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The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons

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The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons PowerPoint® Lecture Slides The ANS and Visceral Sensory Neurons prepared by Leslie Hendon • The ANS—a system of motor neurons University of Alabama, Birmingham • Innervates • Smooth muscle • Cardiac muscle C H A P T E R 15 • Glands • Regulates visceral functions such as… Part 1 • Heart rate The Autonomic • Blood pressure • Digestion Nervous System • Urination and Visceral • The ANS is the General visceral motor division of Sensory Neurons the PNS Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Autonomic Nervous System Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic and Visceral Sensory Neurons Motor Systems • Somatic motor system • One motor neuron extends from the CNS to skeletal muscle • Axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses rapidly • Autonomic nervous system • Chain of two motor neurons • Preganglionic neuron • Ganglionic neuron • Conduction is slower than somatic nervous system due to • Thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons • Motor neuron synapses in a ganglion Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.2 Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems Cell bodies in central Neurotransmitter Effector nervous system Peripheral nervous system at effector organs Effect Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh SYSTEM SYSTEM Stimulatory SOMATIC SOMATIC NERVOUS NERVOUS Heavily myelinated axon Skeletal muscle Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs ACh NE Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Lightly myelinated Ganglion preganglionic axons Epinephrine and ACh norepinephrine SYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending Adrenal medulla Blood vessel on neuro- transmitter and receptors on effector ACh ACh Smooth muscle organs AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYSTEM NERVOUS AUTONOMIC (e.g., in gut), glands, Lightly myelinated Unmyelinated cardiac muscle preganglionic axon postganglionic Ganglion axon PARASYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic and parasympathetic • Sympathetic—“fight, flight, or fright” divisions • Activated during EXTREME situations • Chains of two motor neurons • Exercise • Innervate mostly the same structures • Excitement • Cause opposite effects (usually) • Emergencies • Sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations • Parasympathetic division controls routine maintenance functions Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic responses help us respond to • Parasympathetic division dangerous situations • Active when the body is at rest • Increase heart rate and breathing rate • Concerned with conserving energy • Increases blood and oxygen to skeletal • Directs “housekeeping” activities: “rest & muscles digest” • Dilates pupils and airways • Heart rate and breathing are at low-normal • Motility of the digestive tract and urinary tracts levels are inhibited • Gastrointestinal tract digests food • Pupils are constricted Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions and Parasympathetic Divisions Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye • 1. Issue from Brain stem • 2. Length of postganglionic fibers Salivary Skin* different regions of glands Cranial • Sympathetic—long postganglionic fibers Salivary Sympathetic glands the CNS ganglia Heart Cervical • Parasympathetic—short postganglionic • Sympathetic—also Lungs Lungs fibers T called the 1 Heart thoracolumbar Stomach • 3. Branching of axons Thoracic division Stomach Pancreas • Sympathetic axons—highly branched Liver • Parasympathetic— Pancreas and gall- • Influences many organs L1 bladder also called the Liver and Adrenal gall- Lumbar gland • Parasympathetic axons—few branches craniosacral division bladder Bladder • Localized effect Bladder Genitals Genitals Sacral Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions and Parasympathetic Divisions • 4. Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons • Sympathetic • Most release norepinephrine (adrenergic) • Parasympathetic • Release acetylcholine (cholinergic) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 15.1 A. The Parasympathetic Division The Parasympathetic Division Ciliary Eye CN III ganglion Lacrimal gland CN VII Pterygopalatine Nasal CN IX ganglion mucosa CN X Submandibular ganglion • Cranial outflow Submandibular and sublingual glands Otic ganglion • Comes from the brain Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and Innervates organs of the head, neck, thorax, pulmonary • plexuses and abdomen Lung Liver and Sacral outflow gallbladder • Celiac plexus • Innervation supplies remaining abdominal Stomach Pancreas and pelvic organs S 2 Large intestine S4 Pelvic Small splanchnic intestine nerves Inferior Rectum hypogastric plexus Urinary bladder and ureters Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Preganglionic Postganglionic CN Cranial nerve Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.4 Cranial Outflow (Parasympathetic) Outflow via the Oculomotor Nerve (III) • Preganglionic fibers travel in 4 C.N.s: • Parasympathetic fibers innervate smooth • Oculomotor nerve (III) muscles in the eye • Facial nerve (VII) • Cause pupil constriction • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) • Preganglionic cell bodies • Vagus nerve (X) • Located in the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain • Cell bodies of C.N.s located in cranial nerve nuclei in the • Ganglionic cell bodies brain stem • Lie in the ciliary ganglion Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Outflow via the Facial Nerve (VII) Outflow via the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) • Parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion • Parasympathetic fibers of glands in the head • Stimulate secretion of glands in the head • Lacrimal nucleus • Lacrimal nucleus—located in the pons • Located in the pons • Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion • Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion • Superior salivatory nucleus—located in the • Superior salivatory nucleus pons • Located in the pons • Synapse in the submandibular ganglion • Synapse in the submandibular ganglion Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Outflow via the Vagus Nerve (X) Path of the Vagus Nerve • Fibers innervate visceral organs of the thorax and most of the abdomen • Sends branches through • Stimulates: • Autonomic nerve plexuses • Digestion, reduction in heart rate, and reduction in blood pressure • Cardiac plexus • Pulmonary plexus • Preganglionic cell bodies • Esophageal plexus • Located in dorsal motor nucleus in the medulla • Celiac plexus • Postganglionic neurons • Superior mesenteric plexus • Confined within the walls of organs being innervated • Cell bodies form intramural ganglia Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Autonomic nerves, plexuses and ganglia Sacral Outflow Superior cervical Left vagus nerve ganglion Cardiac branches • Emerges from S2–S4 Middle cervical Trachea of the vagus • Innervates organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen ganglion Thoracic spinal Stellate ganglion nerves (ventral rami) Cardiac plexus Sympathetic cardiac nerves Pulmonary plexus • Preganglionic cell bodies Aorta on the bronchus Aortic arch Vagus nerve • Located in visceral motor region of spinal gray Sympathetic Esophageal plexus trunk ganglia Diaphragm matter Stomach with Esophagus vagus nerve • Axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami Thoracic Celiac ganglion splanchnic and plexus • Form pelvic splanchnic nerves nerves Superior mesenteric ganglion and plexus • Run through the inferior hypogastric plexus Adrenal Aortic plexus (suprarenal) Inferior mesenteric gland ganglion and plexus Kidney Superior hypogastric Lumbar plexus and sacral Inferior hypogastric splanchnic (pelvic) plexus nerves Pelvic sympathetic trunk Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 B. The Sympathetic Division Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia • Basic organization • Located on both sides of the vertebral • Issues from T1–L2 column • Preganglionic cell bodies form the lateral • Linked by short nerves into sympathetic gray horn trunks • Supplies visceral organs and structures of • Sympathetic trunk ganglia are also called superficial body regions • ‘Chain’ ganglia • Contains more ganglia than the • ‘Paravertebral’ ganglia parasympathetic division Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Spinal cord Dorsal root Lateral horn Dorsal root (visceral Ventral root Dorsal root ganglion motor zone) Rib Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of • Joined to ventral rami by white and gray Sympathetic spinal nerve trunk ganglion Gray ramus communicans Ventral root Sympathetic rami communicantes White ramus Sympathetic trunk communicans Ventral ramus trunk ganglion of spinal nerve Sympathetic trunk Skin (arrector 1 Synapse at the same level • Fusion of ganglia fewer ganglia than spinal Gray ramus pili muscles communicans
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