the temple as shall find that great changes have taken place early as the twelfth dynasty, she was not the in the family. Khaemuas, the fourth son, has chief divinity of the place under the eighteenth become a priest, and performs the religious and dynasty, nor under the Ramessides, who were sacerdotal functions which have given him his adorers of the great gods of Egypt, Amon, celebrity. The third son, rhrakerunemefis dead Phthah, and Set. Here also we find the name perhaps he was killed in battle, and he has

'^''^ for the territory of been replaced in his rank and liis command, MJl ''^^^ field, Bu- I not by the fourth son, Khaemuas, who is a bastis, and also a city -^^ which undoubtedly priest, but by Ment1tuJiershe2)shef, the fifth, whose must be read the present city of Belbeis." statue we discovered at Bubastis, The next This city, as well as Bubastis and its territory, changes may be traced in the tablets of belonged at that time to the nome of Heliopolis. Silsilis.^ Amonhersheiishef, the heir presump- Later, I think under the Ptolemies, when the tive, is dead, as well as the new chief of the Bubastite nome was organized, Belbeis was

cavalry ; but the second son of Rameses is still annexed to it ; one of the forms of Bast, alive as well as Khaemuas, who is seen standing

Sekhet > had a temple there under the between his elder brother Barneses and the y thirtieth dynasty.' younger, 11 ^^=_ ® S) Merenphthah. The I attribute also to Rameses 11. the statue of family of Rameses is already much thinned in Phthah, mentioned above (pi. xxxviii. f), which number, and the inscription of Silsilis must be gives us the usual titles of the god ; besides two assigned to a late epoch of his reign. Later broken statues of royal sons of Kush, in the still, evidently quite at the end, we come to the

inscriptions of Bubastis. Merenphthah has the * Leps. Denkm. iii. G. ' Wiedemann, Aeg. Gesch. p. 410. " Brugscb, Diet. Gcog. pp. 2G4 and 54G. ^ Leps. Denlnn. iii. 174. ' JSTaville, The Mound of the Jew, p. 22. THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY. 45 traditional costume, tlie loug dress rcacLing military command. He appeai'ed also as king, down to the feet. One of these statues, in a on a sitting statue in red limestone, of which fair state of preservation, lias been carried to fragments only remain. They were discovered America it has on tlie tbe ; back following titles : on the north side, close to the entrance to the (pi. xxxvi. n) the royal son [of Kuah, llie chief of hall of Nekhthoi'heb. Very little of the monu- the southern countries, Ike governor . . . (the ment has been left, because red limestone has proper name has disappeared). The other, been broken and carried away for building which is only a fragment, contains a dedication purposes as much as the wliite. The statue Bast, the lady to of Bast {Bubastis), the queen has on the side tlio name of Turn, the god of of the gods. Both statues were in black granite. Heliopolis (pi. xxxviii. d). I should think that They close the list of the monuments of some Set was in the inscription on the back. importance, or of the inscriptions of Kameses II., On the throne we find also the name of tlie to which must be added a considerable number prince, the royal officer, Seti Ilerenphihali. This of cartouches left in spite of the usui^pations of prince, who is called elsewhere 1 royal aon, and Osorkon II. 1^,^—«— ra firsl-horn,^ ascended the throne, Not far from Bubastis Avas settled a foreign where he does not seem to have remained long. nation, the Israelites, who from a small tribe is the king usually called Seti II. had grown to be a large multitude, and who He had never amalgamated with the Egyptians. As I stated in another memoir, the laud of

Goshen was only a few miles distant ; the THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY. restricted limits of the original laud had been It is in the hypostylo hall, near the entrance of broken through, and the Israelites must have the hall of Nekhthorheb, that we meet with all spread in the south towards Heliopolis, and in the monuments of this dynasty. It seems that the east in the "Wadi Tumilat, the road through these kings raised there a chapel or a sanctuary foreign invaders would enter Egypt. which for themselves. Nothing remains of the kings One may well conceive that Rameses, who in who followed Seti II., and whose legitimacy is of his great display, must have felt how spite doubtful. The state of anarchy into which the his kingdom was weakened, grew anxious much country had fallen, and which is described by the presence of a great number of strangers at Rameses III. in the great Plarris papyrus, was the very gate of Egypt, and that he occupying not favourable to raising large constructions, turn their presence to a benefit for desired to and must have rather contributed to destroy Egypt. Therefore he employed them to build what existed before. The first king we meet fortresses, Raamses and Pithom, destined to with is Rameses III., on the base of a small protect the land against invaders. As we may statue of which the feet alone have been pre- discoveries at Bubastis that conclude fi'om the elaborately worked, served ; they arc most large city was a favourite resort of this they have sandals with the end turned upwards and his family, it is quite possible Rameses according to the fashion of the nineteenth at the time when the events preceding that dynasty. The monument must have been of Exodus took place, the king was at the very good workmanship. Part of the inscrip- Bubastis, and not at Tanis, as was generally tion is left on the back and on the base admitted. royal We have found jNIerenphthah as prince * Leps. KoeiiigsLucli, No. 470. Erutrsoli et Buuriant, Lo and heir presumptive, holding an important livre des Kois, No. 499. ;

the monument short time before beginning the excava- (pi. xxxviii. g) ; it sliows that A was dedicated to Bast of the city of Bast. tions at Bvibastis, I had procured at Benha, Eameses III. raised many monuments in the from a fellah, a slab coming from a tomb, and bearing also the name of Eameses VI. Thus Delta, whicli was the theatre of his great wars ; but we had not yet discovered north of there are two places in the Delta where we Memphis one of his successors who was also found this kino:. his son, and who seems to have been the most powerful of the series of the Eamessides, after THE TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY. Eameses III., his father. No. VI. has been The twenty-first dynasty, which has been given him in the list of the Eameses ; his the object of so much discussion, has left no prenomen was, like his elder brother, Amonlier- trace at Bubastis. In particular, I did not find sheiislicf. We found three statues of this king. the name of the King Si Amen, whose cartouche 1. A base of a sitting statue, in black is frequent at Tanis, and who was discovered granite, of natural size, broken at the w^aist at Khataanah.^ Therefore we pass without the upper part is lost (pi. xxv. a). It wears transition from the twentieth to the twenty- a long dress, and on the sides, as well as on second, which, according to Mauetho, is pre- the slab under the feet, are the names of eminently the dynasty of the Bubastites. Eameses VI. (pi. xxxviii. 1 1'). As the engraving Dr. Stern has proved that the Bubastites are is not deep, it may be usurpation. The monu- of Libyan origin, and not Asiatics, as it has ment has been left at Tell Basta. been admitted for a long time. They were the 2. Another statue, much smaller, in red lime- hereditary commanders of a foreign guard, one stone, of which also the base alone remains, of whom, Shesho7i]i, the Shishah of the Bible, has the names of Eameses VI. (pi. xxxviii. succeeded in taking possession of the throne, and n-n"). It is now in the museum of Ghizeli.^ legitimated afterwards his usurpation by giving 3. The largest and most important is the the daughter of his predecessor in marriage upper part of a statue in red granite, now at to his own son. Sheshonk was the founder of the museum of Ghizeh (pi. xvi.). It is above the dynasty ; he was a warlike sovereign, and natural size, standing, and wearing the double made against Eehoboam, King of Judah, a suc- crown. On the back is an inscription, of which cessful expedition, which he described in an we have only the upper half (pi. xxxviii. k), (lie inscription of the great temple of Amon at good god raised statues to his father Amon, who Thebes, in the part called " the portico of the inds him on his throne; the lord of TJffer and Bubastites." Bubastis being called his native Loioer Egypt, Ba hih Ma ... I am inclined city, we should have expected that he would to think that this statue is really the portrait have felt bound to adorn and embellish its of Eameses VI. The type is different from temple, and to record on its walls his victories. Eameses II., the woi-kmanship alone is the

It is just the reverse ; no inscription of Shishak same. The head has not the commonplace and has been found except a small fragment of indifferent character of the statues made for limestone with part of his cartouches. It is an architectural purpose. It is intended to be quite possible that when Sheshonk a likeness. The nose is aquiline, and wide at m ascended the throne, he, who was of the end. The eyes are prominent, and the. lips m foreign origin and a native of Lower rather thick. Egypt, found some resistance at

" It is tho inscribed block whicli is seen on the left side ' Goshen, 21. of pi. vi. p. ;

THE TWENTY-SECOKD DYNASTY.

Thebes and in tlic upper part of tlio country, there is no positive proof, we must assign them and tliat it was in order to establish firmly his to the twelfth dynasty, to Usertesen III., dominion over Upper Egypt that he raised who enlarged the temple and built the hypostyle there the greater number of his monuments. hall. On the other hand, we cannot admit that

With Osorkon I. we return to the sculptures Osorkon I. displaced the capitals in order to of lai'ge proportions, to the great representa- inscribe his name underneath. We are thus led tions accompanying important constructions (pi. to conclude that in his time the temple was xxxix.). It is chiefly in the first hall that they ruined, and the pillars and columns had been are met with in great number ; they adorned the overthrown. It was not the hypostyle hall alone outward walls, and many fragments of them which had been so badly treated ; it was the have been preserved. It is impossible not to be same with the two first halls ; for we sec there struck at first sight by the beauty of the work- that a block which, under Rameses II., was manship (pi. sviii.), which may be observed part of the basement and bore the lower part in the specimens brought to the European of a sculpture, was placed under Osorkon I. in museums. The good traditions are not yet lost the second or third layer of blocks, and was it may even be said that more care has been engraved with the heads of large figures which taken with those sculptures than with many adorned the outward wall. The second hall, works of Rameses II., made rapidly and with which was reconstructed later by Osorkon II., negligence. The reason of it is that under the was in a similar condition, for I cannot admit

Bubastites the centre of political life tends that it was deliberately that the king cut to more and moi'e to go over to the Delta ; Thebes pieces or broke the statues of Rameses IL is abandoned to the high priests of Amon, which he employed for building his walls. while the King lives in Lower Egypt, probably We are in doubt as to the epoch when those because of the wars with which he was con- devastations took place ; it is not probable stantly threatened by the Asiatics or the that they were caused by a natural accident,

Libyans. Judging from what Osorkon I. and such as an earthquake ; they Avcrc the result of

Osorkon 11. made at Bubastis, which is not a war or an invasion. If wo adopt this last seen in any other edifice of Egypt, I am in- alternative, they must be attributed to the clined to think that this city was their capital wars which preceded the reign of Rameses III., and their customary residence. when a Syrian called Arisu usurped the power

The sculptures of Osorkon I, are chiefly in and tyrannized over the country, persecuting the first hall ; but several of his inscriptions gods and men, until, as is related by Rameses are engraved underneath the Hathor capitals, III., Setnchht ascended the throne and re- in places where they could not be seen, and established the worship and the legitimate where it was not possible to engrave them dynasty. It is certain that Osorkon I. recon- unless the monument was lying on the ground structed the temple, beginning with the eastern and had not yet been raised. It is exactly as hall, where most of his sculptures have been with the cartouches of Rameses II., which are found. With the rebuilding coincides the under the obelisks, on the surface touching the change in the dedication, which was not com- ground. This circumstance leads us to imagine pleted under Osorkon I., but which was defini- in what state the temple of Bubastis must have tive after Osorkon II. Bast, who had only a been at the time of Osorkon's accession to the secondary rank under the twelfth dynasty or were throne. We cannot attribute to him the Hathor Rameses II. ; to whom statues or tablets great capitals ; we have seen before, that, although dedicated, but who was not yet the ;

goddess of Bubastis, takes precedence over the again the magnificent building, the foundation other divinities of Egypt, and especially over and first construction of which went up to a Set. Anion and other Egyptian gods may be very early date. seen on the walls of the first hall, but Bast Another work of Osorkon I. was the small occurs more frequently, and has taken a place temple which will be described further. The like Horus at Edfoo or Hathor at Denderah. inscriptions relating the gifts which he made The sculptured representations of Osorkon I. to the various temples of Egypt, the quantities have the same appearance as those made under of precious metals with which he presented the the nineteenth dynasty. With the figures are gods, show that in his reign the country must sentences always the same. The gods men- have been much more prosperous and rich than tioned may belong to other parts of Egypt, but was generally supposed. they are spoken of as residing in Bubastis Osorkon 11. was the son of Takelothis I., an thus we have Amonof Tliehcs, the lord of the shj, obscure king of whom we know only the name. II., he who resides at BaM (pi. si. d) ; the same with He took for his model Rameses and Mut, Harmakhis, Phthah Anebi-esef, the lord seems to have been actuated by a strong desire, of Ankhtoui (Memphis), Turn, the lord of not only to imitate his predecessor as fully as Heliopolis, Shu, the son of Ra, and Menthu. he could, but also to throw into the shade, if The promises made by the gods consist in a possible, his memory. His name is found as long and successful reign, long life, strength often as that of his pattern. In order that the and health, and other stereotyped sentences. imitation should be complete he adopted the The blocks of the ceiling mention also Sopt, the same standard, the mighty bull, thefriend of Ma, divinity of the nomo of Arabia, which at that and his two cartouches were as similar as possible time was part of the nome of Heliopolis. to those of Rameses II., making the usurpation

Bast, the great divinity of the city, which very easy. If the name and titles of Rameses

derives its name from the goddess, is accom- II. had to be transformed into those of Osorkon, panied by the gods of her cycle or her triad. the transformation was very simple. The

She has also the name of Sehhet, she is said to standard was the same. In the first cartouche. be the queen of the gods, the lady of Bubastis. instead of sotep en Ba, the elect of Ra,

Her son, according to the form he assumes, is the scribe had to write soteii en Amen, ^^ \ ^^ called either Ilorhikev, or Nrfertum, or Mahes. the elect of Am.en. It was made in this way.

Bast herself is considered as the herscshta, the Under the sign "] nser, there was room for the priestess of Turn. She has the same title as letter (| the first of the name of Amen, the disk Khaemuas, the son of Rameses II. O was made into a rectangle, over which were

The intention of Osorkon I. to consecrate added small strokes so as to make the sign i*^^*^ the temple to Bast, and thus to change its men. Nowhere can the whole process be original dedication, is best shown by the three followed as well as on the column of the British inscriptions which are engraved underneath the Museum. On the base of the Hyksos statue

Hathor capitals (pi. xli. a, b, c). There Osorkon which is at the museum of Ghizeh, the disk is comes forward as the Avorshipper of Bast, the quite distinct under the sign t^^, even on the lady of Bubastis, who jyrofects her father lla ; the pliotograi^h (pi. xxiv. d). formulas are those usually employed for the As for the second cartouche of Rameses, dedication of a statue, an obelisk, or the hall where it is written in the usual form, the sign \M of a temple. It was to the goddess that he wished to make an offering when he raised up Ba, the first syllable being opposite Amon, and ;

THE TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY. tlie sign -r=T mer, under both gods, the usurpa- Set ; ho ordered it to be hammered out ; but, as tion was made as follows : all the signs under- with the cartouches of Rameses II., the work neath the ^group just described were erased, was done only in a very imperfect way. On and the name of Osorkon substituted for them. the top of the columns. Set was represented

sitting with life -t- In the sign W Ba, the head Avas made into a the sign of and a sceptre

m his hands ; in many places the head has been lion, so as. to give the figure the appearance of widened so as to become a lion ; the headdress a sitting Bast, and the disk above widened and also has been modified, and the whole figure made oval so as to look like an egg, which reads has been turned into the god Mahes,^ the son si, and means son ; so the sign which was of Bast, who, being a warlike divinity, could originally Ra became si Bast, the son of Bast, endorse the epithets which originally followed a predicate which is part of the cartouche of the name of Set, the eery valorous, the lord of the Osorkon. This kind of usurpation occurs skij (pi. xlii. E, F, g). The alteration is plain on very often at Bubastis. All the degrees of it several of the columns, especially on oue of them are seen on the column of the British Museum. which was carried near the canal more than It is obvious that this work was not done con- fifty years ago, and which has since remained scientiously ; it is often very imperfect. Some- on the spot where it is getting buried more and times the second cartouche only has been trans- more every day. It is visible also on the in- formed, or in this second cartouche the lower scription of Set of Rameses, where, however, Set part has been erased without the name of is still traceable (pi. xx.). Sometimes, as on Osorkon being substituted, or the name of the column of the British Museum, Set has Osorkon has been engraved, but the engraver been forgotten. forgot to change the sign Ra at the top of the A great number of the sculptures of Osorkon cartouche, so that the first syllable of Rameses II. in the temple have come down to us, but has been left, and the like. apart from those which adorned the Festival The usurpations of Osorkon are found in the Hall or the colonnade, we find them on a build- whole temple, but chiefly in the hypostyle hall. ing situate outside of the temple, on the north, There his name is met with profusely, on archi- and which probably was a doorway or portico traves, on capitals ; but in most cases it is easy (pi. xli. E—u) ; it was the beginning of a road to recognize that his is not the original name paved in basalt which led to the temple. Four it has been substituted for that of Rameses II.,

columns are all that is left of this construction ; who was not himself the fouuder of the build- two of them are palm-columns, and two with ing, as may be seen on the column of the British lotus-bud capitals. One of these last, which is Museum. in a good state of preservation, has been sent The most important event to be noticed in to the Louvre. Thus we find there the same the history of the temple during Osorkon II. 's two styles as in the colonnade of the temple. reign is the final establishment of the worship It is not possible to assign even an approximate of Bast as the prevailing worship in the locality. date to that building, which may have been an In this respect the Osorkons justify their name imitation made in later times of the hypostyle of Bubastites, which is given them byManetho. hall. On one of the columns Osorkon is men- Henceforth the name of the goddess occurs in large characters, not on statues or tablets only, Tho reading Maliea is fixed by the inscriptions of tlie hall. but on the architraves of the hypostyle The naos of Saft-el-llcuneh. Nav. Goshen, pi. ii. C, pi. vii. .5. king evidently desired to expunge the name of Brugscb, Diet, suppl. p. 526. tioncd as a worshipper of Malies. Besides the the necessary material for building his walls, columns, there must have stood there a con- he voluntarily cut to pieces groups of two or struction of some importance, for close by lies three divinities, fragments of which were in- a corner-block bearing the top of a sculpture serted into the structure. It is more probable of natural size and of very good workmanship. that hefound'the temple already in a pitiable con-

On one of the sides is seen Osorkou offering dition, and that he made use only of what was the holy eye, the ui'a, to Bast, who answers that ruined, respecting what had escaped intact, such she gives him all lands of which site multiplies as the four architectural statues of Rameses II., ike numher, and all gallantry as to Ita (pi. xli. e). though they were of red granite, the material he

The goddess is called licre the priestess her- employed; or the statues in black granite, such seshta of Turn. On the other side, the son as that of Sydney or that of Geneva. of Bast, Horliil-en, is represented giving life to The reconstruction of this hall took place on

Osorkon (pi. xli. n). the occasion of an event which he considered

"We saw before that, according to all proba- as the most important of his reign, a great bilities, when Osorkon I. ascended the throne, festival which was described at great length on the temple was more or less ruined. He set to the walls of the hall. Although one half, or work rebuilding it, but he did not finish the con- even one-third only, of the sculptures have been struction, which was continued and completed preserved, it is sufficient to give an idea of the by Osorkon II., who raised in particular the whole. The festival will be the object of a part of the edifice to which he chiefly attached special volume ; at present we shall speak of it his name, the second hall, or, as he called it, the only from a historical point of view, mentioning Festival TTnll. It was not a new addition to the the facts which we gather from the inscriptions, temple; it had existed long before Osorkon. and keeping for another work the religious

Its date goes back to the Old Empire ; there part, as well as the publication of the sculptures. wo found the cartouches of Pepi and most of A small rectangular block with four lines of those of the twelfth dynasty. It may be the text gives us the date of the festival, (pi. xlii. e). oldest part of the temple. Later on, Eameses "Year 22, on the first day of Choiak, the" TI. had stored there a great number of his " coming forth of Amon out of the sanctuary," " statues, as well those which were made for " which is in the Festival Hall, resting on his " " him as those he usurped. I stated above the litter ; the beginning of the consecrating of " reasons which led me to think that it was " the two lands by the king, of the consecrat- " during the wars which preceded the reign of " ing of the harem of Amon, and of the conse-

Rameses III. that the temple was partially " crating of all the women who are in his city," " pulled down, for I cannot believe that " and who act as priestesses since the days Osorkon II. intentionally caused the destruc- " of the fathers." tion, is Avhich testified by the manner in which These lines are obscure in the details ; how- the w-alls of his hall have been built. If he ever, the general sense is clear. In the year 22, wished to supersede Rameses, it was quite on the first day of the month called Ghoiah, sufficient to usurp his name, as he had done in took place the apparition or the coming forth Q many cases. Wliy should he have broken the of Amon. The word Q to apipear, or to come large statues, the plain surfaces of which, such forth, is usually applied to the great festivals as the base under the feet, were employed for in which the sacred emblem was taken out of the engraving the sculptures of his festival ? Can sanctuary and put in an ark, which was carried we imagine that, in order to procure more easily round the temple on the shoulders of the ;

THE TWKNTY-SECOND DYNASTY'. priests. I translated literally tlie words Iionour of Amon, although the king himself had

::^. n i^ ^=^ which has several meanings : ^^_ established the worship of Bast in the temple, is sometimes to receive, or taken as equivalent and given the pre-eminence to the goddess. She ® to ^S^_ to hegin. ^ ^% may mean to sanctify, has not been forgotten, since in every one of or to protect the tivo lands. It is obvious that the panels into which the sculpture is divided, in thus translating literally each word by she is seen standing before the king. Besides, itself, we deviate from the true sense of the a figure with a lion's head is one of the most expression, which must be taken as a whole. frequent forms of the consort of Araon, Mut, l^ ^^ must be some religious act, the nature in whose temple at Thebes there was a of which we do not clearly understand, or if collection of statues with lions' heads exactly not the act itself, it is something connected similar to those of Bast. Nevertheless, it is with it, such as an offering. It is the same Araon, the lord of the throne of tlie two lands,

j\^=^ . ^—-7 /A ^= .^,-2_^ with the word h^ Avhich is applied to the -^yjti^ i^^ig qualifications

such as they are met with at Thebes, who is harem of Amon, and to the women who are the object of the festival, showing that the tradi- said to be priestesses of the Gods since the days tion connected it with the great Theban kings. of tJic fatJiers. It is possible that under Osorkon II. Thebes According to this inscription, the most and more relinquished, and that dignified functions in the festival devolved was more Bubastis assumed the rank which had been on women. The king, however, plays a most held before by the city of the Amenophis and important jDart in it, he seems even to be the the Ramessides. The political influence of the object of a kind of deification, since the first act, city had been thrown into the background mentioned immediately after the four lines of " by its religious importance. Thebes was the the date, is : the carrying of the king on a residence of the high priests of Amon, who litter.^' The celebration of this great festival enjoyed a certain independence, but the centre reminds us of the famous assembly at gravity of the Empire was removed to the Bubastis,^ described by' Herodotus, which of Osorkon had to make war against the according to the Greek writer took place every Delta. Asiatics. In the inscription of the festival it year. It is possible that both coincided all countries, the Upper and Lower however, in the year 22 of Osorkon there is said that have been thrown under Jus feet. must have been a special solemnity. Perhaps Beteiinv, giving too much importance to those Osorkon II. wished to imitate Eameses II. and Without official formulas, we may infer from the Rameses III., who had both of them celebrated mention of the Reteunu, the Syrians, during their reign a memorable festival, the de- special a campaign against Syria and scription of which was engraved on temples, and that he made would confirm the opinion which may have recalled either some astro- Palestine; this authors that Osorkon II. was the nomical phenomenon or an important date in the of several king called by Scripture Zerah, ^^], Zape,* calendar. AVhatever may have been its purpose, against whom Asa fought a battle, which ended we see fi'om the last line that Osorkon followed the complete defeat of the invader. But the an old tradition, which went back to the time "of in identification is far from being proved; avc the fathers." A circumstance which indicates should not understand, for instance, why that Osorkon intended to comply with an old Osorkon would be called Zerah the Ethiopian. custom, is that the festival is celebrated in

2 Cliron. xiv. 8. Her. ii. H 2 ^

Osorkon II. has left monuments in other worship of Amon, in which the life of Thebes parts of the Delta. Apart from usurpations of seems to have centred under the twenty- statues and pylons at Tanis, he built at Pithom," first and the twenty-second dynasty, nor with where I found cornices with his name painted the sacerdotal hierarchy which was then the in red, indicating that the construction had government of Thebes. That does not mean not been completed, and also the statue of one that at Thebes they did not belong to the of his chief officers, fhe controller, AnJihrenpnefer, hierarchy of the priests, for Bubastis was far which is now in the British Museum. But his distant from the city of Amon, and its chief capital was Bubastis. The two Osorkons may divinity was Bast. In the very difficult reconstruction of the be called pre-eminently the Bubastites ; they both deserve this name, in regard to what they twenty-first dynasty, that of the king-priests, did for the temple, which they both recon- we must not be astonished if the same man structed, one of them adding to it the small bears names, titles, or even cartouches which

temple with its treasury, and the other cele- at first sight seem very different. According brating there the great festival to Amon. as the inscriptions mentioning them have been In the inscriptions of the Festival Hall we found at Thebes or at Tanis, or at any other found some information concerning the family place, the dignities connected with the worship of the king. His queen was called Karoama. of Amon may be stated in full, or they may be

She was his legitimate wife, and she is totally deficient ; the first cartouche may be the frequently seen accompanying the king in the indication of a religious office, or it may be a ceremonies of the festival. Her cartouche regular coronation name, there may be two cartouches or only one. always appears in this form : The great majority of ] g ^^^^ ^_^^^^^^ /^~~\ concerning The inscriptions of Thebes give U the inscriptions the king-priests US the names of two other wife having been found at Thebes, we have been led wives of Osoi'kon II., one of Karoama to give an exaggerated importance to all that refers to them. In their time, the Delta, whom was the mother of a high ^ not

"'^ "" ' priest of Amon. This fact cor- ^— ^P Thebes, is the fountain-head of Egyptian roborates Professor Maspero's opinion, who sug- political history. gests that " the Bubastite kings, like the Saites, A block, which was part of the inscriptions may have had one or several Theban wives, of the Festival Hall, has preserved the names of spending at Thebes the greater part of their life, three of the daughters of Osorkon, who are tue possession of whom secured to the king a seen marching in procession behind their rightful authority over Thebes, and whose mother (pi. xlii. c). The eldest was called the male lieirs were destined eventually to be in- beginner, the first horn, ta 8hal-hej)er ; the second vested with the dignity of high priests."" was named like her mother Karoama ; as for the

Karoama was probably Theban, and may have third, it is possible that a sign is lost at the been buried there ; but in the inscriptions of beginning of the name, it reads now Armer. Bubastis she bears no title similar to those of the quean-priestesses, of whom, however, she may have been one. At Bubastis she is merely THi: CEMETERY OF CATS. styled the royal wife. Her daughters have nothing connecting them with tlio Theban The Osorkons made Bubastis the sanctuary of Bast, the temple being dedicated to The Store City of Pithoni, 3nl cd. p. 15. the

Maspero, Momies de Deir el Bidiai i, p. 751. goddess. It is natural to assign to their THE CEMETERY OF CATS.

reign, if not tlie special reverence of wliich cats pit is seen the furnace in which the bodies of

were the object, which can be traced to a very the animals were burnt ; its red or blackened

early date ; at least the custom of giving those bricks indicate cleai-ly the action of the fire, animals a sacred burial. I consider therefore the which is confirmed by the circumstance that twenty-second dynasty as havingfirst established the bones often form a conglomerate with the cemetery of cats. Standing on the western ashes and charcoal. This cremation accounts part of the mounds of Tell Basta, and looking also for the difficulty we had in finding unl)roken towards Zagazig, the visitor has before him an bones or complete skulls; indeed, when handled, area of several acres, which has been dug out they nearly always fell to pieces. Here and there thoroughly. Near the numerous pits by which among the bones have been thrown bronze cats the place is honeycombed, are seen heaps of or statuettes of Nefertum, which are but rarely white bones of cats. This spot has been one intact ; the feet are generally broken off. of the most productive mines which the Some of the pits were very large ; we emptied fellaheen had at their disposal. There they one containing over 720 cubic feet of bones. found the numerous bronze cats which fill the This gives an idea of the quantity of cats shops of the dealers at Cairo, and also the necessary for filling it. standing statuettes of a divinity crowned with a At Professor Virchow's request we gathered lotus flower, out of which issue two plumes, skulls which could stand the transport, and we the god Nefertum, the son of Bast. sent them to the illustrious naturalist in Berlin.

Although the cemetery was considered We had been struck at first sight by the fact as exhausted, I made an attempt at excava- that several skulls were too large to be cats ; tions in order to find bronze cats, and to the Arab diggers called them rabbit heads. ascertain the manner in which the animals are According to the researches of Professor Vir- buried. We emptied completely several of chow these skulls belonged to ichneumons, the large pits in which they had been deposited. which Avere buried with the cats because they The work was superintended chiefly by Dr. also were sacred animals. As for the cats Goddard, who took part in the excavations themselves, the intei'esting discussions which during the winter of 1889. The fellaheen, when have taken place at the Anthropological Society they dug for bronze cats, began with the of Berlin have shown that they belonged to upper pits ; we had to go much deeper than several species of the cat-tribe, but not to the they had done, and we reached older pits, domestic cat, which probably the Egyptains which the water of the inundation reaches had not. The majority of the bones of every year, so that the bronzes are in a very Bubastis are those of the African type called bad state of preservation. We discovered Felis maniculata, which, according to Dr. a few of them—sitting cats, heads, the inner Hartmann, is the original stock of our part of which is empty ; a good specimen domestic cat, and abounds in Ethiopia and on representing Bast standing under the form of the Upper Nile. There we are to look for the a woman with a slender body and a cat's head, primitive resort of our cat, the domestication of wearing a long dress and holding in her hands which goes back only to a recent epoch, much a sistrum and a basket, and having at her later than the pictures of the Egyptian tombs. feet four crouching kittens. It is probable that the Egyptians had succeeded The bones are heaped up in large subter- in taming the cat, as is done to-day with the raneous pits, the walls and bottom of which are ichneumon, and that they used it for hunting made of bricks or hardened clay. Near each purposes, or otherwise, but it seems well ;

established tliat tliey bad not gone so far as Phila;,^ she is furious as Selcliet, and site is ap- a regular domestication of the animal. 2>eased as Bast. In the text of the destruction of

Professor Vircbovvand tbe Berlin naturalists mankind, which I found in the tomb of Seti I., wbo discussed tbe question, do not admit tbat Hathor takes the form of Sekhet when she tbe bones discovered at Bubastis belonged to slaughters the men and tramples on their blood. animals that bad been burnt. I believe tbat this Sekhet is the BovfidaTt^ dypia of the Greeks. opinion is in consequence of the fact that we The most frequent qualifications of Bast at sent only bones which were in a fair state of Bubastis are : the great goddess of Bubastis, the preservation, because in the furnace where the queen of the gods, the eye, or perhaps, the animals were heaped up, the burning had not daughter of Ea, the mighty, the queen of the shy, been complete, and some of the skeletons may and also, as we saw in several instances, the

have escaped the action of the fire. I think priestess herscshta of Turn, an obscure title that the presence of furnaces in the cemetery, which was never found before. The name of and the contents of a pit, where the bones Bast, as is pointed out by Brugsch, is derived

is the root which means imimlse, motion, are mixed up with ashes and charcoal, a from J P A decisive argument in favour of the cremation and which according to the cases may be to intro- of the bodies. Besides, there are no traces duce or to bring out. Brugsch connects the idea whatever of embalming ; once only we found of motion Avith the fructifying and fertilizing little bits of gold paper which may have been action of heat, which would be Bast, while on on the cartonuage of the mummy, or on the the contrary, when, as is often the case in a wrappings which covered the body of an climate like Egypt, the heat becomes a nuisance animal, which for some reason or other did not and an evil, it would be Sekhet. Brugsch con- share the same fate as the others. If there has siders also Bast as a form of the moon, to which been a mummification of cats at Bubastis, it was fertility is often attributed in the Egyptian of very rare occurrence, while it is the rule in mythology. other cemeteries like Beni-Hassan. The name of Bast is a feminine form of Bes, Brugsch has observed that the sculptured the god of the East, a warlike divinity, whose representations of the goddess or the statues chief sanctuary was also very near Bubastis, in are always lion-headed,^ while the bronzes are the neighbouring nome of Arabia, the capital of Phacusa.^ cats. The Egyptian word is the same for both ; which was There be was called Sojit, the Egyptians seem to have considered the and he took several forms and different names

smaller animal as a diminutive of the other, as one of them is Sopt Shu, a god who is armed like

its reduced image, which was presented to the Bes. Comparing the inscriptions of the great

goddess as an offering. It is the same with shi'ine of Saft-el-Henneh with the inscriptions the hippopotamus and the pig, which are of Bubastis, we find that the divinity accom-

also designated by one word. Bast is a panying Bast most frequently, and considered form of Mut, the mother-goddess, and also as her son, is called IlorhiJcen, a god with a

of Eathor, the goddess of Denderah. She hawk's head, like all forms of Borus ; or Nefer-

assumes the names of TJofl, and also of Selcliet, tum, a god with a human head wearing a lotus when she appears as a warlike divinity and as flower, out of which issue two plumes, or Menthu,

a destructive power. We read in a text of a god with a hawk's head, and lastly JiFahes,

who at Saft el Plenneh is rejDresented as a lion

' I know of one exception at Celibfit-el-IL\gar. Sec

of the pi. vi. » " The Mound Jew, Brugsch, Diet. p. 810. Goshen, p. 10. DYNASTIES TWENTY-THIIEE TO TWENTY-NINE.

devouring the Lead of a human being, and who touches of the king Uahahra, Apries, Hophra, often -wears the emblems of Nefertum.' The under whose reign the man lived. He was un-

^ triad of Bubastis consists of Turn, Bad, and doubtedly a high dignitary, for his titles are :

Makes, called also Nefertum or Horhikcn. As prince of the first order, chancellor, and chief of we know that the ichneumon was an emblem of the friends of the king. His name was Nes- Tum,^ there is nothing extraordinary in the jnihor, and his surname Ncferabraanlch, the living fact that those animals should be mixed in the Neferahra, the image of Neferabra, who was king cemetery with the cats which represented Bast Psammetik II., under whose reign he was born. and Mahcs. His father Avas a prophet, and was called Menhor, the image of Ilorus.

Another monument, the style of which is

Saitic, is a much obliterated group, in limestone, DYNASTIES TWENTY-THREE TO of a priest and priestess, now in the British TWENTY-NINE. Museum. The inscription engraved on the back contains the remainder of the titles of the two After the Osorkons it seems that Bubastis persons, with the usual formulas. It is divided soon began to decline, we find no more impor- in two, the right side referring to the priestess, tant monuments, and hardly any traces of the and the left to the priest, whose name has dis- kings who preceded Nekhthorheb. We must appeared. There was also some text inscribed remember that the country went through on the edge of the monument (pi. xliii. a, a'.) troubled times which were not favourable to We see there that the title of the execution of great works, for which peace ^^ herscshta \7asi and prosperity are necessary. Egypt had to special to Bubastis ; we sav>r it given to the undergo several invasions, of the Ethiopians goddess herself, we saw also that Khaemuas, the first, and afterwards of the Assyrians, to whom sou of Rameses II., had been invested with the she was long tributary. The dynasty which re- same dignity as the Saitic priest, who is ^vT stored to Egypt part of her former splendour, I Ojj]] herseshta seJchetnuter, priest of the hobj under whose reign there was a kind of revival field, the usual name of the territory of both in art and in political life, the twenty- Bubastis. It is the first time that we find the sixth, does not seem to have taken much interest name of the goddess written \M in Bubastis, but to have concentrated its works MJl'^Pri on other localities, like Sais, its native city, or Sel-hctnuter, which I consider to be" the the north-eastern part of the Delta. Egyptian name corresponding to the Greek However, two small monuments of that Bovl3daTL<; aypia.* In the same inscription also dynasty have been preserved ; one of them we come across bearing its date, and which is the forepart an unknown geographical name UtT "^ v^ the of a crouching statuette in basalt, of very garden or the field or the marsh of Ilorus, as we fine Avorkmansbip, with Bast sculptured in saw before that there was one of Bast. It must the middle, and an inscription on each side have been a locality in the neighbourhood of the (pi. xliii. d). On the arms are the car- temple, or at least in the territory of the city, for the man says that he received for his hereditary

' Goslien, pi. iii. \i. vii. 3, 6, 5. share the house of his father in the garden of - See Goshen, pi. ii. G, the three members of the triad imJer their various forms standing before Sopt,

^ Goshen, pi. vi. G. * The Moimd of the Jew, p. 23. Expedition Ilorus. The name of the priestess, which alone duced in the work of the French ; we discovered a few more. has been preserved, is 1^^^^^ llontfuul. The hall of Nekhthorheb, like the others, is I assign also to the Saitic epoch a fragment only a heap of blocks ; the granite alone has of a statue in black granite ; part of the been left. A great part of the building was inscription of the sides and of the back has made of red limestone from Gebel Ahmar, chips been preserved. The monument was dedicated of which cover the ground, so that, more than to Bast of Bubastis. The fragments of lines of any other spot in the temple, this hall has the the lateral inscription are not destitute of appearance of a quarry. I think the hall never interest ; they speak of the child of Tep, with its was finished ; the walls were to be covered with pleasant face, who is in the garden of Bast sculptures, a part of which only has been (pi. xliii. c). executed. Nekhthorheb frequently employed I saw also in the shop of a dealer at Zagazig in his structure materials taken from the older a small fragment of green basalt, of the same halls. Thanks to his unscrupulousness, we have date. The deceased, as usual, addresses the preserved the block of Amenemha I., and that of priests Avho pass by going into the temple, Amenophis II., which was used as a door lintel, so that the inscription remained unhurt. Agreat entering the sanctuary of the lady of Bast. many inscriptions have been completely erased, order, come Following the chronological we and it is impossible to assign a date to them. to a small statue in limestone, the middle part Nekhthorheb followed the traditions of the of which only has been preserved (pi. xliii. rs). Bubastites ; he dedicated his structure to Bast, Hakoris, of the It is a dedication of the king and even, in order to show better how devoted to the goddess Bast twenty-ninth dynasty, of he was to the goddess, he changed his cartouche, Bubastis. It is the first time that a monument and instead of calling himself the son of Isis, as of this king has been found in the Delta. The he does elsewhere, he styles himself the so7i of British Museum. fragment is now in the Bast. When he made the great constructions of Bubastis, he had already erected the temple

of Hell ; his cartouche contained already the

name of that city ; however, we discovered a THE THIRTIETH DYNASTY. fragment of a statue dedicated at the beginning

I NOTICED in another work° the considerable of his reign, when he had not yet built the number of constructions which have been raised temple of Isis. He is called there |^>_=/l in the Delta by the thirtieth dynasty, and (pi. xliii. k) Nelchthorneh, or Ilornehnehht, ^\ especially by the first king, Nekhthorheb. as on the large cartouches of Sama- K:::^

Bubastis is one of the localities where he dis- nood.'^ \^; Nekhthorheb was not satisfied with building played the greatest activity ; for he added to the temple a hall which he intended to be the the great hall, he put in it a shrine of polished

largest. It prolonged the temple on the west, red granite ; the workmanship is so perfect that and was 160 feet square. All around the walls, it must rank among the finest remains of on the top, ran a cornice adorned with large Egyptian art. The sculptures are not very deep, but engraved with the most minute projecting asps ; a fragment of it was visible at the end of last century, and has been repro- details (pi. xlvii. and xlviii.). Most of the frag-

" = Gosliei), p. 3. See Tlie Mound of the Jew, pi. vi. 2, p. 25. ; "

"HK THIRTIETH DYNAHTY.

ments have been carried away and sent to the represented, it seems that the text was intended museum of Ghizeh or to the British Museum. to be a catalogue of temples, for the text always ^Ye cannot make even an approximate recon- ""^ begins with the words : ^ the holy abode, struction of the monument ; too many fragments thesaiirtuaryof; thus we have, R] have disappeared. Tt is not impossible even ^J^°J that there were two of them. In the cartouches, [o|l|^--]'^^° the dirive abode of Ra, of

which are regularly repeated, and which are the Barneses, in the district : the valcr of Bu •

ornament of the cornice, Nekhthorheb is always ar:iii™(MiE]?:^fls >'• styled fJie aon of Basf, the goddess with a lion's holy uliode of J'hfJt'ih Toneii of Barneses, on the head being substituted for Isis, who is generally bank of the rirer. The kind of property over the seen in cartouches found in other places. It is gods which Rameses had assumed, and which not possible to translate even one sentence from probably entitled him to a special protection, the inscriptions which were engraved on the persisted in the tradition as late as Nekhthorheb. walls of the hall, which the king had built to his As for the localities indicated by those names, mother, Bast ; there are only short fragments the first may be the city called under the left (pi. xliv. —xlvi.). The peculiar character of Ptolemies Onias,^ north of HeHopolis, the present those sculptures, as of most of those which are Tell el Yahoodieh. We do not know what is the work of Nekhthorheb or his successor, is the meant by the second, which may be Memphis. strange religious representations of which they Several other sacred abodes are quoted ; most of consist. Nekhthorheb erected the tablet now them are much obliterated ; some of the most in- called from the name of its owner the " Metter- teresting are : "^ J^^^r^ © the sacred abode nich tablet," which is covered with religious texts ^ | ofTeb, the god ofAphroditopolis in Upper Egypt ; of the greatest interest ; under Nectanebo's

reign the shrine of Saft el Henneh was en- n \\ —A fZ^ the divine abode of Amon of

graved, the partial destruction of which is the Northern city, Diospolis parva, in the Delta • much to be regretted, and which has _ the greatest likeness to the monuments of Nekh- abode of Arsaphes, the king of the gods, the lord thorheb, At that time it seems that the of Haves, Heracleopolis. sovereigns wished to give their monuments a Very little remains of the inscription of the more religious stamp ; the texts which accom-

basement, as well as of the upper cornice ; one pany the figures are no mere commonplace of them contained a date, or something con- sentences ; they are much more developed nected with chronology, as we may conclude as for the divinities, they are more numerous, from the fragment now in the museum of and are seen under the most various appear- Ghizeh, where we read (pi. xliv. v), of the festival, ances. The god to whom a monument is every one, ffty years. Is it the length of the dedicated appears followed by a train of period after which the festival was celebrated divinities, who are nearly the whole Egyptian or did Nekhthorheb build the hall, as Osorkon pantheon. II. had done before, on the occasion of a great From the larger fragments which have been solemnity? We can express only conjectures. preserved, we may infer that the repi'esentatious

One thing is certain ; if there was any festival were divided into successive panels, between at all, it was decidedly in honour of Bast, and which stood a huge serpent (pi. xlvi. n, e). In each panel appear several divinities, the names The Moun.l of the Jew p. 12. of which are given ; but though the god alone is Biugscl), Diet. geog. p 928. : ; ;

. the month uot of Amon, as under Osorkon. Among tbc the half month. . . ]. 5, on the fifth of sacred animals sculptured on the walls, we find of Tyhi, the day when the stafne -was sculjjtured. tte ichneumon (pi. xlv. v), which, as we said Judging from the style of the work we must before, being an emlilem of Tuni, Avas buried classify among the monuments of Nekhthorheb with the cats. a fragment of a statue of Bast, standing, of At the end of the hall was a shrine of red beautiful workmanship (pi. xliii. o). In the granite, perhaps even two, covered with religious inscription are contained part of the titles of

. fJie representations, and processions of gods. The the goddess, . . lady of Bast, the daughter walls were divided in horizontal registers, of Ua, the queen of the shy, u^ho rules over all

. . Bast, the separated by a band covered with stars, which the gods, . the great one, the lady of

figures the sky, and which is supported by men priestess herseshta of T^lm, the only one, ivho has with raised arms. Shrines of the same kind no descent, the goddess of the North, icho rules. .

. . the were made by Nekhthorheb in several places . The name of Mehent, the goddess of I found fragments of one at Saft el Henneh, and North, identifies her Avith Uoti.' A text of the of another at Belbeis, two cities -where the wor- same king, discovered at Behbeit el Hagar ship had great similarity with that of Bubastis. (Heb, Iseum), speaks of her under the name of A particularly artistic fragment to be noticed, Meht ' the determinative is a cat, and not a contains the name of the king, followed by the lion.

lirivr/ lord, liJrr ]!n. To all the above described monuments, the predicate ^^3:7-f-2? '^'-^ Name and predicate are arranged in such a age of which is pointed to either by a name or way as to form two medallions of the same size, l)y the style, we must add a few, the date of and perfectly symmetrical. The name of the which is uncertain. Two fragments of red limestone have been found in the first hall, king has not the shape of an oval ; all the signs are included in the sign Heh, so that the whole both bearing very large inscriptions care- reads, NehJdhorheh si Bad (pi. xlvii. a). fully engraved. One of them was horizontal

On a somewhat larger fragment Bast is seen (pi. xlix. o) ; it accompanied probably a scene of sitting, and the king is before her making offerings. It mentions the great princess, who offerings. Bast is called ilic lady of the shrine, may be Bast or any other goddess. The other the daughter of Horns, residivg in the hohj is vertical, and reads, the gods, by the art of field, the well-known name for the territory of Shet ^^, another name of Bast (pi. xlix. d).

Bubastis (xlvii. g). Immediately after came the name of a king, To the reign of Nekhthorheb belongs also a entirely destroyed. A fragment of a pillar in statue, so much mutilated, that only a shapeless white limestone, used by the Romans in a

fragment has been preserved. It probably very rude construction which they erected at represented the king himself, sitting, with a the entrance of the first hall, bears the following

smaller figure standing near him. On the side.* words : tJte divine father, the Jierseshta in the and on the back of the throne was engraved a temjile of the mighty goddess (pi. xlix. a). There procession of figures, and an inscription re- is an omission in the inscription, the sign ^^:5 ferring to festivals, the date of which was has been forgotten above the first <:r=>. The given signs are cut very deep. The pillar may be

p' Ptolemaic, and have been engraved for the (PI. xliii, F I'''') . . . 1. o, tov-ards the statues of the temple of his mother, JJsert [the mighty) Bast. same man who had in his tomb a Canopic vase,

. . . fhe lord 1.4, of the diadems, Nelchfhorheh, " Brugsch, Myth. p. 324, 329, 33G.

in tlie fesliral of iJie first of the month, ami of ' Tlie Mound of the .low, i)l. vi. 'HE I'TOLKMIES AN'l) 'I'm'; liO,\L\N8.

wliich we purchased from the sebakh dii^-o'ers. to him by Ptoletiiv, one of the StaSo\'ot, the His titles and name were (pi. xlix. n), t]ie l'Jt'-(jiuirds, who probably were the successors of j divine father, the hersesJita Bast, t/ic ladtj of uf the Macedonian soldiers. He calls himself the Bast, the scribe the treasury, Aba. (f brother, dSeX^d?, of Apollonios, but as they had not the same father, since Ptolemy was the i^ou of another Apollonios, and Apollonios the THE PTOLEMIES AND THE ROMANS. son of Theon, the word dSeX<^os must mean either first cousin or uterine At the entrance of the hjposfcyle hall, on two brother. In the second inscription blocks of red granite, which were bases of it is Apollonios, the son of Theon, statues, we found two Greek inscriptions, with- who writes the dedication, for I do not think out any remains of the statues which stood there can be any doubt as to the re- stitution, '^jroXXwi/tos0£coi/os(l. above. The inscriptions ai'e the following. 3). Heseemsto have erected two statues, One of them is complete, and has been carried since he mentions first the king and afterwards his to the museum of Ghizeh, the other is only half brother Ptolemy. It is natural that the preserved (pi. xlix. e, f). high standing minister should speak first of his sovereign. Both AtoWwviov ©ecui'os tuiv 6u IlToAe^natos monument to each other, "kindness towards AttoWwvlov tojv SiaSoYwi' the king and queen." It may have twoias (veKCf jy-; di jSacnkia been a present YlTuXefialov Kat paa-iXicraav intended to court the good-will of tlu^ KXeoTrdTpaif Oeoii'; i-rrirfyavw Kal sovereign, but if they had some favour to ask d^apia-Toi"; koi ra TtKva airiui'. for, it is strange that they both should have

BaffiAea llroAf/xaroi' 6 . . . done it by adorning the temple of Bast with • Kal iv^apidTov Kal to . . IlToAe/iaioi' A7roAAio(i'ios Wtwi'os) monuments which were testimonies of their

tSiv t^iiXmv 6 8ioik)5(ti/s . . . friendliness to each other.

iVlKiV TiyS CIS TO. . . . Although they left no inscriptions, it is al'TOV Kal TU TiK ... clear that the Romans did not abandon the temple of

Undoubtedly these inscriptions were dedica- ! Bubastis. At the entrance of the hypostyle tions of statues ; it is the rule to employ the hall, the place where the Greek inscriptions accusative alone in honorary inscriptions.- were discovered, was the pedestal of a statue They acquaint us with a high official of the (pi. vi.), part of which we may have found, for reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, the dioicetes, or at a short distance was a headless torso in green minister A^^ollonios, the son Theon. of finance, of basalt, wearing a toga with an ornamental According to M. Lumbroso " we knew already fringe exactly similar to that of the Roman six of those officials, cue of whom, Tlepolemos, statue in the museum of Ghizeh. The front belongs to the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, part of a fine torso in white stone, which was and is described by Polybius as a bad adminis- used as a bridge over a ditch, and which we trator. As Tlepolemos was in office in the purchased from a fellah, is also Roman work. twentieth year of Ptolemy, he must have been I think that the Romans used the temple for the successor of Apollonios, who was one of the military purposes, for they seem to have made friends of the king, a veiy high dignity at the to it strong doors, the posts of which were court of the Greek kings. A statue is erected built of huge stones. On the west side, where there was an entrance, was found a large - Reiiiach, Epig. grecqiie, p. 380. block,

' Ecnn. pol. p. 339. still in silu, with a cartouche of Nekhthorheb BUB AST! S. turned upside down, showing that it had been scattered. After long and difficult negotiations, nsed after the king for a purpose quite different I obtained from the owner, the sheikh of a from what he originally intended. On the neighbouring village, the permission to excavate north side of the Festival Hall was also a in his field, with the condition that I should door, the hinge of which has been preserved not carry away anything which I might dis-

(pi. xxvii. and xxii. r,). It is a cube of cover. one foot of solid bronze inserted into a stone, This excavation lasted a week. It brought to and fastened underneath with a very hard light a small heap of broken stones jumbled welding, and on the sides with stone wedges. together, and which evidently were the remains

On the top is seen the slight hollow where the of a building smaller than the Temple of Bast. pivot of the door tm-ned ; the stone itself, which The largest fragment was an architrave, bearing was the threshold, and out of which we took the name of Rameses II. Except this one, all the hinge, bears a circular furrow produced by the others had the name of Osorkon I., who had the door in being opened and closed (pi. certainly enlarged this small temple, if he did xxii. b). not raise it completely. On plates 1. to lii. has

As the Egyptians sometimes buried their been reproduced all that remains of the in- dead in the enclosure walls of the cities, I made scriptions, which must have been numerous. It some excavations in the very thick wall which is possible that the temple extended further, surrounded Bubastis, and two sides of which and that there were other chambers around that have been preserved, on the west and the north which 1 discovered ; but the ill-will of the of the Tell. I even cut completely through it. fellah prevented me from searching for them,

It did not give any interesting result ; I found and could not be conquered even by the high only very late burials, in coffins of terra-cotta, pecuniary compensation which I offered for or made of raw bricks, such as may be seen more extensive excavations. In Egypt we on plate xxviii. They contained mummified must always reckon with the innate feeling, of bodies, but quite destitute of any amulet, in- w^hich even highly situated persons arc not scription, or funereal object of any kind. I con- free, that the explorer looks only for gold and sider them as being interments of poor people treasures. of the end of the Roman period. Herodotus seems to have made a mistake, when be says that the small temple was dedi- cated to Hermes. It must have been conse- crated to the same divinities as the great THE SMALL TEMPLE. temple. In the few and badly preserved We hear from Herodotus that at a distance of remains of the representations which adorned three furlongs from the temple of Bast, at the its wall (pi. I.), we find the king making offer- end of a road which passed through the mar- ings to the triad of Bubastis, Bast being seen ket-place, and which was lined by trees of twice, once as Tefnut, the other time as Sekhet. an extraordinary height, was the temple of Also in the sacred barges which were sculptured

Hermes. The direction of the road is still on the walls, and of which a few remains only traceable, although above its level there is an have been left. Bast is seen standing before a accumulation of several feet of earth. At the man who must be the king. The reason which distance indicated by the Greek writer, the Tell induced Herodotus to consider the temple as ends, and we reach cultivated fields where, when having been dedicated to Thoth, is the frequent I went there first, a few granite blocks wore occurrence of the god in the inscriptions, and ; ;

THE SMALL TEMPLE. probably in the sculptures which have been when he did it: 1.2. " /fc built their abodes, destroyed, and where the Greek traveller, who and he multiplied the rases of (jold, silver, and could not read hieroglyphs, might recognize the precious stones. The king ijace Jiis directions ibis head of the god. The mistake of Herodotus ill, his form of the god of Ilesert (Thoth), mean- was perhaps suggested to him by the character ing as being Thoth himself. We are struck here, of the edifice, which I believe to have been a as on the other fragments, by the high amount " treasury. Thoth was the lord of truth" from of the sums given. We find, for instance, the whom Avisdom and intelligence were thought to ' following sums : 1. 3, gold, 5010 uten silver, proceed. It is natural that he should have the 30,720 nien.; genuine lapis lazuli, ICOO; black treasures of Bubastis under his special pro- copper, oOOO ; and something which looks like tection, just as in other temples we see him a shrine or a vase, and has a weight of 100,000 represented in sculptures or inscriptions con- uteiK' Turn Kheper of Heliopolis receives as his cerning measurements, accounts, and dates. share 15,315 uten of gold and 14,150 of silver. Notwithstanding the ai'chitrave with the According to Brugsch's latest researches, and name of Rameses II.. it is obvious from the taking his estimate of the proportion of the great number of cartouches of Osorkon I. dis- value of both metals at ten to one, the approxi- covered there, that it is this king who mostly mate value of tlie above sums would be in contributed to the construction of the small English money 130,311/. worth in gold and temple, which he intended to be a monument of 12,827/. of silver given to a single temple. If his wealth and of his munificence towards the it was so, Ave can understand that the last line, gods. A-U the inscriptions which we found are where some of these gifts seem to have been accounts of gold, silvei', and jDrecious stones, summed up, should mention a sum of 494,300 especially lapis lazuli, offered to several divini- ntcii., taking only the signs which are distinct, ties. It is much to be regretted that there for on account of the erasure, the first figux'e are such scanty remains of these inscriptions, 5 may have been much higher. On other which were engraved on four sides of a pillar. fragments of the same pillar we find sums of this The dates, of which there were several, the amount : gold and silver, 2,300,000 uten, and valuations of sums, would be very interesting, elsewhere (pi. Hi. c, 2) more than two millions considering that they refer to a period of of uten of silver. We have no reason to think

Egyptian history which is nearly unknown. that there is exaggeration in these statements, There is only one fragment of a certain extent considering that we have not here vague indi- it contains parts of five hues of an horizontal cations, but sums given correctly down to the inscription which was engraved on one of the units. faces of the pillar (pi. li.). The fragment is It gives us a very high idea of Avhat the broken in two. I made paper casts of the in- riches and the prosperity of the kingdom must scription, but I could not persuade the fellah to have been under Osorkon I. In this case, as sell me the stone, and to let me take it to the with the thirtieth dynasty, we have to reverse museum of Ghizeh. Since my departure, it the generally admitted opinion as to the con- has been carried away by a pasha of the neigh- bourhood. ' Brugsdi assigns to the uten the weight of 90.9 grammes, In this inscription the name of Thoth fre- whieh diilers only slightly from the 1450 grains assigned to the uten by iMr. Pctrie, vid. Brugsch, Zeitschr. vol. xxvii. quently occurs. It is the god who suggested p. 85 & if. to the king to make these generosities to the * I'rof. Brugsch in a private letter says lie considers tire temples. Osorkon even was Thoth himself word as meaning a very high sum of money. " ditiou of the empire under the Bubastites. It fellaheen digging for sebakh." There are is clear that it was only in a time of peace some, for instance, in Mr. Hilton Price's col- and prosperity that such gorgeous liberalities lection, which comes chiefly from Tell Basta. could be made to the temples, In my last visit to the place I purchased from

Revei'ting to the horizontal inscription, it is a fellah a small porcelain tablet, which I gave remarkable through several new words and to the museum of Ghizeh, and which bears on unknown signs, which make the loss of some one side '"^ the greatest part of the text the more to be l^gCIW^l^ At' good god, tJte lord Egypt, Darius, everlasting, regretted. L. 5 mentions the tributes of two of of the oases, El Khargeh and Dakhel.'' This and on the other ,-^ ,.a 5-?-,^^, Mahes, the verii 3 tribute consists of several kinds of wine.'* L. brave, tlie lord of {Bast). Large scarabs of there is a chronological indication, where un- Amenophis III., even the so-called marriage fortunately wc have lost an important datum, scarabs of the king, are not rare, They come the the name of the month : /rom the first year, from the tombs which are under the Roman

. year, the 25th Mesori, 7th of . ., to the ^th of houses, and are often met with by the fellaheen.

and 16 days . . lohich makes years, 3 months, . The discovery of these tombs was originally Whatever name of the month is taken to fill up the purpose which attracted me to Bubastis, but the gap, it does not correspond exactly to this I very soon gave them up for the great temple, number of months and days. which has been excavated so thoroughly during antiquities We end here the description of the more than two winters, that in my opinion any Bubastis, and of the texts discovered at As further excavation there would be entirely they extend from the fourth we have shown, devoid of result. I do not think there is any dynasty to the Romans. Twenty-five kings arc more work to be done in the great sanctuary of Epiphanes, mentioned, from Cheops to Ptolemy Bast, which proved to be one of the richest quite one of them, lan-Ra, being unknown places of Lower Egypt, only to be compared that other royal names may before. It is possible with Tanis. It is a striking example of the the small objects found by the be discovered on archgeological treasures which lie buried in the

Delta, and which only wait for the pii^k and Brugsch, Reisc nach der grossen Oase, pp. GG, G9. of the scientific explorer. Brugsch, 1. 1, p. 79. spade LIST OF KINGS

Whose Names locro Found in the Inscrijdions of Buhastis.

Cheops . CONTENTS OF PLATES,

itii references to the 'parjes of the Memoir.

I. Great Hyksos liead found at tlie en- Lotus -bud columns and Hathor

trance of the temple on tlie east, now capitals. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor 10—13

in the British Museum/ see pi. x. . 26 VIII. Standard of Cheops, British

II. Roman brick constructions, remains Museum. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor . 5

of the old city. Phot. Rev. AV. Mac- IX. Great Hathor capital, Boston. Ph. Gregor ...... 3 Bragsch-Bey. See the same in pro-

III. General view of the excavations, file, pi. xxiii. A . . . . .11

taken from the east, in February, X. Great Hyksos head, the same as pi. i. . 2G 1887. In the foregronnd, headdress XL Great Hyksos head, first discovered. of a colossal statue (pi. xxi. b, c). Ph. Museum of Gliizeh. Ph. Brugsch-

Brugsch-Bey . . . . . 3, 4 Bey 2G IV. The same taken a month later. In XII. Base of a statue of lan-Ra. Ghizeh 23

the foreground, base of the Hyksos XIII. Two statues of the official Araeno- statue now in the British Museum. phis. The left one in the Ghizeh

Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor . . 2, 3, 2G Museum, the right one in the British V. Hypostyle Hall taken from the south. Museum. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. On the right, lotus-bud capital, now in See pi. XXV. b, the back of the statue Boston Museum. Ph. Rev. W. Mac- in Ghizeh 31

Gregor (pi. liii.) . . . 10—13 XTV. Statue bearing the name of Rameses VI. Hypostyle linll taken from the north. II., now in the Museum of Geneva.

In the middle, Roman pedestal. On Ph. Thevoz . . . . IG, 37

the I'ight, base of a statue of Nekh- XV. Head of an ornamental statue wear-

thorheb (p. 58). On the left, frag- ing the atef, and inscribed with the

mentofa statue of Rameses VI. (p. name of Rameses II. Ghizeh. Ph. 45), and base of the statue of Tau-Ra. Brugsch-Bey 38

Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor , . 10 — 13 XVI. Rameses VI. Ghizeh. Ph. Brugsch- VII. The same taken more to the west. Bey. See the inscription on the back,

pi. xxxviii. K . . . . .46 XVII. Block bearing a list of conquered ' AVhcrcvei- no name is mentioned, the pliototypes liave teen made from photographs which I took myself. countries. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. 40 CONTENTS OP TLATES.

XVIII. Osorkon I. making an offering to of Rameses II., the head of which

. Bast. . Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor . 47 is in Sydney, left on the spot 9, 14, 87

XIX. Group of Plitliah and Rameses II. D. Base of the Hyksos statue in the In front block from the inscriptions British Museum, when first dis- of the festival of Osorkon TI. Ph. covered 20

Rev. W. MacGregor . . . .42 XXVI. A. Upper lintel of a door. The XX. Block bearing the name of Set of other side bears an inscription of

Barneses. Two of our reises (Arab Amcnophis II. (pi. xxxv. u). British

overseers). Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. Museum . . . . .30

York Museum . . . . .42 B. Fragments of the two Hyksos

XXI. A. Architectural head of Rameses statues, when first discovered . 20 II., II. Ph. Count d'Hulst. See also pi. c. Architrave usurped by Rameses showing still part of the cartouche xxiv. c. British Museum . . .38 of Uscrtesen III. British Museum 9, 30 T; c. Headdress of a colossal statue of Ra. Ghizeh 34 D. Erased architrave showing traces

of the words : the the XXII. A. Inscription of Apcpi. British chiefs of Betennu. The other side bears the Museum . . . . .22 name of Rameses II. See pi. v., on B. Stone in which a bronze hinge (pi. the left 30 xxvii.) was inserted . . .CO Bronze hinge of Roman time. c. Architrave showing the dedication XXVII. Ghizeh. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. of the temple to Set . . .42 See pi. xxii. B, the stone in which it D. False door of the Old Empire. was inserted CO British Museum .... 7 XXVIII. Interment of late Roman time, XXIII. A. Profile of the Hathor capital in in the enclosure wall of the city. Ph. Boston ...... 11

Rev. W. MacGregor . . . .00 B. Hathor capital of the smaller type. XXIX. Shayaleen dragging blocks. Pli. Sydney 12 Rev. ^Y. MacGregor .... 4 c. Shoulder of a colossal statue XXX. Shayaleen carrying stones out of usurped by Osorkon II. . . 14, 35 the trenches. Ph. Rev. W. Mac- D. Part of an architrave of Rameses Gregor 4 II 9, 3G XXXI. Gang of labourers. Pli. Rev, W. XXIV. A. Stone of the twelfth dynasty, MacGregor. usurped by Rameses II. . . 36

B. Hathor capital. Louvre . .11 INSCRIPTIONS. c. Architectural head of Rameses II.

(pk xxi. a) 38 XXXIT. A. Standard of Cheops. See pi.

D. Base of a colossal Hyksos statue. viii 5

Ghizeh 9, 26, 48 B. Standard and name of Chefren. XXV. A. Base of a statue of Rameses VI. British Museum .... 5 left on the spot . . . .46 (!, D. Titles and name of Pepi I.

B. . . . . Back of the statue of Amcnophis Ghizeh . .6

(pi. xiii.) . A. Inscription of I. . Ghizeh . . .32 XXXIII. Amenemha 8 c. Base of a statue bearins: the name B—F. Usertesen III. ... 9 K GG CONTENTS OF PLATES.

. red G— I. Cartouclies of Sebekliotcp T. K. Statue of King Rameses VI.,

XXXIV. A. Historical inscrii^tion . granite (pi. xvi.). Ghizeh . . 45 I. B. Fragment of the twelfth dynasty . XXXIX. and XL. Osorkon making

c. List of nomes. Usertesen III. offerings to Bast and to various 48 D, ]i. Xile gods. Usertesen T. . divinities 47,

XXXV. A. King lan-Ra (pi. xii.) . XLI. A—0. Inscriptions under the Hathor

B. Standard of Apepi capitals . . . . 47, 48

c. Inscription of Apepi D. Pedestal in black basalt for a statue D. Stone of Amenopliis IT. (pi. xxvi. or a shrine ..... a)...... K— II. Osorkon II. Inscriptions of E. Smaller statue of Amenopliis the gateway .... 49, 50

r, f". Larger statue of Amenopliis . XLTI. A. Osorkon II. and his queen,

G. Group of priest and priestess Karoama. British Museum . . 52

H. The official Khcrfu. Ghizeh B. Date of the festival of Amon . 50

I. The god of Khucnaten. Ghizeh c. Daughters of Osorkon II. . . 52

XXXVI. A. Rameses II. making offerings n—0. Set and Mahes . . .49

B—D. Lists of captives . . n. Fragment of an usurped statue

E. Tablet of red granite . XLIII. A. Saito priest and priestess.

!•', G. Plithah of Barneses British Museum . . . .55 n. The god Meuthu. Montreal. B. Statue of Hakoris. British Museum 56

I. Set of Barneses .... 0. Unknown official . . . .56

Ghizeh . 55 K, L, 0. Merenphtliah as prince . D. Statuette of Nespahor.

M. The royal son Khaemuas E. Unusual cartouche of Nekhthoi-heb 56

N. A royal son of Kush. Boston 42, F. f'". Statue of Nekhthorheb . . 58

XXXVII. List of nomes. Rameses II. . G. Statue of Bast . . . .58

XXXVIII. A. Nile gods. Rameses II. 9, XLIV.—VI. Hall of Nekhthorheb . . 57

B. Tablet of black granite. Ghizeh . XLVII., VIII. Shrine of Nekhthorheb . 58

0, o". Statue of Menthuhershepshef. XLIX. A. White limestone. Ptolemaic or Boston Roman ...... 58

D. Statue of King Merenphthah B. Canopic vase . . . .59 E. of Statue a royal son of Kush c, D. Red limestone, unknown epoch . 58

F. Statue of the god . Phthah 42^ E, f. Greek inscriptions. Ghizeh . 59 G. Statue of King Rameses III. L. —LII. Inscriptions of the small Ghizeh temple GO—02 H, h". Statue of King Rameses VI., LTII. Architectural drawing of the great

red limestone. Ghizeh , column now in Boston, made by M.

I.' of 1, Statue King Rameses VI., E. Cramer . . . . .11 black left granite, on the spot. LIV. Plan drawn by Count d'Hulst . . 13 INDEX.

Aamu Aha, priest Aboo Simbel Abydos Accad Africamis

Ahmes, general ...

Ahmes I., King ...... Amasis

Amen, see Anion.

Amenemlia I...... b n Ill

Amenopliis, ofiicial

I ir 29-

III 13, U, IC, 20, IV

Amon, god 15, 30, ai, 35, 37, 42—14, 16—48,

of Rameses Ammihershepslief Amu Amyitaeos An, King

Ankhrenpnefcr, oilicial ... Ankldoui, Eauctuary of Memphis Apadinao...

Apcpi ...... 21-

Apbroditopolis ...

Apollonios ...... son of Theon

ApophU, gee k^Q\n Apries

Arab, conquest ...

Arabia, nonic of ...

Arabs ...... Architraves, usurped Archies Argo, island ArUu, Syrian

Armer, princess ...... INDEX.

Chabas .... KhanMci, KIia»el, laud ... Khataanah

Kherfu, official Kheta

Kliiaii Klmdur iS'akhuiita Khuenaicn Kosseaiis... Krall, Prof Kummeh Kusli, royal son of Kushilc's...

Lcnormaiit

Lcpsins ... Libya

nomo of

Libyan ... Lotus-bud columns

Lumbroso, G. ... Luxor

Ma, goddess

JLicrisy ... Mafek, Mafkat, mineral Maflmt, region of Mahes

Malus, traveller ...

Manetho ... Mariette... Marsli of Bubastis of Horus

Marshes of the north ... MasJiuash, Ma^uEs

Maspero, Prof. ... 3Ieht, Mehent ilemphis...

Mcnhor, priest ... Menlilieperra Mentha MenthuJiershe^fshrf, prince Mentor Mcrenphthah !Mermashu, King ]\resopotamia

Mcsori, montli ... Metternich tablet Mispliragmutlwsis Mitrahenny Mongoloid type INDEX.

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PL. LIV

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLICATIONS.

[. The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus. By EDOUAun Navii.lk With Thirteen Plates, Two Maps, and a New Autotype Plate of the Store-Cellars of Pithom. Third lulili.i.

iSS8. 2S,f.

II. Tanis. Part I. By W. M. Flixders Retkik. With Nineteen Plates and Plans. Second Edition. i88S. 255.

III. Naiikredis. Part I. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by Cecil yMiTH, Ernest A. Gardner, and B.-^rcl.w V. He.\d. With Fony-si.x Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 18SS.

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