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Home , Christianity in Africa, Christianity in Egypt, Coptic history, Cyril of Jerusalem, Patriarch of Alexandria, Saint Mercurius

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The Routledge Companion to in

Elias Kifon Bongmba

Christianity in

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 Youhanna Nessim Youssef Published online on: 21 Dec 2015

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( fe t mrec n,ide,wsrgre sacnetaino l heresies. all of concentration a as regarded was indeed, Re and, su it emergence Empire its Roman the after In role. prominent a played Res- Exposition; the on Valentinian Treatise World; Tractate; Mind; Tripartite Perfect the Zostrianus. Teachings Thunder; Protennoia; Sextus; Seth; of Trimorphic of of Sentences urrection; Origin Steles Seth; Three Great the the Silvanius; of of Thomas; On Treatise of Second of Paul; ; Plato Interpretation Gospel Apostle Shem; Hypsiphrone; Philip; Egyptians; of Archons; the of Paraphrase the of of Letter Gospel Hypostasis Philip; Knowledge; Truth; of Christ; of Gospel of on Gospel Sophia Soul; Discourse and Savior; the Blessed the the on Eugnostos of Ninth; Dialogue and Power; Eighth Great the of Our of James; Apocalypse of Concept Apocryphon Contender; First; 21 Peter; Asclepius James, of John; Apocalypse of of Paul; Apocryphon of Apocalypse Apocalypse ; Second; James, of Apocalypse Allogenes; vnmr nLtntasain aedrn h w etre fe i death, his and after Greek, centuries original two the the in during survives made Ru it his translations by in a of some Latin late to Much as in writing moved enormous. tortured more started probably was even and Though output He imprisoned death. his Decius. his been before life, Emperor have years to of two about said persecution Tyre is the he during AD confessor 249 In Alexandria. 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Egyptian of greatest the among certainly atrdi h escto ne meo etmu eeu.I h er231 con year in the In himself Severus. was found Leonidas, Septimius father, Emperor he his under 202 AD persecution In Tyre. the at in died martyred probably and Alexandria at parents “ “ xotto oConversion to Exhortation Miscellanies mn h eeista eesra nEyt ntetidcnuy century, third the in Egypt, in spread were that heresies the Among Apostles; Twelve the and Peter of Acts works: several include codices The from translated codices Gnosticism containing papyrus ancient Thirteen rgn(185 Origen fl cigtenme fclue n epe mn hmi a proclaimed, was it whom among peoples and cultures of number the ecting fi u n eoe rgni eiel h otproli most the decidedly is Origen . and nus ” – ). 5 D a n ftegets hitaswoee ie,and lived, ever who Christians greatest the of one was AD) 255 aihajja, Mani ’ eulc ryro hnsiig ryro the of Prayer Thanksgiving; of Prayer Republic; s ” HITAIYI EGYPT IN CHRISTIANITY ,the ), fl c ihDmtisI(189 I Demetrius with ict – Paedagogus 9 uhnio oo;Bo fToa the Thomas of Book ; Authentikos 29; h iigMn)cm rmteBabylonian the from came Mani) living the 47 fi edsic ok,tit-i fwhich of thirty-six works, distinct ve ( “ h Tutor The ff rdsvr escto soon persecution severe ered – ” 3) h ihpof the 231), ,adthe and ), fi uhro all of author c fi Stromateis mdby rmed fi fty-one Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:52 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315890012, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 eiinacmo eiinta ol idt i mietergoso the of regions the empire his under prospered the to Mani Rome. since bind from wrest favor, Shapur Mani could to his in wanted that he saw won that Mediterranean religion and and eastern Empire common I Achaemenian a Shapur the King religion restore under to Mani Elkasites. returned Iran, wished in the He king Arsacids . of the overthrew to sect I went Ardashir Gnostic Sassanid the Jewish-Christian the When the twenty-four. revelations, two of received member Mani a become had ucsosMxmsDi n aeis ot on htteya fhsreign venerate his the of as year calendar the Church the that of found his beginning Copts and the Galerius. commemorate of could and work Daia the Maximus was persecution successors greatest the However, Egyptians. 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Julius Julius We and to to authorship. attributed their Arabic ascribed is determine in Simon and texts and John century two several and of is least also martyrdom eleventh himself, It The at emperor the capital). group. of the (the from fourth Antioch is compilation in judge the a are the events are is the hence have Nahrawa exaggeration, we and by text Antioch characterized the of that Macarius is seems narrations. di group it give third a and not The has did titles. sister, It author administrative pre- the . of written and and geography the Anoub, lines a the Paese few and towards for a have Ari data in evolution is useful they presented group any an is well; second Julius is Egypt. The very Lower Akfahs. there in district of but Julius this of end, of sentation and that geography shows beginning the homogenous It common knew Chamoul. into compiler Pansnew, corpus Didymus, the this Heraclides, Shenoufe, subdivide per- Epima, and can geography, these The we titles, that eleventh groups. that administrative the shows to events, corpus demonstrates century the this seventh sons of of to study study sixth The the the century. from fact, written In were Akfahs. martyrdoms of Julius called Basilides, Claudius, of Justus. martyrdoms and noble. Besamon, Apoli, Victor, the Theodore, or any sometimes Eusebius, without Macarius, includes king Iraaie, but and Apater Basilides, cycle martyrdoms their of This in family included consistency. legendary genealogies several a are of There members as considered oerlr,sacigfrasaeot asdtemrydmo these accurate. of speaking, martyrdom generally the are, data caused of historical scapegoat, Islamic and caprice a Geographical fanatical the . or for adopted mob searching the rulers, them of some outbreak origins of An Islamic proselytism). 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Pachomius AD. left local after. and a vision Palaemon, years a of some guidance had the Pachomius under the later, from life years release ascetic Nag-Hammadi, his the near On Chenoboskion, began army. of village and the the from at discharge baptized early was Pachomius an army, sought he that them by nwihteAote a eone vrtigadfloe h aiu.In Saviour. the was followed it read; and left was Gospel everything re Antony the he renounced parents, as there, listened had his way Antony his of Apostles church, On death to the church. the him to which go leaving after in to died, day order When parents One in Christians. his house sister. the old younger were years a and twenty His after property to . look eighteen much of about possessed south was km parents Antony 75 whose some birth village by a Christian of Coma, founder in the Life, born considered is was Antony He prayer. monasticism. to lives their devoted who Emperor. egso osatn n iiis uigasotsa yhsui tThebes, at unit in his so by was was and stay the Christians, he during short local years a When by several hospitably During for Christians. entertained there Licinius. was served with and Pachomius and army Constantine contact the of no in reigns enlisted had he old Pachomius years 20 Many and him. pagans after disciples. named were his was became which and monastery conduct his actual by the attracted an of were seen place having the desert, to the to moved withdrew settled he He driver, vision. camel angelic a in As died Scriptures. have Holy Pispir. to the at reputed is ascetic Antony solitary Clysma. a Mount 105. as of aged lived foot asceticism AD, Antony the practiced 356 years at had later 20 who settled nearly man He old For an youth. from his instruction since received he then and or sfrhssse,h nrse e osm atflwmn noythen the Antony to women. owned life, faithful ascetic he some an to to what himself her of dedicated entrusted and visit rest he house next the his sister, his left his gave On for he he sister. As hesitation his that Gospel poor. for land without the little the 6:34); heard a away (Matthew kept gave Antony and immediately church, parents and me to his sign follow come from a and poor inherited as the had this to it took give and Antony have 19:21). you that all sell and go h oatcmvmn a itnuse yisgopo eiae Christians dedicated of group its by distinguished was movement monastic The ahmu a onaon 9 Dna sai pe-gp.Hsparents His Upper-Egypt. in Esna near AD 292 around born was Pachomius (300 Great the Macarius rte yteptirhAhnsu,mnindta noywsa Egyptian an was Antony that mentioned Athanasius, patriarch the by written ewrote He and aca Letters Paschal omnayo h oplo an Matthew. 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Benjamin in he His disciple a . fresh death, Canopus. as a him of of retained and to power monastery priest him times emerging ordained Pachomian confused the the and with in turbulent side these by through side church beginning, the of upheavals steer tremendous to greatest the able the (619 through of invasion lived one He Persian undoubtedly Church. the was Coptic Benjamin the Delta. of western the in Beheirah of church. church, the the of (622 of founder founder second the a church Mark, as Coptic Saint considered He the follows is in Halicarnasus. always he commemorated of name as is his Julian He and of Egypt. times in heresy three years the twenty against around books spent dogmatic several wrote ewoesvrlipratdgai ok,aogte the Anastasius. them emperor the among of works, friendship dogmatic the important gained several he Constantinople wrote to There but go monastery, case. He to own obliged his his was built defend Severus he him. to Later from in of Iberian. it monastery church philosophy the took a Chalcedonians Peter the in and the met monk in he a rhetoric became There received he Gaza. studied baptism he near his thirty after He churches. Soon of Tripoli. Eastern Pisidia. in age the Leontius the in Saint of life At Although Sozopolis the Beirut. Antioch. in and in role of Alexandria great born Severus a was played and . he Atripe, He Copt, of a of not Council Shenuda was the patriarch, Severus followed the was which who the great the by Among marked the is of century, part second The the in AD 346 a in so died and small, Pachomius too Pboou. found- become the at had a of opened plague. it kitchen, years Tabennesi, was few at a foundation a monastery second Within was porters original monastery. the the there the for of house to wall ing and guesthouse; this the a guarded also Within who was wall. There workshops. enclosure and library an by surrounded n eaeeprr Severus emperor, became (which fragments). homilies and Coptic 125 several delivered and he translation where Syriac Macedonius, AD in 512 condemned only was in which survived Severus Antioch Later council of opinions. Bishop the pro-Chalcedonian ordained his in for paticipated Constantinople, of He Bishop truth). of lover ejmnIbcm h hryegt arac fteSeo an Mark Saint of See the of patriarch thirty-eighth the became I Benjamin fe h hleoin,we utnadhsnpe utna okpower took Justinian nephew his and Justin when Chalcedonians, the After – 6 D.H a onaot50A tBrht ilg nteprovince the in village a Barshut, at AD 590 about born was He AD). 661 fi ue fti eidw a eto isou fAlexandria of Dioscorus mention can we period this of gures ffi utpro ftePrinivso.Atrtewtdaa of withdrawal the After invasion. Persian the of period cult – fi 2 D n h rbCnus n61A.H was He AD. 641 in Conquest Arab the and AD) 629 t etr,adu otemdl fteseventh the of middle the to up and century, fth oad h schism the Towards fl dfo i e n ett gp hr he where Egypt to went and see his from ed ..YOUSSEF Y.N. 52 Philalethes (the ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:52 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315890012, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 n h lrywn otesoeadpae n h iers hog their through rose the and prayed and shore the to prayers. went menti clergy the can and we for reference them (743 Our Among administration. AD the the 706 Patriarchs. in in is Al-Malek, prohibited period Abd ibn was this Abdallah language governor the Coptic of the the order and the Saqqarah, had By in monasteries Kellia. of and Apa of churches monastery many the and Assiut), the destroyed on been imposeed church been Coptic had the tax time which during AD) 750 patriarchs. July eight (until had years ninety western of translation. for Ethiopic the independent ruled an document of in contemporary only city however, a important survives, as it (the importance traditions; Nikiou primary relevance Arab of of of is is the bishop conquest Delta), its Monophysite of of the story period remained the John, and the Egypt world, a conquest, During Islamic the Fatimid the to East. of the margin until Near the Umayyads, on the and of caliphs Orthodox provinces Byzantine weakened nteyasA 13 AH years the in under conquest, The pro- Byzantine the of forces military 641. the patriarch who in of Melchite Benjamin in command persecuted as in He both of prefect vince. Heraclius Bishop as Emperor Chalcedonian and Egypt the by of Kyros, appointed or was Cyrus, Caucasus, AD, the 631 in Persians the aclaino hs ae u h iuto eunddrn h aiht of the Caliphate ordered the Caliph during The returned him. situation to the case but the taxes al-Mu submitted these Baghdad and to of delegates Caliph cancellation two the sent met patriarch The who monasteries. and churches, severe monks, more was persecution the e hrhi h oatr fSitMcru n eiee eea homilies Cana. several of delivered miracle Benja- and the 644. consecrated Macarius on of He Saint survived beginning Church. of one the Coptic monastery only or the the but 643 of in of church end the new the to a at time either his pace dedicated slow min a at valley the ntennhcnuy uigteptirht fSeua (859 I Shenudah of the during century, ninth the In A governors. Arab the of target the became church and the century, AD eighth 661 the January In in started dynasty Ommayad the that noteworthy is It – 6 AD) 767 ’ taz. ‘ ff m sudasf-odc oBnai,wosest aertre to returned have to seems who Benjamin, to safe-conduct a issued Amr h ot ne h rb,EytudrteOmmayed the under Egypt Arabs, the under Copts The iso h eto h rbwrd ttesm ie h hoil of Chronicle the time, same the At world. Arab the of rest the of airs – – uighstm h ieddntrs nuhs h patriarch the so enough rise not did Nile the time his during mn hmw a eto h motn ieo ai (near Bawit of site important the mention can we them among itr ftePatriarchs the of History – 19/635 ‘ m b al- ibn Amr n bsi dynasties Abassid and – 4 Dta a e h rb ooetrwthe overthrow to Arabs the led had that AD 640 HITAIYI EGYPT IN CHRISTIANITY – ‘ s a h ato h ai eiso victories of series rapid the of last the was As, h oenricesdtetxlve nthe on levied tax the increased governor the fl dit h eetutlteAa conquest Arab the until desert the into ed 53 nCaltefrysxhpatriarch forty-sixth the Chael on hc oue ntelvso the of lives the on focuses which fi s oatcsite monastic rst – 8 AD), 881 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:52 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315890012, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 otiuini h itr fteCps ewsahgl akdo ranked Jerusalem. highly in Sepulchre a Holy was the He in church Copts. Coptic the a build of to history arrived the in contribution fDmet,Mcal nw o i poiint b ubr rt loan also wrote Qunbar, Ibn to Canons. opposition the the Bishop his of used The for compendium he him. important known where excommunicated , books patriarchs father exegetical Damietta, several the God of wrote but a He he interpretation, to time. and confession allegorical that married) the at being of (after common monk necessity not a a his the became from reached on he comes that insisted information parties mention our can all two we Although opponents, mentioned. the be should Qunbar between Ibn discussion to refused theological monks the a confession, last and compromise. the to it his adding after celebrate accept But to Macarius. went Saint he of custom the to According the also was he al-Mustansir; h oenraditree nbhl fhsptirh hsmn ul a built monk This patriarch. al-Aryan. Barsum his of of of monastery favor a the the behalf by as gained known on played who Cairo, he role interceded outside was The monastery After it and see. Scetis. as his governor mentioned in to be the monastery return should a to con to called patriarch had monk exiled the he was allowed properties the end and all Christians the restored in al-Hakim and years, su Christians, hands nine Zachariah the his at persecuted patriarch and torture The monasteries (996 women. Al-Hakim and place. including churches took many men- miracle destroyed great be a AD) patriarchate should Zara his the Mena Ibn During Abram in Church. Ibn patriarch positions the Cosma mention ranked to of fi important highly also Among name got is books. the It also tioned. own them Copts their The among write Arabic. administration, to in treatises language the several For Arabic this Mercurius. in the Saint pioneers of used the church of Copts the among amount and the churches, fair Moallaqh ruined a time, al their of enjoyed restored church Copts Copts the the the them time, rule this their At Under freedom. AD. created religious 969 and Africa) in (North Cairo west founded the from chi came Fatimids a the century, tenth the In h utmfrsvrlmdea aracssc sGbilI n yi I.He III. Cyril and II as such patriarchs established and the medieval congregation was several his for for Canons custom of the series a issued who Christodulos, s yintae ntamn)adwseetda arac fteCoptic the of patriarch as elected was and monk) a (not trader Syrian a rst h arac are I(1131 II Gabriel patriarch The great very a has al-Tilbani Mansur century, eleventh the of laymen the Among mn h otcnrvrilproso otchsoy h aeo Mark of name the history, Coptic of persons controversial most the Among mn h ra esnlte ftetm esol lomninPope mention also should we time the of personalities great the Among ’ t aiht nEyt gp eaeidpnet h aii rulers Fatimid The independent. became Egypt Egypt. in caliphate ite fi s oeo lxnrat ii tipaa eeaefo h Caliph the from delegate a as visit to Alexandria of rst h ot ne h aiisadAyyubids and Fatimids the under Copts The fi l esol eto eeu fAhuanwowrote who Ashmunain of Severus mention should we eld fi s arac ohv eiec nCairo. in residence a have to patriarch rst – 16A)wsadao eoehsconsecration. his before a was AD) 1146 ..YOUSSEF Y.N. 54 ff rdalto uiito and humiliation of lot a ered fi s iug ntemonastery the in liturgy rst fi ctdpeiul to previously scated – hspatc was practice this ’ hwowas who ah ffi e and cer – 1021 fi rst Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:52 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315890012, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 oiis b ai asrwsoeo h raeteeee fteCpi nation. Christ. Coptic of passions the the of on exegetes book greatest theological a the wrote of Sadamant one of Peter was Qaysar Katib Ibn homilies. lexical comprehensive a most wrote the He work. of (1290 historical Khalil one a al-Ashraf considered Sultan writing The is in Rukn records. called patron which his dictionary a aided of Coptic secretary he the the and toward became Baybars family He Coptic al-din century. wealthy thirteenth a the to of born scholar end a mentioned, be he should Kabar and he him. released after churches later known the became but which of government Shahran closure the of monastery the by the arrested after to was withdrew Even He Mercurius. prayer. Saint in of small persisted a church to retired the and world, in the cell from withdrew al-Durr, Shagahat Queen the of tary ino h opl codn oteGek otc n yicvrin.Tethird The versions. Syriac and Coptic, transla- Greek, Arabic the the to al-Mu revised according brother, He dictionary. the Coptic of a tion and king- grammar Christian Al-As Coptic The book. a times. this compiled recent adopted until Ethiopia community of Coptic dom the of civil) and religious episcopal of vacant leaders The the al- him. sell practice. helped this to who to obliged persons opposed ranked was were to highly community He acceding the Coptic lot. pay before in the to a man pass order Church this to in the of came seats the intrigues cost Mark which The Saint throne during vacant. of the years, throne remained nineteen of the seat interregnum to patriarchal an accession after his circumstances but peculiar started scholar (1242 its great by the III century However, a of Cyril fourteenth literature. patriarch the summit Arabic The and persecution. Coptic the thirteenth a of the reached of Age half Church Golden second the the Coptic called the is This century, activity. thirteenth the During hswsavr a etr o h ot.Mn hrhshdbe destroyed been had churches Many Copts. the con for properties century their sad and very a was This al-Mu Service. of the church the of explanation the for called Darkness Encyclopedia comprehensive of most the o wrote high-ranking He to his work. apostatized scholarly from they retired unless Kabar service public Ibn from Islam. functionaries Coptic all of dismissal ‘ mn te ra esnlte h aeo hm lRaa b lBrktIbn al-Barakat abu al-Riasah Shams of name the personalities great other Among secre- the of son the was who naked, the Barsum century, thirteenth the in Also h al- The sa opldtefamous the compiled Assal ‘ sa aiywsavr itnuse aiyo coas Al-Sa scholars. of family distinguished very a was Family Assal ’ aa,cmoe hooia oki diint eea homilies. several to addition in book theological a composed taman, ’ laq nOdCioadh idi 34A.H rt several wrote He AD. 1324 in died he and Cairo Old in allaqqh h ot ne h Mamluks the under Copts The fi ctd h oenr hre h otccommunity Coptic the charged governors The scated. h orenhcentury fourteenth The HITAIYI EGYPT IN CHRISTIANITY 55 – hc evda h uiia oe(both code juridical the as served which ’ d i rte,wsagetlnus.He linguist. great a was brother, his ad, – 22A)ise ereodrn the ordering decree a issued AD) 1292 25A) nw sInLqa,was Laqlaq, Ibn as known AD), 1235 ” ae ewsodie spis to priest as ordained was he Later ffi eadddctdhmeft the to himself dedicated and ce “ h Lamp The fi Ibn Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:52 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315890012, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315890012.ch2 lxnra ooou.Hwvr h eain ihteEhoinknswere his by kings ordained Ethiopian be the to with person relations in the come to However, decided homologue. he of Alexandrian so monastery Alexandira, the of in patriarch patriarch elected was of who al-Za church al-Hadhli, the Behnam XI. of Basil he John priest Church. Patriarch weeks a of became few as monk He served a Cairo. a who after Old AD, al-Farag but in 1427 Abu Mercurius elected priest of Saint was the beginning Michael by the called replaced use in was in Shahran Gabriel not of of are monastery death codi traditions the the Upper-Egyptian he After the where more. Church, any ordo, Coptic eighty- the Saint the liturgical V, of of his Gabriel Monastery ceremonies destroyed. The instituted later monks. and patriarch, the deserted eighth was of the also servants by Qalamun as destroyed of monasteries were the libraries in their lived with Paul who Saint the and of Antony part Saint latter the in happened what naubesuc o httm.Mn vnsto lc tta time that at place took events Many time. that for source invaluable h obh a rprdfrhmefa ara-hna nCairo. in al-Khandak Dayr a in at buried and himself was for bachelor He of prepared life. a of had age as walks he all tomb forty the from the occasion congregated spent turbulent at people a he innumerable was died which funeral years, his at Apparently Matthew these patriarch. as and Of thirty-two countries. peaceful and Tubah. monk, establish two 22 to order their on in seventy-two between behalf his relations on sovereign friendly Islamic Ethiopian the the (1383 of to Barquq of sympathy write Sultan freedom the country. the courted the buying have Egypt, of in must of administration disposal which defeat his captives, the in and at After spent prisoners means . was the the the in all income and of with monks, his community participated the death All the Matthew poor, humility. the served the his he needy, after retained the patriarch he and helping As and spread, patriarch. imaginable, to way elected that the every was began in for to he time fame headed IV, moved he some His Egypt, Gabriel spent he al-Muharraq. to he Later Returning of and Jerusalem. 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John kings. the Ethiopian between for correspondence the (Myron) direct and any prelate prohibited Egyptian sultans the Mamluk The good. as not otcati h r rdcdb ot hte eoeo fe h Arabic as such the civilizations, after several or between in before Christianity dialogue art. whether a Hellenistic Copts of and art by product Egyptian the Ancient produced is art It the conquest. is art Coptic vowels have to Egypt in used language only the is Coptic 2 one 1Itre from varies in number letters (their Greek demotic with the written from another). characters language to few dialect spoken a Egyptian to the addition is Coptic Christ. ftenwptirh o the For patriarch. new the e of his deployed He Ethiopia. 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