DOCSLIB.ORG

Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervou

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervou Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) “self governing” Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Stability of internal environment depends largely on this system Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.2 Autonomic Nervous System Ganglion: Comparison of Somatic vs. Autonomic: A group of cell bodies located in the PNS Cell body Effector location NTs organs Effect CNS Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh + Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Somatic NS Somatic Skeletal muscle ACh = Acetylcholine Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs CNS ACh Ganglion NE Postganglionic axon Preganglionic axon (unmyelinated) (lightly myelinated) Sympathetic + Stimulatory Autonomic NS Autonomic or inhibitory CNS Ganglion (depends ACh ACh on NT and NT receptor Smooth muscle, Type) Postganglionic glands, cardiac Preganglionic axon axon muscle Parasympathetic (lightly myelinated) (unmyelinated) NE = Norepinephrine Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division 1 Autonomic Nervous System Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): 1) Sympathetic Division: (“fight or flight”) • Readies body for stressful situations • Heightens mental alertness • heart rate / blood pressure • metabolic rate • respiratory rate / bronchiole dilation • Activates energy reserves • Activates sweat glands • Dampens non-essentials (e.g., digestion) 2) Parasympathetic Division: (‘rest and digest”) • Conserves energy at rest • metabolic rate • digestive motility / blood flow • heart rate / blood pressure • Stimulates defecation / urination • digestive gland secretions Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic division also called the thoracolumbar division Sympathetic Division Anatomy: • Sympathetic pathways have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers • Preganlionic fibers originate in spinal cord between cord segments T1 – L2 • Autonomic ganglia located close to spinal cord (arranged as sympathetic chain) • 23 ganglia / chain ( 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, T1 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, 1 coccygeal) L2 Sympathetic chain Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.5 / 14.6 Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Anatomy: Pathways in sympathetic chain: 1) Terminate directly in sympathetic chain Spinal nerve • Postganglionic axons exit out Lateral horn of gray ramus communicans (unmyelinated spinal cord axons) 2) Ascend / descend several segments Gray ramus before terminating communicans Ventral root Sympathetic chain ganglion (paravertebral ganglion) • May ascend / descend to ganglia located outside T1 – L2 White ramus Cervical ganglia: (fed via T1 – T6) communicans Rami communicantes only Serve head / thorax (myelinated axons) associated with sympathetic division Sacral ganglia: (fed via T10 – L2) Serve genitalia / urinary bladder Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.5 2 Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Anatomy: Pathways in sympathetic chain: 3) Exit sympathetic chain before terminating in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia Cervical ganglia Collateral T1 ganglion Celiac ganglion L2 Adrenal medulla • Form splanchnic nerves (fed via T5 – L2) Sacral Celiac ganglion: ganglia Serves upper abdominal cavity Mesenteric • Pass-through point for splanchnic ganglia Spanchnic nerve feeding adrenal medulla nerves Mesenteric ganglia: Serve lower abdominal cavity Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.5 / 14.6 Autonomic Nervous System Paraympathetic division also called the craniosacral division Parasympathetic Division Anatomy: • Sympathetic pathways have long preganlionic fibers and short postganlionic fibers • Terminal ganglia located near effector tissue • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem Vagus and S – S : nerve 2 4 • Occulomotor Nerve (III) • Ciliary ganglia: Pupillary sphincters / ciliary muscles • Facial Nerve (IIV) • Pterygopalatine ganglia: Nasal / lacrimal glands • Submandibular ganglia: Salivary glands • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) S2 S4 • Otic ganglia: Salivary gland Splanchnic 90% of • Vagus Nerve (X) nerves PNS fibers • Intramural ganglia: Visceral organs • Sacral Segments (S2 – S4): • Intramural ganglia: Large intestine / bladder / Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.4 genitalia Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Fiber Types: • Cholinergic Fibers: Synthesize / secrete acetylcholine (NT) • All preganglionic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) • Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division • Adrenergic Fibers: Synthesize / secrete norepinephrine (NT) • Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division (sans sweat glands / piloerector muscles) Synthesis of Neurotransmitters: • NTs synthesized / stored in varicosities of nerve fibers 3 Autonomic Nervous System • Postganglionic neuron forms diffuse, branching ANS Physiology: networks at synapse Neuroeffector Junction of ANS: • NTs released from varicosities (“beads”) • Innervation by multiple ANS fibers may occur • Postsynaptic receptors spread across target Varicosities Smooth muscle Autonomic cells nerve fiber Remember: Precision strike vs. Saturation bombing Synaptic vesicles Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 9.27 Neuromuscular junction Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Fiber Types: • Cholinergic Fibers: Synthesize / secrete acetylcholine (NT) • All preganglionic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) • Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division • Adrenergic Fibers: Synthesize / secrete norepinephrine (NT) • Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division (sans sweat glands / piloerector muscles) Synthesis of Neurotransmitters: • NTs synthesized / stored in varicosities of nerve fibers Removal: Acetyl-CoA + Choline Tyrosine 1) Reuptake (~ 80%) hydroxylation 2) Diffusion (~ 20%) choline 3) Destruction (> 1%) acetyltransferase Dopa monoamine oxidase decarboxylation Acetylcholine • Catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase Dopamine • Choline recycled… hydroxylation Norepinephrine Autonomic Nervous System Nature of receptor dictates effects of NTs ANS Physiology: Receptor Types: G protein-linked A) Adrenoreceptors (bind E / NE): receptor systems • Located on target tissues of sympathetic nervous system 4 Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Receptor G – protein Receptor Systems: G protein Effector • Receptors interact with G-proteins to trigger cellular event Cellular response A. Receptors: • 7 trans-membrane segments (each segment = similar –helix sequences) • Interact with various G-proteins depending rd on sequence of 3 intracellular loop Wolfe – Figure 4.3 Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Receptor G – protein Receptor Systems: G protein Effector • Receptors interact with G-proteins to trigger cellular event Cellular response B. G proteins: • Composed of three unique sub-units (, , ) • No intrinsic enzymatic activity; activates enzymes G protein Activation: 1) Ligand binds to receptor 2) Receptor / G protein interact • GDP (-subunit) replaced by GTP; dissociation occurs 3) -subunit activates effector Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP causes –subunit to dissociate from effector and rejoin other subunits Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Receptor G – protein Receptor Systems: G protein Effector • Receptors interact with G-proteins to trigger cellular event Cellular response C. Effectors: A) Adenylate cyclase (2nd messenger – cAMP) Activated by Inhibited by GS proteins GI proteins Lodish – Figure 20.20 5 Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Receptor G – protein Receptor Systems: G protein Effector • Receptors interact with G-proteins to trigger cellular event Cellular response C. Effectors: A) Adenylate cyclase (2nd messenger – cAMP) • Synthesizes cAMP from ATP Methylxanthines (e.g., caffeine) Inactivates cAMP Autonomic Nervous System ANS Physiology: Receptor G – protein Receptor Systems: G protein Effector • Receptors interact with G-proteins to trigger cellular event Cellular response C. Effectors: A) Adenylate cyclase (2nd messenger – cAMP) Diacylglycerol nd B) Phospholipase C (2 messengers – IP3 / DAG) (DAG) ++ • IP3 activates release of Ca (ER) • DAG activates protein kinase Inositol triphosphate (IP3) Phosphoinositol (PIP) Wolfe – Figure 6.6 / 6.9 Autonomic Nervous System Nature of receptor dictates effects of NTs ANS Physiology: Receptor Types: G protein-linked A) Adrenoreceptors (bind E / NE): receptor systems • Located on target tissues of sympathetic NS • Divided into two types: and β receptors (most common) 1 receptors 2 receptors Effect: (+) Excitatory (+) Effect: (-) Inhibitory (-) Location: Vascular smooth muscle - skin Location: Membrane of adrenergic (constricts blood vessels) axon terminals (inhibits NE release) Gastrointestinal tract / bladder Gastrointestinal tract (constricts sphincters) (inhibits GI function) Phenylephrine Pancreas ( agonist) Iris of eye 1 (dilates pupil of eye) (inhibits insulin secretion) Mechanism G protein coupled to Mechanism GI protein coupled to of Action: phosphorylase C of Action: adenylate cyclase 6 Autonomic Nervous System Nature of receptor dictates effects of NTs ANS Physiology: Receptor Types: G protein-linked A)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Communication Center
    2/16/2012 Communication Center Nervous System Regulation •The Neural System is only 3% of your body weight, but is the most complex organ system. •Nervous impulses are fast acting (milliseconds) Neural vs. Hormonal but short lived. Overview •The nervous system includes all neural tissue in the body. Basic units are: Two Anatomical Divisions of The Nervous System a. Neurons (individual nerve cells) 1. CNS: Central Nervous System b. Neuroglia • supporting cells • Brain & Spinal Cord • separate & protect the neurons • Responsible for integrating, processing, & • provide supporting framework coordinatinggy sensory data and motor commands. i.e.- stumble example • act as phagocytes • regulate composition of interstitial fluid • The brain is also the organ responsible for • a.k.a. glial cells intelligence, memory, learning, & emotion • outnumber neurons 1 2/16/2012 2. PNS: Peripheral Nervous System PNS has 2 functional divisions • All nervous tissue outside CNS Afferent Division (Sensory) • Carries sensory data to CNS, carries motor •Bring sensory information to CNS from receptors in commands from the CNS. peripheral nervous tissue & organs. • Bundles of nerve fibers carry impulses in the PNS are known as per ip hera l nerves or jus t “nerves”. Efferent Division (Motor) •Carries motor commands from CNS to muscles & • Nerves attached to the brain are called cranial glands, these target organs are called effectors. nerves. Nerves attached to the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. The Efferent Division is broken into Somatic & The ANS has a: Autonomic Components (SNS) Somatic System: controls skeletal muscle contractions these can be voluntary (conscious) or sympathetic division involuntary (unconscious) {reflexes}. } antagonistic effects parasympathetic (ANS) Au tonom ic Sys tem: * a.k.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79P.; for Related Documents, See SE 051 219-221
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 315 320 SE 051 218 AUTHOR Conrey, Kathleen TITLE Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part One, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 79p.; For related documents, see SE 051 219-221. Black and white illustrations will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROM Aramaki Design and Publications, 12077 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90506 ($7.75). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Anatomy; *Biological Sciences; *College Science; Higher Education; *Human Body; *Lecture Method; Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods ABSTRACT During the process of studying the specific course content of human anatomy, students are being educated to expand their vocabulary, deal successfully with complex tasks, anduse a specific way of thinking. This is the first volume in a set of notes which are designed to accompany a lecture series in human anatomy. This volume Includes discussions of anatomical planes and positions, body cavities, and architecture; studies of the skeleton including bones and joints; studies of the musculature of the body; and studiesof the nervous system including the central, autonomic, motor and sensory systems. (CW) *****1.**k07********Y*******t1.****+***********,****A*******r****** % Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **************************************************************A**t***** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 1 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 2 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 3 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 5 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 6 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 7 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 8 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 9 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The autonomic nervous system controls the activity of _?_. (a) smooth muscle (b) cardiac muscle (c) glands (d) all of these (e) none of these 2. All preganglionic and postganglionic autonomic neurons are _?_ neurons. (a) somatic efferent (b) visceral efferent (c) somatic afferent (d) visceral afferent (e) association neurons 3. Which neurotransmitter is released at the synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic autonomic neurons ? (a) epinephrine (b) norepinephrine (c) acetylcholine (d) serotonin (e) oxytocin 4. All preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in: (a) the lateral horn of the spinal cord of spinal cord segments T1-L2 (b) brainstem nuclei (c) intramural (terminal) ganglia (d) paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic chains (e) prevertebral ganglia 5. All preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in _?_. (a) prevertebral ganglia (b) the lateral horn of spinal cord segments T1-L2 (c) sympathetic chain ganglia (d) intramural ganglia (e) brainstem nuclei and spinal cord segments S2-S4 6. Prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia contain _?_. (a) preganglionic sympathetic neurons (b) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (c) postganglionic sympathetic neurons (d) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (e) all of these 7. The otic, ciliary, submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia are located in the head region and contain _?_. (a) preganglionic sympathetic neurons (b) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (c) postganglionic sympathetic neurons (d) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (e) none of these 8.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
    The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system Zsuzsanna Tóth, PhD Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University The role of the autonomic nervous system Claude Bernard • „milieu intérieur” concept; every organism lives in its internal environment that is constant and independent form the external environment Walter Bradford Cannon homeostasis; • an extension of the “milieu interieur” concept • consistence in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain that consistency • steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist that change • regulating systems that determine the homeostatic state : o autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteral) o endocrine system General structure of the autonomic nervous system craniosacral thoracolumbar Anatomy Neurotransmittersof the gut autonomic nervous system. symp. gangl pregangl. fiber pregangl. postgangl. fiber fiber (PoR) PoR enteral ganglion PoR PoR smooth muscle smooth muscle Kuratani S Development 2009;136:1585-1589 Sympathetic activation: Fight or flight reaction • energy mobilization • preparation for escape, or fight vasoconstriction • generalized Parasympathetic activation: adrenal • energy saving and restoring • „rest and digest” system • more localized vasoconstriction Paravertebral ganglia and the sympathetic chains pars cervicalis superius ganglion medium cervicale stellatum pars vertebrae • from the base of the skull to the caudal end thoracalis thoracalis of the sacrum • paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) • rami interganglionares pars vertebrae • the two chains fuses at the ganglion impar abdominalis lumbalis sacrum pars pelvina foramen sacralia anteriora ganglion impar Anatomy of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk superior cervical ganglion • behind the seath of the carotid, fusiform ggl. cervicale superius • IML T1-3 vegetative motoneurons- preganglionic fibers truncus symp.
    [Show full text]
  • P2 Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Neurotransmitter Release—An Update
    Purinergic Signalling (2007) 3:269–284 DOI 10.1007/s11302-007-9080-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE P2 receptor-mediated modulation of neurotransmitter release—an update Beáta Sperlágh & Attila Heinrich & Cecilia Csölle Received: 13 July 2007 /Accepted: 28 August 2007 / Published online: 9 October 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Presynaptic nerve terminals are equipped with a ENPP ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase number of presynaptic auto- and heteroreceptors, including EJP excitatory junction potential ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. P2 recep- ENTPDase ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydro- tors serve as modulation sites of transmitter release by ATP lase and other nucleotides released by neuronal activity and EPP end plate potential pathological signals. A wide variety of P2X and P2Y EPSC excitatory postsynaptic current receptors expressed at pre- and postsynaptic sites as well as EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential in glial cells are involved directly or indirectly in the GABA +-aminobutyric acid modulation of neurotransmitter release. Nucleotides are GPCR G-protein coupled receptor released from synaptic and nonsynaptic sites throughout the IL-1β interleukin-1β nervous system and might reach concentrations high enough IPSC inhibitory postsynaptic current to activate these receptors. By providing a fine-tuning LC locus coeruleus mechanism these receptors also offer attractive sites for LPS lipopolysaccharide pharmacotherapy in nervous system diseases. Here we mEPP miniature EPP review the rapidly emerging data on the modulation of mEPSC miniature EPSC transmitter release by facilitatory and inhibitory P2 receptors NA noradrenaline and the receptor subtypes involved in these interactions. NMJ neuromuscular junction NT neurotransmitter Keywords Neuromodulation . Presynaptic . P2X receptor . NTS nucleus tractus solitarii P2Y receptors .
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion
    219 The Anatomic Basis of Vertebrogenic Pain and the Autonomic Syndrome Associated with Lumbar Disk Extrusion 1 2 John R. Jinkins • Extruded lumbar intervertebral disks traditionally have been classified as posterior or Anthony R. Whittemore 1 central in location. A retrospective review of 250 MR imaging examinations of the lumbar William G. Bradley1 spine that used mid- and high-field imagers revealed 145 positive studies, which included a significant number of extrusions extending anteriorly. With the lateral margin of the neural foramen/pedicle as the boundary, 29.2% of peripheral disk extrusions were anterior and 56.4% were posterior. In addition, a prevalence of 14.4% was found for central disk extrusions, in which there was a rupture of disk material into or through the vertebral body itself. The clinical state of neurogenic spinal radiculopathy accom­ panying posterior disk extrusion has been well defined; however, uncomplicated anterior and central disk extrusions also may be associated with a definite clinical syndrome. The vertebrogenic symptom complex includes (1) local and referred pain and (2) autonomic reflex dysfunction within the lumbosacral zones of Head. Generalized alter­ ations in viscerosomatic tone potentially may also be observed. The anatomic basis for the mediation of clinical signs and symptoms generated within the disk and paradiskal structures rests with afferent sensory fibers from two primary sources: (1) posterolateral neural branches emanating from the ventral ramus of the somatic spinal root and (2) neural rami projecting directly to the paravertebral autonomic neural plexus. Thus, conscious perception and unconscious effects originating in the vertebral column, although complex, have definite pathways represented in this dual peripheral innervation associated with intimately related andfor parallel central ramifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Properties of the Venous and Arterial Innervation in the Mesentery
    J. Smooth Muscle Res. (2003) 39 (6): 269–279 269 Invited Review Properties of the Venous and Arterial Innervation in the Mesentery David L. KREULEN1 1Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-3320, USA Introduction The neural control of arteries and veins involves interactions between several vasoactive neurotransmitters released from the postganglionic sympathetic nerves and spinal sensory nerves. Sympathetic nerves are primarily vasoconstrictor in their action while the sensory nerves are vasodilatory; a result of the neurotransmitters released by these nerves. Thus, the nervous regulation of the vascular component of systemic blood pressure and of regional blood flow is the summation of vasoconstrictor and vasodilatory influences. Also, although the influence of arterial diameter on systemic blood pressure has received the most attention, venous diameter and compliance also are important in the regulation of blood pressure. The nervous regulation of blood flow and blood pressure depends upon the organization of sensory and sympathetic pathways to the vasculature as well as the events at the neuro-effector junctions in artery and vein. The sympathetic and sensory innervation of the mesenteric circulation consists of prevertebral sympathetic ganglion and dorsal root ganglion neurons, respectively. The axons of the neurons travel to the mesenteric arteries and veins in the paravascular nerves, which divide in the adventitia of the blood vessels to form the perivascular nerve plexus. Ultimately these axons divide into terminal axons, lose their Schwann cell sheath, and form neuroeffector junctions with vascular smooth muscle cells (Klemm et al., 1993). Although we know that arteries and veins are innervated by separate sympathetic neurons, all the mechanisms whereby these separate innervations regulate systemic blood pressure are not known.
    [Show full text]
  • Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervou
    Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) “self governing” Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Stability of internal environment depends largely on this system Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 14.2 Autonomic Nervous System Ganglion: Comparison of Somatic vs. Autonomic: A group of cell bodies located in the PNS Cell body Effector location NTs organs Effect CNS Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh + Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Somatic NS Somatic Skeletal muscle ACh = Acetylcholine Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs CNS ACh Ganglion NE Postganglionic axon Preganglionic axon (unmyelinated) (lightly myelinated) Sympathetic + Stimulatory Autonomic NS Autonomic or inhibitory CNS Ganglion (depends ACh ACh on NT and NT receptor Smooth muscle, Type) Postganglionic glands, cardiac Preganglionic axon axon muscle Parasympathetic (lightly myelinated) (unmyelinated) NE = Norepinephrine 1 Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Nervous system Integration Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (Efferent) (Afferent) Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Involuntary; smooth & (Voluntary; skeletal muscle) cardiac muscle) Sympathetic division
    [Show full text]
  • The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. by John Z
    The Autonomic Nervous System of Selachians. By John Z. Young, B.A. With 28 Text-figures. CONTENTS. I. INTRODUCTION ......... 571 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 572 III. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM . 575 1. Nature of the Rami Communicantes .... 575 2. Anterior Eami Communicantes and Sympathetic Ganglia 581 3. Anatomy of the Sympathetic System in the Trunk . 581 4. Sympathetic System and Suprarenals in the Kidney Kegion 586 5. Sympathetic System in the Tail ..... 589 6. Autonomic Fibres in Spinal Dorsal Roots . 593 7. Cytology of the Sympathetic Ganglia .... 593 8. Relation of the Sympathetic Cells to the Suprarenal Tissue 598 9. Post-Branchial Plexus 600 IV. INNERVATION OF THE VISCERA 603 1. Nerves of the Alimentary Canal ..... 603 2. Innervation of the Urinogenital System . 609 3. Cardiac Nerves 610 V. CRANIAL AUTONOMIC SYSTEM 610 1. Autonomic Fibres in Branchial Nerves . 610 2. Profundus and Ciliary Nerves ..... 614 VI. PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 617 VII. SUMMARY. 621 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 623 I. INTRODUCTION. THE only complete account of the sympathetic nervous system of Selachians is that of Chevrel published in 1887. Since that date several papers have appeared dealing with special points of structure or function, such as those of Bottazzi (1902), Muller and Liljestrand (1918), and Lutz (1981), on the innerva- tion of the viscera; of Diamare (1901) on the histology; and of NO. 300 o o 572 JOHN Z. YOUNG Hoffmann (1900), Miiller (1920), and others, on the development. No attempt has yet been made to investigate the autonomic nervous system of these fish from the general standpoint intro- duced by Langley (1921) and Gaskell (1915); this the present study attempts to do.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuron Types and Neurotransmitters
    Neuron types and Neurotransmitters Faisal I. Mohammed. PhD, MD University of Jordan 1 Objectives Understand synaptic transmission List types of sensory neurons Classify neurotransmitters Explain the mechanism of neurotransmission Judge the types of receptors for the neurotrasmitters University of Jordan 2 Functional Unit (Neuron) 3 Transmission of Receptor Information to the Brain ➢The larger the nerve fiber diameter the faster the rate of transmission of the signal ➢Velocity of transmission can be as fast as 120 m/sec or as slow as 0.5 m/sec ➢Nerve fiber classification ➢type A - myelinated fibers of varying sizes, generally fast transmission speed ➢subdivided into a, b, g, d type B- partially myelinated neurons (3-14m/sec speed) ➢type C - unmyelinated fibers, small with slow transmission speed University of Jordan 4 Types of Nerve Fiber -Myelinated fibers – Type A (types I, II and III) - A α - A β - A γ - A δ -Umyelinated Fibers- Type C (type IV) University of Jordan 5 Neuron Classification University of Jordan 6 Structural Classification of Neurons University of Jordan 7 Neurotransmitters ❖Chemical substances that function as synaptic transmitters 1. Small molecules which act as rapidly acting transmitters ❖acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate, NO 2. Neuropeptides (Neuromodulators) ❖more potent than small molecule transmitters, cause more prolonged actions ❖endorphins, enkephalins, VIP, ect. ❖hypothalamic releasing hormones ❖TRH, LHRH, ect. ❖pituitary peptides ❖ACTH, prolactin, vasopressin,
    [Show full text]
  • GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008
    GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008 ANAT 6010 - Gross Anatomy Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine David A. Morton K. Bo Foreman Kurt H. Albertine Andrew S. Weyrich Kimberly Moyle 1 GROSS ANATOMY (ANAT 6010) ORIENTATION, FALL 2008 Welcome to Human Gross Anatomy! Course Director David A. Morton, Ph.D. Offi ce: 223 Health Professions Education Building; Phone: 581-3385; Email: [email protected] Faculty • Kurt H. Albertine, Ph.D., (Assistant Dean for Faculty Administration) ([email protected]) • K. Bo Foreman, PT, Ph.D, (Gross and Neuro Anatomy Course Director in Dept. of Physical Therapy) (bo. [email protected]) • David A. Morton, Ph.D. (Gross Anatomy Course Director, School of Medicine) ([email protected]. edu) • Andrew S. Weyrich, Ph.D. (Professor of Human Molecular Biology and Genetics) (andrew.weyrich@hmbg. utah.edu) • Kerry D. Peterson, L.F.P. (Body Donor Program Director) Cadaver Laboratory staff Jordan Barker, Blake Dowdle, Christine Eckel, MS (Ph.D.), Nick Gibbons, Richard Homer, Heather Homer, Nick Livdahl, Kim Moyle, Neal Tolley, MS, Rick Webster Course Objectives The study of anatomy is akin to the study of language. Literally thousands of new words will be taught through- out the course. Success in anatomy comes from knowing the terminology, the three-dimensional visualization of the structure(s) and using that knowledge in solving problems. The discipline of anatomy is usually studied in a dual approach: • Regional approach - description of structures regionally
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomic Nervous System ANS 1 Introduction
    Autonomic Nervous System ANS 1 Introduction Control the visceral function = arterial pressure = gastrointestinal motility and secretion = urinary bladder emptying = sweating = body temperature Sympathetic • Divisions of ANS : Division Parasympathetic Division ANS: Preganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers The Autonomic nervous system Activated by centers located in: • -the spinal cord • - brain stem • - hypothalamus • - the limbic cortex • - The Autonomic nervous system operates by means of visceral reflexes - The efferent Autonomic signals are transmitted to the body through two major subdivisions called - The sympathetic nervous system . - The parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic Division Physiological Anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system - two para vertebral sympathetic chains of ganglia in sides of the spinal column - two pre vertebral ganglia inside the abdomen and nervous extending from the ganglia to the different internal organs - the sympathetic nervous originate in the spinal cord between the segments T1 - L2 and pass from here first in to the sympathetic chain and then to the tissues and organs The cell body of each pre ganglion nervous lies in the inter media lateral from of the spinal cord , and its fibers passes through an anterior root of the cord and the spinal nerve. The pre ganglion sympathetic fibers leave the nerve and pass into one of the ganglia of the sympathetic chain Sympathetic Ganglia: A - Paravertebral or Sympathetic chain ganglia B - Prevertebral or Collateral ganglia C - Terminal or Peripheral
    [Show full text]