2008 General Election Media Packet
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Gerrymandering Becomes a Problem
VOLUME TWENTY FOUR • NUMBER TWO WINTER 2020 THE SPECIAL ELECTION EDITION A LEGAL NEWSPAPER FOR KIDS Gerrymandering Becomes a Problem Battling Over for the States to Resolve How to Elect by Phyllis Raybin Emert a President by Michael Barbella Gerrymandering on a partisan basis is not new to politics. The term gerrymander dates back to the 1800s when it was used to mock The debate on how the President Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry, who manipulated congressional of the United States should be elected lines in the state until the map of one district looked like a salamander. is almost as old as the country itself. Redistricting, which is the redrawing of district maps, happens every Contrary to popular belief, voters 10 years after the U.S. Census takes place. Whatever political party is do not elect the president and vice in power at that time has the advantage since, in most states, they president directly; instead, they choose are in charge of drawing the maps. electors to form an Electoral College “Partisan gerrymandering refers to the practice of politicians where the official vote is cast. drawing voting districts for their own political advantage,” During the Constitutional Convention says Eugene D. Mazo, a professor at Rutgers Law School and of 1787, a an expert on election law and the voting process. few ways to Professor Mazo explains that politicians, with the use of advanced computer elect the chief technology, use methods of “packing” and “cracking” to move voters around to executive were different state districts, giving the edge to one political party. -
Section I – E Xecutive Summary
SECTION I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The mission of the State Election Commission is to ensure every eligible citizen has the opportunity to register to vote, participate in fair and impartial elections, and have the assurance that their vote will count. Over the past decade, the business of conducting elections has become vastly more complex and subject to exceptional scrutiny by voters, candidates, media, and the legal community as never before. This requires everyone involved in the elections process, whether at the municipal, county, or state level, to become more technologically savvy, be better trained, and possess a higher level of election expertise. This is the environment in which the State Election Commission (SEC) must operate and carry out its mission. As the chief election agency in South Carolina, the SEC is tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the voter registration and election processes in the State. Everything that we do as an agency, our programs and our projects, emanates from these responsibilities. The primary mission and goal is to provide the highest level and quality of service possible within our statutory mandates. The SEC maintains the State’s computerized statewide voter registration system. The system contains voter registration data on every registered voter in South Carolina. All county voter registration offices have online access to the database. The SEC is responsible for printing the lists of registered voters for all elections held in the State, which averages approximately 300 each year. In combination with the driver’s license file, the system also serves as the source for jury selection lists in the State. -
The 2020 Presidential Election: Provisions of the Constitution and U.S. Code
PREFACE The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is proud to acknowledge its role in the Presidential election pro- cess. NARA’s Office of the Federal Register (OFR) acts as the administrator of the Electoral College and carries out the duties of the Archivist. In this role, the OFR is charged with helping the States carry out their election responsibilities, ensuring the completeness and integrity of the Electoral College documents submitted to Congress, and informing the public about the Presidential election process. The Electoral College system was established under Article II and Amendment 12 of the U.S. Constitution. In each State, the voters choose electors to select the President and Vice President of the United States, based on the results of the Novem- ber general election. Before the general election, the Archivist officially notifies each State’s governor and the Mayor of the District of Columbia of their electoral responsibilities. OFR provides instructions and resources to help the States and District of Columbia carry out those responsibilities. As the results of the popular vote are finalized in each state, election officials create Certificates of Ascertainment, which establish the credentials of their electors, that are sent to OFR. In December, the electors hold meetings in their States to vote for President and Vice President. The electors seal Certificates of Vote and send them to the OFR and Congress. In January, Congress sits in joint session to certify the election of the President and Vice President. In the year after the election, electoral documents are held at the OFR for public viewing, and then transferred to the Archives of the United States for permanent retention and access. -
The Electoral College: a System “For the People?”
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Spring 5-2018 The Electoral College: A System “for the People?” Maria Maffucci University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Maffucci, Maria, "The Electoral College: A System “for the People?”" (2018). Honors College. 350. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/350 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE: A SYSTEM “FOR THE PEOPLE?” by Maria Maffucci A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Political Science) The Honors College University of Maine May 2018 Advisory Committee: Mark Brewer, PhD, Professor of Political Science and Honors, Advisor Melissa Ladenheim, PhD, Honors College Associate Dean, Honors Preceptor Richard Powell, PhD, Professor of Political Science Harold Daniel, PhD, Associate Professor of Marketing Stefano Tijerina, PhD, Lecturer in Management, Maine Business School ABSTRACT This research project investigates the thoughts and opinions of the University of Maine faculty and undergraduate students regarding the Electoral College system. I chose to collect this information through an online survey of twenty questions that I created on the software, Qualtrics, and sent it to the various classes and faculty who gave approval. Once I got a sufficient number of results, it was then time to analyze it all. Overall, my results were mostly what I had predicted; most undergraduates and faculty are in favor of replacing the Electoral College with either a direct popular voting system or a candidate ranking system. -
Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea
Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. Map of Guinea1 1 For the purposes of this report, we will be using the following names for the regions of Guinea: Upper Guinea, Middle Guinea, Lower Guinea, and the Forest Region. Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center Contents Foreword ..................................1 Proxy Voting and Participation of Executive Summary .........................2 Marginalized Groups ......................43 The Carter Center Election Access for Domestic Observers and Observation Mission in Guinea ...............5 Party Representatives ......................44 The Story of the Guinean Security ................................45 Presidential Elections ........................8 Closing and Counting ......................46 Electoral History and Political Background Tabulation .............................48 Before 2008 ..............................8 Election Dispute Resolution and the From the CNDD Regime to the Results Process ...........................51 Transition Period ..........................9 Disputes Regarding First-Round Results ........53 Chronology of the First and Disputes Regarding Second-Round Results ......54 Second Rounds ...........................10 Conclusion and Recommendations for Electoral Institutions and the Framework for the Future Elections ...........................57 -
How an Outdated Electoral Structure Has Led to Political Polarization in the United States
The United States Election System: How an Outdated Electoral Structure has led to Political Polarization in the United States by Jake Fitzharris A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Political Science and Psychology (Honors Associate) Presented January 24, 2019 Commencement June 2019 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jake Fitzharris for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Political Science and Psychology presented on January 24, 2019. Title: The United States Election System: How an Outdated Electoral Structure has led to Political Polarization in the United States. Abstract approved:_____________________________________________________ Christopher Nichols Political Polarization in the United States is at a level higher today than at any point in the past few decades. Possible causes of this rise in polarization have been provided from various sources, including explanations such as mass media and income inequality. Through historical analysis and a wide literature review, this thesis explores a major factor in political polarization, the United States election system. The thesis argues that the election system in the United States exacerbates the intensely polarized political climate of the modern day United States in three main ways: the electoral college, which produces the persisting two party system, primary elections, which reinforce extreme candidate views, and districting, which tends to increase politically uniform districts and lead candidates to position themselves at the poles rather than in the center. The thesis concludes that the only way to eliminate political polarization stemming from all of these sources would be to implement a unique proportional representation system for the United States. -
Oakland City Council Resolution No. 86 5 £1 C.M.S
FILED OFFICE OF THE ern CLERK Approved as to Form and Legality OAKLAND 16 DEC-8 PM/li'IS City\Attorney's Office OAKLAND CITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION NO. 86 5 £1 C.M.S. INTRODUCED BY COUNCILMEMBERS DAN KALB AND REBECCA KAPLAN RESOLUTION (1) IN SUPPORT OF SENATOR BARBARA BOXER'S BILL TO ABOLISH THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE AND (2) DIRECTING THE CITY ADMINISTRATOR AND CITY LOBBYIST TO WORK WITH ALL RELEVANT STATE AND FEDERAL ELECTED OFFICIALS TO (A) DEVELOP AND RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION TO REPLACE THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE WITH A NATIONAL POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OR, ALTERNATIVELY, TO APPROVE THE NATIONAL POPULAR VOTE INTERSTATE COMPACT, (B) ADDRESS GERRYMANDERING IN CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT BY REQUIRING REDISTRICTING REFORM, SUCH AS BY HAVING INDEPENDENT STATE REDISTRICTING COMMISSIONS CONDUCT REDISTRICTING INSTEAD OF STATE LEGISLATURES, AND (C) ELIMINATE BARRIERS TO VOTING WHEREAS, as provided by Article II of the United States Constitution, the President and Vice President are selected by the Electoral College, comprised of a slate of Electors from each state and the District of Columbia, with each state having a number of Electors equal to its number of congresspersons (total Representatives plus two Senators) and the District of Columbia having three Electors; and WHEREAS, U.S. citizens casting votes in the general election for a presidential candidate are actually not directly voting for that candidate but instead vote for a slate of Electors in their state representing the candidate, with the -
5.8 Electing a President Explain How the Different Processes Work in a U.S. Presidential Election. Explain How the Electoral College Impacts Democratic Participation
Room 2B HIVE mrreview.org 5.8 Electing a President Explain how the different processes work in a U.S. presidential election. Explain how the Electoral College impacts democratic participation. Institutional rules along with campaign norms go a long way in explaining American government and politics. The outcomes of federal elections are greatly impacted by process. The impact of federal policies on campaigning and electoral rules continues to be contested. With representative democracy as the standard, many political scientists wonder if our current electoral process delivers the best results. To win an election here, candidates must navigate through a maze of rules, regulations and practices many of which are rooted in traditions rather than best practice. Nevertheless, many would argue today that the process of federal elections has grown increasingly democratic. This too is contested. The federal election process has two important stages. The first stage of any electoral process is winning a political party’s nomination. Party candidates used to be selected by the party bosses in small caucuses. Party caucuses were nothing more and nothing less than conversations between small groups of empowered citizens. Benefits were doled out by and for party loyalists. This was called a spoils system. Everyday citizens were left out of the process. Early elites were fearful of common passions. The average person was not trusted to make important party decisions. It did not take long for this to change. As suffrage rights expanded voters demanded more and more power in voicing their candidate preferences. This first manifested itself in political party conventions. These conventions were held so that many more citizens could participate in the nominating process. -
The Electoral College & Gerrymandering
The Electoral College & Gerrymandering A Mathematical Exploration of Issues of Representation in the United States Callie Gardella Overview 1. How is representation determined? 2. What is Gerrymandering? 3. What is the Electoral College? Guiding Question: Is there a mathematical method that could be used to address issues of representation and bias in determining apportionment and redistricting? The Federal Legislative Branch Senate: 100 seats, 2 per state House of Representatives: 435 seats, assigned according to population Apportionment Dividing the 435 seats of congress between the 50 states Occurs every ten years, coinciding with the Census Rules: 1. Every state gets at least 1 representative 2. The Census must provide the state populations within 9 months of collection 3. The President must inform Congress of these numbers within one week of their next session 4. Congress has 15 days to determine the number of representatives per state Historical Methods The Hamilton/Vinton Method: Assign each surplus seat: to the state with the highest fractional component The Jefferson Method: Assign each surplus seat to the state with the largest critical divisor The Webster Method: Round up if the fractional component is ≥.5, round down otherwise Current Mathematical Method Huntington-Hill Method, used since 1941 mathematically determined priority listing of states Priority calculated by dividing the population of each state by the geometric mean of its current and next seats P - represents a state's total population n - represents the current -
Psephology with Dr
Psephology with Dr. Michael Lewis-Beck Ologies Podcast November 2, 2018 Oh heyyyy, it's that neighborhood lady who wears pantyhose with sandals and hosts a polling place in her garage with a bowl of leftover Halloween candy, Alie Ward! Welcome to this special episode, it's a mini, and it's a bonus, but it's also the first one I've ever done via telephone. Usually, I drag myself to a town and I make an ologist meet me in a library, or a shady hotel, and we record face to face, but time was of the essence here. He had a landline, raring to chat, we went for it. I did not know this ology was an ology until the day before we did this interview. Okay, we're gonna get to it. As always, thank you, Patrons for the for fielding my post, “hey, should I record a really quick voting episode this week?” with your resounding yeses. I love you, thank you for supporting the show. OlogiesMerch has shirts and hats if you need ‘em. And thank you everyone for leaving reviews and ratings, including San Rey [phonetic] who called this podcast, “Sherlock Holmes dressed in street wear.” I will take that. Also, you're assuming that I'm wearing pants... Quick plug also, I have a brand new show on Netflix that dropped today! It's called Brainchild, it's produced by Pharrell Williams and the folks at Atomic Entertainment. I’m in every episode popping up to explain science while also wearing a metallic suit and a beehive. -
Counting Electoral Votes: an Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress
Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress Updated December 8, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32717 Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress Summary The Constitution and federal law establish a detailed timetable following the presidential election during which time the members of the electoral college convene in the 50 state capitals and in the District of Columbia, cast their votes for President and Vice President, and submit their votes through state officials to both houses of Congress. The electoral votes are scheduled to be opened before a joint session of Congress on January 6, 2021. Federal law specifies the procedures for this session and for challenges to the validity of an electoral vote. This report describes the steps in the process and precedents set in prior presidential elections governing the actions of the House and Senate in certifying the electoral vote and in responding to challenges of the validity of electoral votes. This report has been revised and will be updated on a periodic basis to provide the dates for the relevant joint session of Congress and to reflect any new, relevant precedents or practices. Congressional Research Service Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress Contents Actions Leading Up to the Joint Session ........................................................................................ -
“One Person, One Vote”: the U.S. Electoral System and the Functional
THE ASSOCIATION OF THE BAR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE ON ASIA AFFAIRS “One Person, One Vote”: The U.S. Electoral System and the Functional Constituencies Embodied in the Basic Law for the Election of the Chief Executive and of the Legislative Council I. Introduction The Association of the Bar of the City of New York (the “Association”) has had a longstanding interest in preserving the rule of law in Hong Kong, and encouraging its progress to a truly democratic society with universal suffrage as envisaged in Articles 26, 39, 45 and 68 of the Basic Law.1 Accordingly, we view certain recent developments in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (the “HKSAR”) with great concern, in particular, the recent regressive “interpretations” of the Basic Law by the Central Government of China by which it pre-empted the question of whether there is a “need to amend” the Basic Law regarding the election of the Chief Executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008, the manner in which such “interpretations” were delivered, and the barrage of intimidating personal attacks by the Central Government against the pro-democracy supporters of universal suffrage which accompanied these “interpretations.” As the debate over constitutional reform in Hong Kong intensified over the course of this year, voices supportive of maintaining the electoral status quo in Hong Kong raised, at certain points, the example of the United States and its electoral system as they argued to reject the rising call in Hong Kong for the more immediate fulfillment of the Basic Law’s promise of “universal suffrage.” It is this reference to the U.S.