Religious Continuity and Change in Egypt
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Les Feuillets D'hermopolis
English translation copyright © Eglise Gnostique Apostolique & +Phillip A. Garver, Ep.Gn.; O.'.C.'.M.'. / O.'.C.'.P.'. - All rights reserved. Any copying, redistribution or retransmission of any of the contents or variations thereon without written consent expressly prohibited. LES FEUILLETS D’HERMOPOLIS - V - April 2002 Monsignor Joseph René VILATTE Paris 1924 – 1929 Mgr. Vilatte is, so to speak, the « father » of the Apostolic Succession of the Gallican Church of Mgr. Giraud and the Gnostic Church, in its apostolic branch, of Mgr. Bricaud and Mgr. Chevillon. His life and his work in Europe and in the United States are well-known from many books and articles, but there is a period that the historians seem to neglect: his return to Paris in 1924, his retirement in Versailles and his death. Let us look at some dates: Joseph - René VILATTE was born on 24 January 1855 in Paris – and died 1 July 1929 in Versailles. (Some biographies indicate 2 July?) Mgr. Herzog, Old Catholic Bishop of Bern conferred upon him Minor Orders, the Sub-Deaconate, the Deaconate and the Priesthood in three days, 5–6–7 June 1885. Mgr. Antoine François Xavier Alvarez (Julius 1st) consecrated him a bishop in the cathedral of Notre Dame de la Bonne Morte in Colombo (Ceylon), 29 May 1892, under the name of Mar Timotheus 1st. Louis Marie - François GIRAUD, was born in Pouzauges (Vendée), 6 May 1876 – and died in 1951. Mgr. Vilatte ordained him a Priest 21 June 1907 in Paris; having transmitted to him the Sub-Deaconate on 14 October 1906 and the Deaconate on 19 March 1907. -
Saleh Poll Tax December 2011
On the Road to Heaven: Poll tax, Religion, and Human Capital in Medieval and Modern Egypt Mohamed Saleh* University of Southern California (Preliminary and Incomplete: December 1, 2011) Abstract In the Middle East, non-Muslims are, on average, better off than the Muslim majority. I trace the origins of the phenomenon in Egypt to the imposition of the poll tax on non- Muslims upon the Islamic Conquest of the then-Coptic Christian Egypt in 640. The tax, which remained until 1855, led to the conversion of poor Copts to Islam to avoid paying the tax, and to the shrinking of Copts to a better off minority. Using new data sources that I digitized, including the 1848 and 1868 census manuscripts, I provide empirical evidence to support the hypothesis. I find that the spatial variation in poll tax enforcement and tax elasticity of conversion, measured by four historical factors, predicts the variation in the Coptic population share in the 19th century, which is, in turn, inversely related to the magnitude of the Coptic-Muslim gap, as predicted by the hypothesis. The four factors are: (i) the 8th and 9th centuries tax revolts, (ii) the Arab immigration waves to Egypt in the 7th to 9th centuries, (iii) the Coptic churches and monasteries in the 12th and 15th centuries, and (iv) the route of the Holy Family in Egypt. I draw on a wide range of qualitative evidence to support these findings. Keywords: Islamic poll tax; Copts, Islamic Conquest; Conversion; Middle East JEL Classification: N35 * The author is a PhD candidate at the Department of Economics, University of Southern California (E- mail: [email protected]). -
The Impact of Using Gregorian Calendar Dates in Systems That Adapt Localization: in the Case of Ethiopia
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 19, Issue 6, Ver. III (Nov - Dec 2017), PP 01-07 www.iosrjournals.org The impact of using Gregorian calendar dates in systems that adapt localization: In the case of Ethiopia Getnet Mossie Zeleke1, Metages Molla Gubena2 1,2Department of Information Technology, College of Technology, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia Abstract: Ethiopian calendar has 13 months in which 12 months have 30 days equal and the 13th month has 5 or 6 days length. Date is one of the inputs for web or desktop applications. Java Development Kit(JDK) and Joda- Time Date Time package have been used for date manipulation in java based applications developed for local use in Ethiopia. Besides, Gregorian calendar date time pickers have also been used in web applications. This leads the application developers not to fully adapt localization. To fill this gap we developed JavaScript Date Picker and date manipulator java package in Ethiopian calendar basis. The first product consists of Amharic week day and month names which enable users to pick Ethiopian date as an input in web applications. The second product is used to manipulate Ethiopian date in java desktop and web applications. In the package different methods are defined to perform date related activities such as date calculations, extraction of date element in a given date, presentation of date in different date formats like መስከረም 12, 2010 etc. Unlike other date time java packages, dealing with Ethiopian dates using our date package does not require date conversion. -
Stabilisation of Movable Feasts
[Communicated to the Council and the Members of the League.] Official N o.: C. 335. M. 154. 1934. VIII. Geneva. August 3rd, 1934. LEAGUE OF NATIONS ORGANISATION FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSIT STABILISATION OF MOVABLE FEASTS SUMMARY OF REPLIES FROM RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES TO THE LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COMMUNICATING THE ACT REGARDING THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF FIXING MOVABLE FEASTS I. — COMMUNICATION OF THE ACT TO THE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES. According to the instructions of the Council, the Secretary-General brought the Act regarding the economic and social aspects of fixing movable feasts, adopted by the Fourth General Conference on Communications and Transit, to the notice of the Christian Religious Authorities, asking them to consider as favourably as possible what action they could “take in the matter. As far as the Holy See is concerned, the Act was communicated by letter from the Secretary-General of the League to the Secretary of State of His Holiness on November 16th, As regards Christian Churches other than the Roman Catholic Church, a request was addressed on November 16th, 1932, to the President of the Universal Christian Council for Life and Work, to which all these Churches are affiliated, asking him to bring the above-mentioned Act to their knowledge and to inform the Secretary-General of the League of the views expressed by the Churches in the matter. II. — RESULTS OF THE ENQUIRY. 1. — Attitude of the Holy See. By letter dated December 30th, 1932, Cardinal Pacelli informed the Secretary-General that the Holy bee maintains the point of view already expressed in previous communications — i.e., that the stabilisation of Easter is a pre-eminently religious question which falls within the competence of the Holy See and that, for reasons of higher spiritual concern, the Holy ?>ee cannot contemplate a change in this matter. -
Life in Egypt During the Coptic Period
Paper Abstracts of the First International Coptic Studies Conference Life in Egypt during the Coptic Period From Coptic to Arabic in the Christian Literature of Egypt Adel Y. Sidarus Evora, Portugal After having made the point on multilingualism in Egypt under Graeco- Roman domination (2008/2009), I intend to investigate the situation in the early centuries of Arab Islamic rule (7th–10th centuries). I will look for the shift from Coptic to Arabic in the Christian literature: the last period of literary expression in Coptic, with the decline of Sahidic and the rise of Bohairic, and the beginning of the new Arabic stage. I will try in particular to discover the reasons for the tardiness in the emergence of Copto-Arabic literature in comparison with Graeco-Arabic or Syro-Arabic, not without examining the literary output of the Melkite community of Egypt and of the other minority groups represented by the Jews, but also of Islamic literature in general. Was There a Coptic Community in Greece? Reading in the Text of Evliya Çelebi Ahmed M. M. Amin Fayoum University Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) is a well-known Turkish traveler who was visiting Greece during 1667–71 and described the Greek cities in his interesting work "Seyahatname". Çelebi mentioned that there was an Egyptian community called "Pharaohs" in the city of Komotini; located in northern Greece, and they spoke their own language; the "Coptic dialect". Çelebi wrote around five pages about this subject and mentioned many incredible stories relating the Prophets Moses, Youssef and Mohamed with Egypt, and other stories about Coptic traditions, ethics and language as well. -
A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry Georgia State University College of Law, [email protected]
Georgia State University College of Law Reading Room Faculty Publications By Year Faculty Publications 1-1-2010 A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry Georgia State University College of Law, [email protected] John Khalil Follow this and additional works at: https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/faculty_pub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Human Rights Law Commons Recommended Citation Ryan Rowberry & John Khalil, A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law, 3 Berk. J. Middle E. & Islamic L. 81 (2010). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Reading Room. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications By Year by an authorized administrator of Reading Room. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law Ryan Rowberry John Khalil* INTRODUCTION With the U.S.-led "War on Terror" and the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, American legal scholars have understandably focused increased attention on the various schools and applications of Islamic law in Middle Eastern countries. 1 This focus on Shari'a law, however, has tended to elide the complexity of traditional legal pluralism in many Islamic nations. Numerous Christian communities across the Middle East (e.g., Syrian, Armenian, Coptic, Nestorian, Maronite), for example, adhere to personal status laws that are not based on Islamic legal principles. Christian minority groups form the largest non-Muslim . Ryan Rowberry and Jolin Khalil graduated from Harvard Law School in 2008. Ryan is currently a natural resources associate at Hogan Lovells US LLP in Washington D.C., and John Khalil is a litigation associate at Lowey, Dannenberg, Cowey & Hart P.C. -
Ethiopian Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Ethiopian calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር?; yä'Ityoṗṗya zämän aḳoṭaṭär) is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia and also serves as the liturgical year for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia belonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches, Eastern Catholic Churches and Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It is a solar calendar which in turn derives from the Egyptian Calendar, but like the Julian Calendar, it adds a leap day every four years without exception, and begins the year on August 29th or August 30th in the Julian Calendar. A gap of 7–8 years between the Ethiopian and Gregorian Calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the Annunciation. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has 12 months of 30 days plus 5 or 6 epagomenal days, which comprise a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez. The 6th epagomenal day is added every 4 years, without exception, on August 29 of the Julian calendar, 6 months before the corresponding Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1900 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year. In the Gregorian Calendar Year 2015; the Ethiopian Calendar Year 2008 began on the 12th September (rather than the 11th of September) on account of this additional epagomenal day occurring every 4 years. Contents 1 New Year's Day 2 Eras 2.1 Era of Martyrs 2.2 Anno Mundi according to Panodoros 2.3 Anno Mundi according to Anianos 3 Leap year cycle 4 Months 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links New Year's Day Enkutatash is the word for the Ethiopian New Year in Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, while it is called Ri'se Awde Amet ("Head Anniversary") in Ge'ez, the term preferred by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. -
Hellenistic and Pharaonic Influences on the Formation of Coptic Identity
Scriptura 85 (2004), pp. 292-301 HELLENISTIC AND PHARAONIC INFLUENCES ON THE FORMATION OF COPTIC IDENTITY Annette Evans Department of Ancient Studies Stellenbosch University Abstract Conflicting descriptions of Coptic identity still exist today. The Copts regard themselves as those descendents of Pharaonic Egyptians who have retained their identity because of their Christian faith, in spite of Egypt having become a predominantly Islamic, Arab country. They claim to have “caught a glimpse of the Light of Christianity” before the birth of Christ. This article offers iconographical evidence to supplement an explanation of how the ancient Egyptian mythopoeic thinking, in combination with the syncretistic cultural environment of Hellenism, mediated this phenomenon. Today the Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt represents “a return to the apostolic father type leading of the church”. Although pharaonic and gnostic influences appear to have contributed to their remarkable eusebeia, the Copts perceive themselves as having abided by the decisions of the first three Church Councils and have respected and upheld the canon. 1. Introduction The word Copt originated from the ancient Egyptian word for Memphis, Hah-ka-Ptah – the house or temple of the spirit of Ptah. With the suppression of the prefix and the suffix the stem kaPt or gypt remained, which was then corrupted to the Arabic Qibt (Atiya 1968:16). The Hellenes used Aiguptos for both Egypt and the Nile, and Aiguptoi was used by Origen to distinguish Egyptian Christians from Hellenes (Van der Vliet and Zonhoven 1998:117). The Copts have a unique identity: inseparable from their pharaonic past, yet intimately associated with the beginning of Christianity. -
Christianity In
CHRISTIANITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EAS Venue: Mathematical Institute Presentations & Speakers Andrew Wiles Building Welcome - Martin Ganeri. O.R Vice regent, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter Blackfriars Hall, Oxford Woodstock Road Christianity in the Middle East - an Oxford, 0X2 6GG introduction and Overview - Anthony O'Mahony, Heythrop College, University of London Fee for the day (payable by cheque): £20 Christianity in Iraq: present situation and Includes lunch, tea & coffee future challenge - Professor Herman TeuleT Concessions on application. University of Louvain and Director. Institute for Registration deadline: Friday 24th Eastern Christianity October 2014 Coptic Christianity in Egypt today: reconfiguring power, religion and politics- To request a registration form please Dr Mariz Tadros, University of Sussex email Charlotte Redman: Armenian Christianity in the Middle East - [email protected] modern history and contemporary challenges - Dr Hratch Tchilingirian, Armenian Conference hosted by the Las Casas Institute, Studies, Oriental Institute, University of Oxford Blackfriars Hall, Oxford Erasing the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Greek Orthodox Christians in Turkey: «»pH^!^&£: Comparative lessons for Middle Eastern Christianity from the Turkish model of Religious Cleansing - Prof Elizabeth Prodrornou, Tufts University, Former Commissioner and vice-chair US Commission on International Religious freedom 2004-2012 & currently US Secretary of State Working Group on Religion and Foreign Policy Programme 'Christianity in -
The Egyptian View of Abraham
chapter 4 The Egyptian View of Abraham When Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem in 587 BC, many Jews fled into Egypt (Jeremiah 43). Other Jews settled in Egypt in the following years. Some assimilated into the surrounding culture, but not all did; a sufficient number retained their faith and established Jewish temples in Elephantine during the Persian Period (525–332 BC) and in Leontopolis during the Ptolemaic Period (332–32 BC). Jewish settlements existed in Elephantine, Edfu, Thebes, Hermop- olis Magna, Oxyrhynchos, Arsinoe (Krokodilopolis), Syron Kome, Alexandrou Nesos, Samaria (Kome), Chanaanain, Trikoma, Teb- tynis, Herakleopolis, Tebetnoi, Memphis, Demerdash, Leontopolis, Shedia, Xenephyris, Nitriai, Tanis, Pelusium, Athribis, and Alexan- dria. The Jews brought some of their texts with them; for example, the earliest manuscript of any of the Psalms is a fifth-century BC text written in demotic script and found at Elephantine. The biblical story of Abraham appears in Egypt by at least the third century BC, when the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek 49 50 introduction to the book of abraham the egyptian view of abraham 51 during the reign of Ptolemy II. This translation is known as the Sep- tuagint. Egyptian manuscripts of the Septuagint telling the biblical story of Abraham date as early as the first century BC. Nonbiblical stories about Abraham circulated in Egypt even ear- lier. During the reign of Ptolemy I, Hecateus of Abdera traveled to Thebes and learned stories about Abraham from Egyptian priests; he wrote these stories in a book called On Abraham and the Egyptians. This work is now unfortunately lost, but Clement of Alexandria, a second-century AD Egyptian Christian, quoted a short passage from it in which the worship of idols is condemned. -
Chapter 5 – Date
Chapter 5 – Date Luckily, most of the problems involving time have mostly been solved and packed away in software and hardware where we, and our customers overseas, do not have to deal with it. Thanks to standardization, if a vender in Peking wants to call a customer in Rome, he checks the Internet for the local time. As far as international business goes, it’s generally 24/7 anyway. Calendars on the other hand, are another matter. You may know what time it is in Khövsgöl, Mongolia, but are you sure what day it is, if it is a holiday, or even what year it is? The purpose of this chapter is to make you aware of just how many active calendars there are out there in current use and of the short comings of our Gregorian system as we try to apply it to the rest of the world. There just isn’t room to review them all so think of this as a kind of around the world in 80 days. There are so many different living calendars, and since the Internet is becoming our greatest library yet, a great many ancient ones that must be accounted for as well. We must consider them all in our collations. As I write this in 2010 by the Gregorian calendar, it is 2960 in Northwest Africa, 1727 in Ethopia, and 4710 by the Chinese calendar. A calendar is a symbol of identity. They fix important festivals and dates and help us share a common pacing in our lives. They are the most common framework a civilization or group of people can have. -
Coptic Studies Abstracts
ABSTRACTS THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR COPTIC STUDIES Hosted by Claremont Graduate University and St. Shenouda The Archimandrite Coptic Society JULY 25-30, 2016 Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the Eleventh International Congress of Coptic Studies (Claremont, July 25-30, 2016) The listing of the abstracts, starting on page 6, in this publication is arranged in alphabetical order of the speaker's last name. Beside the name, the following are included: academic affiliation, email address, paper title, and the submitted abstract. The abstracts are preceded by a list of the panels and specific sessions included in the program with panel/session description and names and paper titles of its respective participants. DESCRIPTION OF THE PANELS/SPECIAL SESSIONS Panel Title: Prospects and studies for the reconstruction and edition of the Coptic Bible (CB) Panel Chairs: Dr. Frank Feder [email protected], and Dr. Siegfried Richter [email protected] Description: During the panel the two large scale projects for the edition of the Coptic New (Münster: http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/index_en.shtml) and Old (Göttingen: http://coptot.manuscriptroom.com/home) Testament will present the actual state of their work and the possibilities for the Coptological community to collaborate with them. The panel invites all colleagues to present new projects or project ideas concerning the Coptic Bible as well as contributions to all aspects of the manuscripts and the textual transmission. Participants: (in alphabetical order) Dr. Christian Askeland. Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Digitization of the Bible Prof. Heike Behlmer. Paul de Lagarde, Agapios Bsciai and the Edition of the Coptic Bible Dr.