Comprehensive Resources Plan

Nesh nabek

Ge ken de jek 2016-2018

VOLUME II The People, Ones Who Have Knowledge

Table of Contents CONTENTS ...... 1-5

Acknowledgments ...... 6-7

CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION ...... 8 Initiation of the Plan ...... 9 Resolution of Adoption of the Plan ...... 10-11 Methodology ...... 12-15 Esh bma dse wen ...... 15-24 Purpose ...... 25 Process ...... 26-29

CHAPTER II-ASSET HISTORY ...... 30 History of Asset Eras ...... 31-32 Timeline of American Indian History ...... 33 History of Asset Eras ...... 34-38 Timeline of Potawatomi History ...... 39-42

CHAPTER III-CULTURAL ASSETS ...... 43 Cultural Assets ...... 44-45 Community Preferences and Cultural Capacity Building ...... 46-48 Identity ...... 49-52 Land Ownership ...... 53 Land Acquisition ...... 54-55 Cultural Landscape ...... 56-59 Communication...... 60-61 Areas of Responsibility- Language and Culture Dept., Museum, THPO, Ag Lands ...... 61 Regulatory ...... 62-63

CHAPTER IV-RESOURCES OF THE EARTH ...... 64 Natural Assets ...... 65-66 Community Preferences and Natural Capacity Building...... 67-71 Geology ...... 72-73

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Biodiversity ...... 74 Climate ...... 75-77 Soil ...... 78-79 Air ...... 80-82 Water ...... 83-86 Vegetation and Wetlands ...... 86-88 Wildlife ...... 89-92 Forests ...... 93-96 Areas of Responsibility-Natural Resources Dept., Air Quality Program, Water Program, Botany/Wetlands Program, Wildlife Program, Forestry and Land Services Program ...... 97-98 Regulatory ...... 99-103

CHAPTER V-RESOURCES OF THE PEOPLE ...... 104 Legal and Political Assets ...... 105-106 Community Preferences and Legal and Political Capacity Building ...... 107-109 Sovereignty...... 110 Jurisdiction ...... 111 Constitution ...... 112 FCP Treaties ...... 112-119 Government Structure ...... 119-121 Intergovernmental Affairs ...... 122-124 Areas of Responsibility- Ordinance Dept., Tribal Court, Legal Dept., Administration, Ex. Council, General Council. 124 Regulatory ...... 125

Social Assets ...... 126-127 Community Preferences and Social Capacity Building...... 128-129 Population ...... 130 Family (Dependent Populations-Children and Elders) ...... 131-132 Enrollment ...... 133 Employment ...... 134-136 Educational Attainment ...... 137 Areas of Responsibility-Economic Support, Child Care, Child Support, ICW, Family Resource, Elderly, Enrollment, Human Resources, Education ...... 138-139 Regulatory ...... 140

Financial Assets ...... 141-142

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Community Preferences and Financial Capacity Building ...... 143-145 Individual Wealth ...... 146 Community Wealth ...... 147-151 Tribal Business ...... 152 Areas of Responsibility- Accounting, Gaming Commission, Housing, Grants Department ...... 153 Regulatory ...... 154

Physical Assets ...... 155-156 Community Preferences and Physical Capacity Building ...... 157-160 Transportation ...... 161-163 Utilities ...... 164-166 Solid Waste and Recycling ...... 166-167 Communication and Technology ...... 167 Energy...... 168-171 Areas of Responsibility-Public Works (Utility), Solid Waste, IT, PTT (Potawatomi Traveling Times), Sustainability, Maintenance, Security, Construction Department ...... 172-173 Regulatory ...... 173-175

Institutional Assets ...... 176-177 Community Preferences and Institutional Capacity Building ...... 178-179 Educational Institutions ...... 180-181 Child Care ...... 181 Health Insurance ...... 182 Philanthropic Institutions ...... 183 Health Clinic ...... 184-186 Community Facility ...... 187 Physical Fitness Facility ...... 188 Areas of Responsibility-Recreation Dept., Child Care Dept., Gte Ga Nes, N.E.W (Walking 4) Directions, Insurance Dept., Health and Wellness Dept. AODA, Domestic Violence ...... 189-190 Regulatory ...... 190

CHAPTER VI.-MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 191 Monitoring and Evaluation Assets ...... 192-193 Community Preferences and Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity Building ...... 194-196 Monitoring ...... 197 Evaluation ...... 197 FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 3

Resilience ...... 197-198 Adaptability ...... 198 Areas of Responsibility- Purchasing, Property Management, Planning, GIS, Land Info. (Realty), Emergency Management ...... 199-200 Regulatory ...... 201

CHAPTER VII-LAND ASSETS ...... 202 Land Assets ...... 203-204 Community Preferences and Land Capacity Building ...... 205-208 The Landscape ...... 209-212 Land Classification for Land Cover ...... 213 Land Cover ...... 214-228 Land Classification for Land Use ...... 229

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List of Figures

Figure 1 2012 Population (Forest County, Wisconsin, United States) ...... 130 Figure 2 Age Distribution 1990 to 2000 and 2010 ...... 131 Figure 3 Ages of Enrolled Children ...... 132 Figure 4 Ages of Enrolled Elders ...... 132 Figure 5 2013 FCPC Enrolled Tribal Members ...... 133 Figure 6 2013 FCP Employees ...... 134 Figure 7 2013 Employment by FCP Government Sector ...... 134 Figure 8 2013 Employment by FCP Private Sector ...... 135 Figure 9 March 2014 Unemployment Rate ...... 136 Figure 10 Top Paying Hourly Occupations-2012 ...... 136 Figure 11 Educational Attainment Levels ...... 137 Figure 12 Income Levels ...... 146 Figure 13 Amount Potawatomi Bingo Awarded to Charities ...... 147 Figure 14 FCP Grants ...... 148 Figure 15 Housing Projections ...... 149 Figure 16 Year Housing Structure Built ...... 150 Figure 17 Total Residential Occupancy Status ...... 150 Figure 18 Stone Lake C- Store Transactions ...... 152 Figure 19 Carter C-Store Transactions ...... 152 Figure 20 Vehicles per Day (Daily Traffic Volumes) ...... 162 Figure 21 2012 County (Forest) Crashes by Severity ...... 162 Figure 22 2012 County (Forest) Crashes by Highway Class ...... 162 Figure 23 Solid Waste and Recycling Tonnages ...... 166 Figure 24 Native American Students K-12 ...... 180 Figure 25 Children Serviced by the Rising Sun Daycare ...... 181 Figure 26 Insurance Claims ...... 182 Figure 27 Patients Treated ...... 184

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Kche Megwettch . Community Members, for taking the time to respond to the survey and for insightful value statements and direction throughout this entire document.

. Executive Council, as decision makers who authorized the planning effort, reviewed and commented on the plan near its completion stage, and adopted the plan with full intent toward implementation.

. Land Use Committee that served as a resource to direct the planning effort and by supporting each planning stage. In particular, Cheryl Frank who has been a long standing committee member since the beginning of this project along with former committee members Robert Ritchie, Louie Spaude, Agnes “Cookie” Shegonee, Samuel Alloway and current committee members Melissa Gorham, Frank Shepard Jr., Daniel J. Smith, Krystal Wayman and Nickolas Shepard.

. The Core Planning Team that served as a resource to the internal process, and support outreach and information gathering and strategic planning efforts.

. Patricia Pete & Michelle Berdan (Planning) who provided all initial information for the project and guided throughout by sharing about the direction envisioned.

. LTE (Chris Daniels) and Community survey takers (Jennifer Milligan and Cayla Thunder).

. Shari Alloway (GIS) was a technical/professional contributor who provided key maps.

. Rachel Zaborowski for document graphic design and Amy Kampstra for diagrammatic design.

. Several departments whose work is key to resource management contributed significant content to this plan, Administration (Eugene Shawano), Air Resources (Natalene Cummings, Joe Cebe), Botany/Wetlands (Ashley Fehrenbach, Mary Bartkowiak), Child Care (Billie Leach), Child Support (Jackie Pische), Domestic Violence Center (Alberta Hatmaker and Gary Pemrich), Economic Support (Christie Schmidt), Elderly (Debbie Daniels), Emergency Management (Linda Thomaschefsky), Enrollment (Valerie Nah bah Kah), Family Resource Center (Richard Alloway), Finance Committee (Brenda Jacobson), Fire Keeper (Donna Cornell), Forestry (Al Murray), Foundation (Kaye Garcia), Gte-Ga-Nes Preschool (Kathy Berkes), Health and Wellness (Linda Helmick, Lorrie Shepard), Housing (Casey Sponable), Human Resources (Linda Skallerud), Indian Child Welfare (Vicki Valenti), Legal (Jeff Crawford, Doug Huck), Museum and Cultural Center (Mike Alloway), THPO (Melissa Cook), Natural Resources Department (Nate Guldan), One Prospect (Brad Bessert), Ordinance (Agnes Shegonee, Heather VanZile), Potawatomi Business Development Center (Eugene “Pepi” Randolph), Potawatomi C-Store (Kathy Mueller), Potawatomi Traveling Times (Winda Collins), Property Management (Richard Mexico), Recreation (Anthony Shepard), Security (Sam Alloway), Solid Waste (Jeffery Marshall), Tribal Court (Hon. Eugene White-Fish), Utility Department (Angela Jacobson), Walking 4 Directions (Judy Poler, Randall Peltier), Water Resources (Matthew Steinbach), Wildlife (Heather Stricker).

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. Contractors: North Central Regional Planning Commission, Jeff Johnson & Associates, Coleman Engineering, PDI (now Graef) for various and invaluable contributions at various stages of planning.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

INITIATION OF THE PLAN

RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION OF THE PLAN

METHODOLOGY

ESH BMA DSE WEN

PURPOSE

PROCESS

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”…to protect INITIATION OF THE PLAN and preserve our land, traditional values, and preserve our cultural heritage which will provide a legacy for future generations”

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RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION OF THE PLAN [This page intentionally left blank]

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This plan METHODOLOGY focuses on key human social concerns and acknowledges its value on

the effects of

the natural

world around us.

The graphic located on the next page depicts native holistic philosophy that the world is a connected system rather than one made up of isolated parts. To the Potawatomi, this philosophy is called Esh bma dse wen.

For tribal planning purposes a general framework is adopted to help organize and communicate the lesser understood inherent worldview into general planning principles and applications.

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This plan focuses on key human social concerns and acknowledges its value on the effects of the natural world Physical around us. In order to display values and effects another type of framework was applied that

is inspired by the First Nations Development Institute. This Social type of framework helps to identify asset types and strategies that empower a community’s ability to use and organize their assets in ways Economic that improve the well-being of the community.

This document serves as the foundation for asset-based sustainable strategies in all Spiritual resource areas.

1

1 This graphic was designed by Patricia Pete. Language referenced from the “Potawatomi Dictionary” FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 13

Potawatomi Fire Potawatomi people are the Keepers of the Fire. In the center of the graphic is the fire. The fire is a symbol that people are burns deep within all of us in the form of our spirit. During the duration of a fire, people may come to visit, to make the Keepers their offering and prayer for themselves, to give thanks as all creation is a gift. There are times when a talking circle of the Fire. may be held around a fire, where people share their stories and healing prayers. Fire is present for pipe ceremonies and drumming. Many spirits visit the fire during these times and people receive many good teachings while just being around the fire. A gift that we receive while being with fire is a good feeling of peace that helps to heal our inner selves.

Fire is associated with many things to people and sometimes it is not always good. An exercise was done with a youth group a few years back to ask what fire meant to each person. This exercise gave good insight into the lives and experiences of young people and what they were seeing, and what their level of knowledge was as to what was happening in the world around them. Fire is in almost everything in our lives in one form or another.

Keeper of the Fire Potawatomi people were once a part of a historical confederacy made up of the Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Nations known as the Council of the Three Fires. It is said that a Potawatomi elder named Shup-Shewana interpreted scrolls, and dated the formation of the Council of Three Fires to 796 AD at Michilimachinac. In this Council, the were addressed as the “Older Brother” as such were also the “Keeper of the Faith”. The Odawa were referred to the “Middle Brother” and were the “Keepers of the Trade”. The Potawatomi were known in this confederacy as “Little Brother” and “Keeper of the Fire”.

Sustainability Because the nations lived in close proximity to one another and shared a common landscape, sustaining, maintaining and enhancing relations were of utmost importance. Even though they were of different nations, the essence of their belief system gave them a sense of spiritual connection to all creation including one another which formed the basis of a strong relationship likened to a brotherhood. Their spirituality also gave them the ability to recognize and respect the gifts within each other given by the Creator. These gifts are symbolized in the next inner layer of the graphic and are what gave a sense of responsibility to use, care for and protect the common landscape and each other.

For us, this is the earliest recorded model of a sustainable community. Together, a strong political structure was created, building the capacity needed to support the responsibilities in the areas of spirituality, economics, social development, and land management within a common landscape.

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Why We Do What We Do There are many, many ways that show us how to live in accordance with our beliefs. This is the second layer of the To leave a graphic. One such is through storytelling. One story that helps us to understand who we are and our place in the legacy is a world is the Creation story. It is the many stories like this that help us to understand our importance in the world tremendous and why we should continue a Tribal organization, to conserve and develop the Tribe’s common resources and to responsibility protect the Tribe’s land, people, values and heritage in a way which will provide for future generations. To leave a and not one legacy is a tremendous responsibility and not one to be taken lightly. to be taken lightly. Characteristics Once we begin to have a sense of ourselves, we begin to see and treat the world around us in a different manner. All people are at different stages in their lives and have different experiences. But it is still the manner in which we treat each other and the things around us at any stage in our lives that make up our characteristics. This is what others see in us.

Worldview The rest of the graphic are things outside of our inner self. The graphic goes on to represent how this plan is categorized - the Resources of the People and the Resources of the Earth. These categories serve as a foundation for organizing the resources of the people and the land classification system in the Land section of this plan.

The final layers in the graphic represent major elements of the rest of our make-up: the earth, water, fire, air and the four directions. The outermost layer is representative of the spirituality that connects all creation.

Together all these layers represent the worldview and inspired the cultivation of culture and spirituality as the guiding light of this plan.

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ESH BMA DSE WEN (WAY OF LIFE) Our vision and values capture Esh bma dse wen (Way of Life), the philosophy of Forest County Potawatomi Community and shared sense of purpose. Our decisions, actions and behaviors are guided by this philosophy. In order to ensure that we continue our organization and culture for future generations and to enhance decision making, we will need to promote innovation and systems-based thinking and management. We will need to continue to be resilient and adaptive by absorbing change and fostering flexibility. We will need to continue to honor the natural complexity of humans, nature, and the greater complexity of these interdependencies.

(The text box above displays random key words from people throughout the process and were used to support the vision statement).

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V I In order to continue our tribal organization, to conserve and develop our common resources and to promote the welfare of ourselves and our descendants, we will protect and preserve our land, our traditional values and our S cultural heritage in such a manner as to leave a legacy for future generations. I O N Understanding Truthful Respectful Caring

Our traditions, religions and Our “Political” assets such as Cultural awareness should A break down in relations history state the importance sovereign status, tax continue to be the core of can result in the destruction of protecting the natural immunity, and decision resource management. Its of a system of living. environment. The earth itself making power can create primary purpose is to ensure Communication is needed to is a living being. economic opportunities for our cultural perspectives are access and use our social us and should be treated incorporated into every capital through exchanging with honor and integrity. A aspect of resource information, identifying V legitimate governing management practices and problems and solution, and institution is foundational to to protect culturally sensitive managing conflict. We care A self-governance. and significant resources for one another L from adverse management. U Responsible Fair Knowledgeable Courageous E S Everyone has an important Our Financial assets are the Our Physical assets are the Our Institutional Assets role and responsibility to most liquid form of assets tools and services that attract resources to the ensure we are moving and can be readily used or increase our access to community that may provide toward our vision of the exchanged to acquire other information, expand necessary services we are future. Our Monitoring and assets and provide for the communication and can unable to accomplish on our Evaluation assets provide wellbeing of individuals and generate income streams for own. We are not afraid to information, processes and the community. Our services us. No matter what we want seek assistance when it will tools that aid decision- and wealth are integral and to do or become, it requires help us to create a viable making actions and fair. more knowledge and access community in which to live. behaviors to assure our to people and places. resilience.

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Esh bma dse wen Planning Principles “According to their own statements, Healthy Holistic Sustainable the Physical Planning Resilient and Adaptive Energy Efficiency and Conservation Potawatomi have three Access to Healthy Foods Integrated Green Building principle Physical Activity Levels Multi-dimensional Approaches Waste Reduction and Recycling concerns in life: food, Social Connections Climate Friendly Purchasing health and the proper Quality of Life Renewable Energy and Low Carbon Fuels valuation of Economy and Infrastructure woman.” Efficient Transportation Air Quality (Ethnobotany of the Land Use and Community Design Forest County Water Quality and Wastewater Potawatomi Indians Open Space and Offsetting by Huron H. Smith) Carbon Emissions

Governance

Prevention/Emergency Management

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Implementing Guiding Principles Assets Vision Community Priorities and Indicators Cultural We have rich culture based on our spiritual Community Priorities: relationship and unique knowledge of the land and natural resources. We define our form of  Create awareness, opportunities and infrastructure that cultivate identity through history, governance, customary laws and norms customs, language and sovereignty according to our worldview, beliefs, values and  Retain and control historical/cultural sites customs. Our land, resources and cultural  Utilize cultural expression through art heritage are collective assets to be passed on,  Utilize social organization and cultural network to promote quality of life kept alive, protected and preserved for future  Create strategies that advance cultural sustenance and aesthetic values generations of Forest County Potawatomi.  Protect historical and cultural resources

Indicators  Community Identity Visibility-Community Survey (Healthy-Social Connections)  Access to Healthy Foods (Healthy-Access to Healthy Foods)  Number of clans-past and present (Healthy –Social Connections)  List of present clans (Healthy-Social Connections)  Cultural activity participation-Community Survey (Holistic-Social Connections) Natural We are interdependent with our land and Community Priorities: natural resources. They are the source of our  Retain the pristine air quality customs and traditions, spirituality, food,  Control our water resources and increase water quality medicine, knowledge, art and materials; our  Retain fish with cultural value way of life. Their health is dependent upon us  Retain plants with cultural and medicinal value just as we are dependent on them.  Adjust management actions as appropriate to increase populations of all types of wildlife including endangered species and non-hunted species  Create a large scale well connected sustainable system of protected areas across the reservation in cooperation with surrounding jurisdictions where possible  Increase species which have historically occurred in this region  Control designated areas for hunting  Control invasive species to protect resources  Increase education and information to community on forest management practices such as clear cutting, prescribed fire, soil types and selective harvesting so that harvest levels and clear direction can be determined  Control and regulate pesticide use to reduce negative affects to biodiversity and the environment.  Expand conservation efforts by advancing the understanding of how ecosystems are affected by human-caused change, including habitat loss and fragmentation. Indicators:  FCPC Annual Design Value Rolling 3 Year averages 2005-2012 of PM2.5 measuring air pollution.(Healthy-Air Quality)  Atlas of Tribal Waters on Reservation and Trust Lands(Healthy-Water Quality)  Invasive plants and animals threatening water bodies(Healthy-Water Quality)  Threatened and Endangered Fish Species (Healthy-Water Quality)  Invasive Plants on FCP land (inventoried by invasive species crew)(Healthy-Water Quality)  Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species for Forest County Lands (Holistic- Resilient and Adaptive)  Threatened, Endangered, and Special Concern Wildlife Species(Holistic- Resilient and Adaptive)  Invasive wildlife species (Holistic Resilient and Adaptive)

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Legal and We uphold our unique sovereign powers as an Community Priorities: Political Indian Nation by exercising full legal rights to  Increase communication manage our own affairs, govern ourselves  Create self-governance education opportunities internally, and engage in legal and political  Leverage social capital to increase outcomes and desired results relationships. In order to strengthen  Increase communication about the constitution and the parameters of sovereignty in sovereignty in a responsible manner, we strive regards to jurisdiction, access and taxation on ALL Tribal lands. to provide sufficient due process and equal protection. Indicators:  FCP Treaties (Sustainable-Governance)  Government Organization Chart(Sustainable-Governance)  Intergovernmental agreements(Sustainable-Governance)  Civic Engagement (Healthy-Social Connections)

Social Our social system is an intricate fabric webbed Community Priorities: together to maintain the survival of our cultural  Increase small business education identity through social, economic, physical and  Leverage small business development mental health.  Leverage small business legal infrastructure development  Retain student monitoring leading up to graduation  Increase support for a quality education  Create opportunities for financial education  Increase opportunities for college education

Indicators:  Population trends and forecasts(Healthy-Quality of Life)  Age distribution 1990-2010 (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Ages of enrolled children (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Ages of enrolled elders (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Ages of all enrolled members (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Total number of enrolled tribal members 1990-2013 -( Healthy-Quality of Life)  Present FCP Employees -Enrolled, tribal and non-tribal(Healthy-Quality of Life)  Employment by FCP Government Sector (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Employment by FCP Private Sector in Forest County (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Occupation forecasts to 2030 (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Educational attainment levels (Healthy-Quality of Life)

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Financial Our economy thrives because we encourage a Community Priorities: business enabling environment by creating  Create job/trade training opportunities economic linkages with other communities and  Encourage the development of quality housing in a desirable environment. institutions. We re-generate the local economy  Create a variety of housing options. from within.  Create tourism opportunities.  Leverage local economic endeavors by establishing a financial institution.  Increase business enabling environment so that individuals can develop light industry, retail, entertainment, high-tech, and other business entities. Indicators:  Household income levels( Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure)  Potawatomi Bingo Casino donations to charities 2003-2013 (Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure)  FCP Grants success rate and funding secured (Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure)  Housing projections (Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure)  Age of housing stock 1939-2010 (Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure)  Total residential occupancy status (Healthy- Economy & Infrastructure) Physical We encourage community development to meet Community Priorities: our social, physical, and spiritual needs. We  Create a healthy community make informed decisions by requiring high  Increase safe route of travel on the reservation by improving existing roads project standards, from which to pick and  Create a network of multi-user trails choose among, that best fit the community  Create walking/biking trails vision. We pay attention to where development  Create a public transit system is put, how it is arranged and what it will look  Increase visibility of renewable energy sources like.  Increase visibility of physical characteristics that contribute to the uniqueness of the community  Control roads on tribal lands where feasible.  Utilize water from non-pervious surfaces such as roofs.  Control trail system and eliminate hazardous segments in conjunction with users.  Utilize road maintenance practices that reduce soil and water resource impacts.  Encourage people to dispose of their litter properly.  Increase responsibility and attentiveness in ensuring that children have adequate knowledge, training and protective gear.  Increase awareness of the most prudent practices for safety and responsibly using these ATVs.  Create a safe place to live  Control crime  Increase emergency services, education and training  Create safety protocols to ensure quality of life Indicators:  Rural highway classification system and FCP roadways (Sustainable-Efficient Transportation)  Other types of transportation (Sustainable- Efficient Transportation)  WisDOT daily traffic volumes (Sustainable- Efficient Transportation)  2013 fleet and hybrid vehicles (Sustainable- Efficient Transportation)  Solid waste and recycling tonnages 2008-2013(Sustainable- Waste Reduction and Recycling)  Percentage of carbon emissions 2007-2013(Sustainable- Open Space and Offsetting Carbon Emissions)  Percentage of energy usage 2007-2013(Sustainable- Renewable Energy and Low Carbon Fuels)

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 FCPC utility data -Stone Lake, Carter, Blackwell (Healthy-Physical Planning)  Communication technologies -Number serviced (Healthy-Social Connections)  2012 Forest County Crashes by Severity (Healthy-Physical Planning)  2012 Forest County Crashes by Highway Classification(Healthy-Physical Planning)  2012 Bicycle, Work Zone, Deer, Hit and Run, Motorcycle, Pedestrian and School Bus Crashes in Forest County (Healthy-Physical Planning) Institutional We are well served by a good range of Community Priorities: accessible, quality services.  Increase quality of life opportunities by improving service capacity.  Encourage the development of health facilities and support services for under serviced areas.  Create education and training facilities  Leverage the support system for alcohol, drug and other addiction recovery by coordinating closely with other jurisdictions and agencies for needed services.  Increase activities and age specific programming for the youth and elders Indicators:  Percentage of Native American Students in Crandon and Wabeno Schools (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Total number of native American students K-12 in Crandon and Wabeno (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Number of children serviced by Rising Sun Daycare 2010-2013 (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Number of insurance claims (medical, dental, vision, flex) 2009-13 (Healthy-Quality of Life)  PBDC subsidiary companies, ventures and partnerships (Healthy-Economy & Infrastructure)  Foundation areas of giving by percentage 2009-2011 (Healthy-Quality of Life)  H & W number of patients treated 2010-2011 (by area) (Healthy-Quality of Life)  Percentage of enrolled, other native american or non-native patients treated (Healthy- Quality of Life)  Carter C-Store number of transactions 2009-2013 (Healthy-Economy & Infrastructure)  Stone Lake C-store number of transactions 2011-2013 (Healthy-Economy & Infrastructure)  Participation number at Ka Kew Se Gathering Grounds (Healthy-Social Connections)  Number of healthy activities at Recreation Center (family entertainment, organized sports, fitness) (Healthy-Physical Activity Levels)  Physical Activity (Healthy-Physical Activity Levels)

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Monitoring We are resilient and adaptive. Community Priorities: and  Promote processes that increase communication before specific projects are embarked on in order to promote systematic thinking and actions that consider the broader implications Evaluation and accomplish multiple goals rather than default to short-term piecemeal efforts.  Instill resiliency by retaining a strong capacity to respond, prepare and help residents and institutions prepare for disruptions swiftly, creatively and effectively.  Retain an innovative environment that enables risk-taking inherent in innovation and one that cultivates the spirit of proactive problem solving and provides access to futures otherwise unobtainable.  Increase capacity by offering training opportunities implementing monitoring as a continuous function of data collection, indicators, story collection and other creative methods for tracking progress and evaluating effectiveness.  Utilize impact evaluation as a communication and empowerment tool that gives community members assurance that they are taken into account and listened to.  Leverage and strengthen activities that build capacity and infrastructure for a comprehensive impact evaluation framework that is harmonized, maintained and accessible and that measures progress in quality of life for the health and wellbeing of the people.  Increase tracking performance and outcomes in all areas and recommend strategies to modify results.  Promote responsible citizenship and informative decision making by encouraging resource assessments, impact tracking, and responsible record keeping so that corrective actions that need to be made still meet the needs of today yet do not deplete what is available for future generations.  Increase opportunities in your work for all facets of community to work together for the benefit of the whole.  Eliminate barriers to equity and work to encourage full participation in community life and work.  Recognize opportunities to lead and effect change by encouraging diversity and multiple approaches to accomplish a goal.

Indicators:

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Land Assets We are secure in our homelands and have Community Priorities: effective control over the use and development  Increase natural areas for preservation and traditional use. of our resources.  Create improvements to the connectivity of parks and playgrounds in neighborhoods.  Retain natural wilderness areas prohibiting development and logging.  Increase recreational opportunities.  Create land use designations.  Create well-planned business districts that provide a balanced mix of desired retail infrastructure and social connection opportunities.  Create designated hunting areas including fee lands with the greatest biodiversity.  Control and plan access that is appropriate and in conjunction with habitat restoration initiatives, forest management, and land use designations.  Provide for a safe balanced transportation system to achieve convenient access.  Plan for access to and movement of people, goods and services.  Create allotment resource management plans in conjunction with owners.  Utilize soil conservation methods such as pervious driveways and walkways.  Create designated fire wood cutting areas  Control and direct the use of off-road by designating “specific areas and trails” which are open or closed to ORVs and close lands to such use if use will or is causing considerable adverse effects on the soil, vegetation, wildlife, wildlife habitat or cultural or historic resources.  Control and direct the use of off-road vehicles to deal specifically with noise by indicating that areas and trails for off-road vehicle use “shall be located to minimize conflicts” with other recreational uses and “to ensure compatibility… with existing conditions in populated areas taking into account noise and other factors.”  Create growth boundaries to control growth sprawl and minimize forest fragmentation.  Create walkable neighborhoods.  Foster communities with a strong sense of place.  Preserve open space, natural beauty and critical environmental areas.  Provide a variety of transportation choices.  Create a range of housing opportunities and choices.  Direct development toward existing communities.  Encourage land use and transportation infrastructure that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality.  Encourage the design of projects that minimize environmental impacts, maximize financial efficiency, optimize social equity and improve public health.  Avoid incompatible land uses.  Protect wetlands  Promote the development of land with existing infrastructure.

Indicators:

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Through PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN control, The approach of this plan takes a comprehensive look at the community’s resources. Each resource section contains utilization, a definition, a value statement telling us why it is valued, vision, community preferences, capacity building, current conditions, data, asset managers, and regulatory information. leveraging, retaining, The Resources of the People category contain Legal and Political Assets, Social Assets, Financial Assets, Physical creating Assets and Institutional Assets. The Resources of the Earth contains non-human assets such as the Natural Assets. At and the end of this document are the Monitoring and Evaluation Assets and the Land Assets. increasing Viewing the resources in this manner sets the foundation to build a policy framework that upholds sovereignty, these tenure rights, usage rights, and rights of self-determination. Through control, utilization, leveraging, retaining, resources creating and increasing these resources as assets, a tribal community can improve the well-being of their members as assets, and move toward self-sufficiency. The First Nations model is used to focus on assets because: a tribal community  Tribal and Native people own substantial assets (e.g. land, natural resources, roads) but because can they do not control them, they do not derive the most benefit.  Assets are the building blocks of wealth. improve  From assets, people derive income, jobs and other benefits. the well-  A major difference between rich and poor people is their ownership and control of assets. being of their Once we become aware of the value, current condition, trends, forecasts, and issues of a resource we can begin to members ask community members, leaders and staff sustainable asset development questions about how to control, utilize, and move leverage, retain or increase these resources of value. This will help to create vision, support mission statements and toward develop policy in accordance with one another.

self- This will also provide guidance for resource managers in developing individual resource management plans and for sufficiency. working with other agencies.

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This section THE PROCESS describes the process Plan Efforts used to Constant change and evolution places demands on resources and propels urgency to complete a farsighted and comprehensive approach to decision-making. The Tribe has grown immensely with a vast expansion in population, capture service areas, land base, economics and information. This section describes the process used to capture changes and changes establish a unique framework that measures changes and predict impacts in the midst of fast-paced community and growth. establish a unique This plan picks up where IRMP Volume I: Existing Conditions and Issues 1997 left off. The first phase that occurred for framework this planning effort was initiated in 1997 by Resolution 023-98 under the auspices of a Bureau of Indian Affairs that Integrated Resource Management Plan grant. Historical documents end with no appointment for a new IRMP Team Leader. During the next ten (10) year phase, the Tribe would lose key environmental, planning and GIS staff as well measures as the Land Use Committee. In turn, a key group of technical staff appointed as the Core Planning Team, under the changes direction of the Land Use Committee also became defunct. and predict impacts in In 2007 Executive Council Resolution 024-2007 initiated another planning effort with North Central Regional Planning the midst of Commission. Around the same time the Tribe began to re-establish key staff. Amongst these were a Forester, Tribal fast-paced Planning department, a GIS Specialist, an appointed Land Use Committee, a Core Planning Team, and additional community Natural Resource staff. In 2009 EC Resolution 008-2009 initiated an IRMP (Integrated Resource Management Plan) growth. grant submitted by the Planning Department. The BIA grant funded key initiatives that were outlined in the work plan that helped to establish an effective planning environment. A draft Comprehensive Plan was distributed in 2009 as a result of the 024-2007 Resolution and shed light on issues such as organizational structure, data collection and benchmarking strategies that would help leverage the planning environment further.

The main goals for the 2009 planning effort were:

 To establish and maintain an interdisciplinary planning team addressing all Tribal resources of value.  To establish effective planning tools and processes centered on stakeholder and departmental consultation.  To establish protocols for interdepartmental collaboration which encourages the sharing and development of new information for land use planning.  To re-assess long range planning framework of goals and the depth of Volume I IRMP to research other frameworks.  To establish a long-range presence of land use management with inventory collection and data analysis to monitor and enforce the Plan.

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 To build strong Tribal professional and technical capacity through the strategic process of developing a consistent sense of management direction. This was a  To conduct an up to date comprehensive assessment of resource conditions and issues. multi-year  To establish a valuable long range framework to guide resource management. strategy in  To establish an IRMP Team Leader who will champion the process. which each  To conduct a community survey (s). of these broad High This was a multi-year strategy in which each of these broad High Level Action Categories was accomplished by a number of deliberate and specific steps that contributed to the task of acquiring adequate information. It also Level Action introduced processes toward the development of this plan previously not in process. Categories were Community Surveys accomplished In order to seek out insights from membership, a two tier by a number approach to gather information and input was conducted Table 1: 2012 Survey of deliberate in 2012. The purpose of the first survey was to get a Participation and specific pulse of the community by documenting key topics of concern and value of Tribal members regarding resource steps that Initial Survey- management and the reservation. 7.5% contributed Mailed to the task of The first survey was mailed out to the entire adult Community Survey- acquiring membership of 972 members across the country. 7.5% of the surveys were 51% Door to Door adequate returned. 40% of the respondents were adult members who lived distantly from the reservation and were not familiar with the land or resource information. 0% 20% 40% 60% management issues but expressed a desire and interest to obtain information about the land and issues facing the Tribe.

The input from the first survey was then utilized to construct a second survey with detailed questions to further validate the trends in the priority areas of concern. First, since roughly half of all the adult Tribal members live on or near the reservation in Forest County it was assumed they may be more familiar with the land and other issues facing the Tribe, this would be considered the target audience for the second survey. Secondly, the preferred method of communication was face to face. It was determined that a door to door survey to adults living in Forest County on or near the reservation would get a better response rate and insight. Over a two month period a survey team of Tribal members conducted a door-to door survey. A 51% response rate was obtained.

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Ethnographic and Phenomenological data A holistic We were fortunate to find a fair amount of either ethnographic or phenomenological interviews on video, or framework various methods of writings. Information was also acquired by one on one interviews documenting first and second was hand experiences and behaviors. This information is shared throughout this document to formulate an introduced to understanding and meaning of Potawatomi worldview that is assumed to be a cultural representation shared by organize the many individuals. land Land Use Planning evaluation Another integral planning element is the land. The first challenge was formalizing the methodological application through a of the belief system that everything was connected yet having to start with checkerboard land tenure. landscape lens that A holistic framework was introduced to organize the land evaluation through a landscape lens that considered considered environmental and ecological boundaries instead of formal political boundaries. The landscape is made up of large environmental interrelated regions that represent areas of social and ecological influence. Tribal lands are within these regions and ecological and are categorized into Management Areas based on their characteristics and land uses. boundaries The Tribe’s investment in the redevelopment of the Geographic Information System (GIS) was the backbone of instead of this land use planning effort. It provided the building blocks to be able to define resource categories, to develop a formal classification system, and to inventory and analyze existing conditions and uses. GeoPotawatomi is now a new political user-friendly version of GIS available on all desktops for quick land information access. boundaries. The new classification system is less ambiguous and confusing than what was done by the Army Corp of Engineering in 2000. It clearly separates Land Cover from Land Use. These terms were used inter-changeably previously. Consistent terminology and an efficient data base are now the foundation to organize and coordinate relevant data, portray trends and help analyze potential uses.

Strategic Planning Strategic Planning is required on many levels for this plan development. A number of sessions were held with the Core Planning Team and the Land Use Committee. The S.W.OT. (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) method was applied for the existing conditions of the Land Use portion.

Through the planning process, opportunities can be harnessed, threats managed, strengths optimized and weaknesses eliminated. These strategies will identify alternatives to control, retain, increase, utilize, leverage and create assets to build capacity in resource asset areas. A sustainability questionnaire was sent out to all resource managers to request input.

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A good set of Individual Assets and Indicators relevant In determining the framework for this plan, we first took a look at an individual asset development model. A community healthy community is a result of healthy people. This model is inspired by the 40 Developmental Assets of human development. It is important to realize that individuals have external and internal influences that affect their indicators are development. These influences need to be prioritized in community development efforts. People are what must be important for sustained. each asset area to serve Community Assets and Indicators as a starting A good set of relevant community indicators are important for each asset area to serve as a starting point from point from which to measure performance trends in effectiveness and efficiency as well as for any other major changes. which to Looking at these outcomes collectively gives us a holistic view, rather than a patchwork view to be better able to measure forecast trends and patterns and mitigate risks and losses and be less susceptible to threats and changes. This performance will ensure a more stable and adaptable environment. trends in effectiveness and efficiency

as well as for any other major changes.

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CHAPTER II

ASSET HISTORY

HISTORY OF ASSET ERAS

TIMELINE OF AMERICAN INDIAN HISTORY

HISTORY OF POTAWATOMI ASSET ERAS

TIMELINE OF POTAWATOMI HISTORY

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HISTORY OF ASSET ERAS Asset Eras For over 30 years the Native Institute of Development has been assisting Native people and Tribes to develop and control their assets. They explain the role of assets and the history of asset ownership in Native communities as

being different than that of other communities because Native American tribes and individuals technically own many Stewardship assets, including land, but often they do not control these assets and thus do not reap the benefits. Asset-building policy in Native communities thus must have dual focus: assisting tribal nations in controlling and building their assets, and assisting tribal members with individual asset building to support their families and communities.

Exchange Asset Stewardship No discussion of asset building and asset-based development in a community is complete without a discussion of the past. There are five main asset eras in Native American history. The first era is asset stewardship – an era hundreds of years ago when Native economies reflected the environmental, technological and cultural factors in each Theft region and community. Early Native communities reflected innovative stewardship of natural resources, including land, flora and fauna, the result of centuries of developing social organization in pre-modern era. While these communities would never claim to “own” these lands and natural resources, given that Mother Earth cannot be bought or sold, their stewardship allowed for complex economies of asset use and accumulation to occur. Extraction Asset Exchange The second era is an era of asset exchange. As people from England, France, Spain, and Holland began settling in the New World, treaties were signed with Indian nations and new land ownership patterns began to be formed. Many Management tribes exchanged assets such as land for promised legal rights and recognition of sovereignty. Tribes signed treaties that effectively limited their land ownership to designated regions, restricting their access to many traditional and customary lands that had previously been under their control. Control Asset Theft A third era is the era of asset theft – an era that many Americans are finally learning about in history books and the popular media. Unfortunately, many of these legal rights promised during the era of asset exchange never materialized, or were eroded, and by the early 1800s, the westward expansion of European colonists and the increasing competition for land led to broken treaties, murder, and outright theft of land. Land is one of the most important assets previously controlled by Native populations. The era of asset theft included the increasingly invasive federal policies that were enacted to steal Native American land, including the 1887 General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Act), the Homestead Act and Pacific Railway Act of 1862, and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.

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“…we need to Asset Extraction remember A fourth era is an era of asset extraction – an era marked by the active extraction of natural resources from Indian our owned land. This included the aggressive extraction of gold, timber, coal, oil, water, uranium, and many other natural resources. Indian communities rarely benefited from this asset extraction, and in fact were often left with significant, spirituality immeasurable expenses related to environmental pollution, loss of land use, and destroyed ecosystems. and put that foremost in Asset Management how we act The fifth era is an era of asset management, and in many cases this era overlaps with the asset extraction era. In in our lives” 1830, Chief Justice Marshall states that the relationship of the federal government to tribes was similar to that of “a ward to his guardian”. As a result, the federal government through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), was legally Was mo gishek designated the asset manager for many tribes, and had legal responsibility to manage the coal, timber, natural gas, meaning and other leases granted on Indian land, and in addition had responsibility to manage the trust funds of revenue “lightening sky” (Clarice Ritchie) generated from these leases. The BIA significantly mismanaged these leases, and some argues, to this day continues to mismanage the financial assets of tribes as well as the natural resources and other assets. The result of mismanagement has been lost revenues, over-harvesting of timber and other natural resources, and disrupted and destroyed eco-systems.

These eras of asset theft, extraction, and mismanagement effectively rendered many Native communities impoverished. An accompanying policy of cultural and social disruption, including brutal cultural reeducation, promotion, urban migration, and BIA control of economic activities on reservations, effectively placed many rural reservation communities in a state of dependence on federal transfer payments. Truly an example of internal colonization, most of the traditional social, political, economic, and cultural institutions in Native community were disrupted by the late 1950s.

Asset Control This is the Era of Control in which we begin from within and establish an enabling environment for Tribal member rights. Focus should be placed on the Tribe’s values and/or the legal framework that upholds sovereignty, tenure rights, usage rights, and rights of self- determination.

Once an effective framework is established, management can continue to build upon a foundation that creates policy for the Tribe’s resource assets that will either; control, utilize, leverage, retain, create or increase that asset as the Tribe sees fit in their best interests.

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Law Legislation Policy

Events

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“I hope HISTORY OF POTAWATOMI ASSET ERAS that the The Potawatomi Tribe is considered one of the Woodland groups of Indians. The name Potawatomi comes from the young Algonquin language meaning “people of the place of the fire,” or “potawatomink.” tribal members In the early centuries before Europeans, the Potawatomi lived north and east of Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario. They will learn prospered through hunting, fishing, and gathering. One estimate, according to some historians, states that there were about their as many as ten to fifteen thousand Potawatomi occupying and controlling 30 million acres in the Great Lakes area. past Even before the arrival of the first Europeans in the late 1500s and early 1600s, many Potawatomi had begun to move because of further inland to the eastern shore of Lake . It was there that the first French fur traders and Jesuits began to it.” write about these people known as “the people of the place of fire.”

Was mo gishek The gradual movement west began because of rivalry between many of the Algonquin tribes, such as the Potawatomi meaning “lightening and the . The Iroquois occupied the area of what is now the State of New York, and many of their enemies sky” chose to move further west because of conflicts. (Clarice Ritchie) The Potawatomi belong to the Algonquin linguistic family tree and according to tradition they were closely associated with the Chippewa and Ottawa with whom they reached the region about the upper end of Lake Huron. The Potawatomi, (Bodéwadmi) were given the task of keeping the sacred fire among the three, hence the name “Keeper of the Fire.” According to history, it was near the Straits of the Mackinac (Sault Ste. Marie) in the early 16th century that the three tribes are said to have split.

Early Years – Asset Stewardship By the time of the first encounters with the French, the Potawatomi stood strong. Their clans were organized patrilineally as they settled in hundreds of villages in what are now Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

Although still hunters, fishermen and gatherers, the Potawatomi began farming the rich soils, growing crops such as beans, corn, squash, and other grains. Adept at trapping and trapping methods, the Potawatomi were trusted by the French and soon became the “middlemen,” collecting fur pelts from many neighboring tribes to be taken to Montreal. This pattern changed in the mid-1600s as the French began to establish fur-trading outposts in Michigan and Wisconsin. These pelts were “as good as gold” with tribes beginning to take part in the valuable fur trade to receive European goods of all kinds.

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“This has Early 1600s – Asset Exchange been a News came to the Potawatomi and other tribes in the early 1600s that a French explorer, Jean Nicolet, was planning to healing visit with all of the tribes living along both shores of Lake Michigan. experience since I’ve Representatives of the Potawatomi would travel and meet Nicolet at Red Banks (present-day Green Bay) for this meeting in 1634. There they would seal key trade agreements with the French that would bring them European goods been back; I including rifles, blankets, metal knives, cloth, iron kettles, and beads. feel real relaxed Following this meeting, some Potawatomi began to leave Michigan and travel west to settle north of Green Bay in here. I today’s Door County. guess that In Wisconsin, the prevalence of Potawatomi occupation is seen in dozens of town and city names. was is just the known as “me na nen,” (meaning “to take away”) Mequon was “mi kwen” (meaning “feather”) and Wauwatosa was Potawatomi “wa wa te si,” (meaning “firefly”). Other Potawatomi settlements centered on today’s cities such as Waukesha, in me.” Wauwatosa, Kenosha, Oconomowoc, Mukwonago, Kewaunee, Mishicot, Manitowoc and others, all derived from the . (Viola Sakiestewa) In a similar fashion, when phonetic spelling was used but not standardized, the Potawatomi were first written down as “Pouteautamie” (1670), “Poutovatamis” (1688), “Poutervatamis” (1763), “Poutowattomie” (1766), “Pootewatomis” (1813), and finally as “” by the US Land Office in 1835.

By 1695, southeastern Wisconsin had become a very welcoming home for many tribes, and the area around Milwaukee, with its three rivers, became a new center of farming and fur trading. Soon, the French would set up another fur trading post in what is today downtown Milwaukee. Since the French had learned the Algonquin language and could converse easily with the Potawatomi, relations were very good for over a century. But rivalry over the fur trade and the problem of European diseases began to take a toll in the 1700s.

The 1700s – Asset Theft and Extraction The eighteenth century proved to be a time of growing problems. Disease, specifically smallpox, began to take a larger toll, as did a series of disastrous wars. The Potawatomi began to suffer from a rivalry with the Fox Indians who controlled the waters of the Fox River and Lake Winnebago, which were adjacent to many Potawatomi villages. Allying themselves with the French, the Potawatomi helped to defeat the Fox in a series of battles between 1712 and 1716, often called the “Fox Wars.”

In the same decade, many of the Algonquin tribes, like the Potawatomi, had to choose sides between the rival French (their traditional friends) and the British forces that were fighting for control of North America. Not surprisingly, the

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Potawatomi chose to fight alongside the French and even took part in battles against the British near Fort Pitt (present Pittsburgh) in what became called “the ,” which lasted from 1756 to 1763. “It wasn’t easy for Lillian Tragically, the French lost the war and began to pull their forces and their fur traders out of North America after the growing up as Treaty of 1763. Since the British had not become fluent in the Algonquin language as the French had, there were an Indian…She many misunderstandings and hostilities. Furthermore, the British did not extend credit from one season to the next has always on furs and were much stingier in pricing goods. It is also reported that the British strongly resented the Native Americans who had sided with the French against them and intentionally gave them blankets infected with been proud of smallpox. who she is, and she tells Fighting on the losing side brought many consequences and retributions from the British. However, when the choice her came again just twelve years later, Native Americans chose the British against the colonists in the American grandchildren Revolution that began in 1775. and great- The Potawatomi had sided with the British against the Americans and after the new Treaty of 1783, they found grandchildren themselves left in land which stretched west to the Mississippi, now owned entirely by the new United States. The to do the subsequent pressure to give up land to settlers pushing west was the force that spelled disaster by the early 1800s. same. Be proud.” The 1800s – Asset Theft and Extraction Following the defeat of the Indians in Ohio at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1795, the and an (Lillian Kelty) additional series of treaties between 1801 and 1805 forced many tribes to cede all of Ohio to the Americans. Pushing farther westward after these defeats, many more Potawatomi came to Wisconsin, although their total

numbers were diminishing.

The last major stand against European encroachment occurred in 1811, when Tecumseh organized an alliance to attack settlers and forts in Michigan and Indiana; many of the Potawatomi joined but were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek in 1811 under the leadership of General William Henry Harrison. This battle preceded the , when the British were forced to withdraw from the Midwest, leaving the Potawatomi and other tribes in the hands of the Americans, who simply wanted their land.

This defeat began a chain of bad treaties, land cessions, and removals that would continue throughout the 1800s. The first of these in Wisconsin territory took place at Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi River in 1825, where a few of Wisconsin’s Potawatomi took part in a treaty to cede land on the Mississippi to incoming farmers and lead miners who were settling Wisconsin from west to east. Angry over the treaty, some Potawatomi protested claiming that those who sold the land were not the same Potawatomi to whom the lands had been guaranteed in an earlier 1816 treaty.

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In 1830, President Andrew Jackson succeeded in passing a bill called the Indian Removal Act whereby all Indians still living east of the Mississippi River were ordered to be removed west. In September of 1833, the US government “The Great proceeded with the removal treaty commencing at Chicago. The treaty proceedings continued for many days due to Spirit is reluctance to its terms by tribal representatives and further delay due to some having to travel great distances to there. If you Chicago. The treaty stipulated that the tribe would agree to relinquish their claim to approximately five million acres believe in along the western shore of Lake Michigan. him, he One of these forced removals was in 1838 of the St. Joseph River Band of Potawatomi in Indiana. Accounts of this shall fulfill indicate that all warriors were confined to leg irons and chains, crammed into wagons, and were not allowed to relieve your wish.” themselves until the end of each day’s journey westward. With five to six burial details every morning, this became

(Ned Daniels Sr.) known as The Potawatomi Trail of Death.

Late 1800s to 1900s – Asset Management As the removal period began, a group of Potawatomi from the Milwaukee and Sheboygan area decided to remain rather than be removed from traditional homelands. The Forest County Potawatomi Community, as we know it today, is made up of the many small bands that broke off from the main tribe during the removal period and refused to move west of the Mississippi River.

The land in Forest County was paid for with money promised by treaty and was made available for the purpose of land acquisition in 1913. It was land that had been already ravaged and cut over by the big logging companies. The land was considered allotted land, meaning that it was put into individual ownership. Under the federal government’s allocation process most people were granted forty acres of land. There was a stipulation that it would be under government trust status for a period of 25 years, meaning that the allotters would not get title to the land for that period.

Just before the end of that 25-year period, the government passed the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The act specified that in order to gain the benefits of this legislation and be recognized as tribal governments, the tribes would have to give up their traditional leadership and organize a representative type of government, a majority- elected leadership. It also mandated that the land would be held in trust status, in perpetuity (or forever).

In 1936, the Forest County Potawatomi organized under this act and thereby saved their land against further alienation and gained reservation status. These lands are located near Crandon and Wabeno, Wisconsin, in Forest County, with some additional land in Marinette and Oconto counties. Today, there are approximately 17,000 acres all together with new lands being purchased. There were also a number of Potawatomi people living in the Wabeno area on homestead lands prior to the land acquisition through the efforts of Rev. Erik Olsen Morstad.

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In 1894, Rev. Erik O. Morstad of the Evangelical Lutheran church mission, for many years missionary to the “Wally would Wisconsin Potawatomi, wrote that he and his family “moved with the band led by Chief Charles Kisheck (spring of help his 1894) from the vicinity of Wittenberg, to take up homesteads under the special Indian Homestead Act of July 4, grandfather 1884 allowing Indians to make entries and after five years residence prove up free of cost when patent in trust get ash logs would be issued to them free of taxes for twenty-five years. A few Potawatomi families moved with them. They for making settled on scattered forties, mostly in Forest County, but also along Peshtigo River in Marinette County and some baskets to few in Oconto County. Chief Kisheck settled on two forties on the Peshtigo River, in Marinette County. In a short time there were about thirty such homesteads taken by members of the tribe. They had before been living at sell… These different places in this timbered north land, without title to the land though they had log huts in villages, made were some clearings, raised hay for their ponies, and raised Indian corn, beans and potatoes. Every spring even to this day common they tap maple trees and make a good supply of maple sugar. They are the most industrious Indians I have ever ways for known. Charles Kisheck died February 5, 1914. He was an interesting man. He was born at Manitowoc about tribal people 1840. The band wants an industrial school of their own.” to make money in The Potawatomi have been in an amazing dynamic period of development and management for the last few decades. They continue to distinguish themselves as diplomatic and determined leaders across all business these days.” settings. (Wally Earl Ritchie) Today – Asset Control Even with all the accomplishments of the Tribe, inner conflicts arise when people who are interested in conservation and the traditional use of the their land, water and other resources feel they don’t have control to exercise, control and co-manage these resources.

The explosion of growth and the reliance on external manpower can effectuate a lack of institutional knowledge about the history of federal Indian policy and the limits and powers granted under Indian Law.

In turn, this leaves asset management without a device to build a strong legal framework of recommendations and policies that ensure the continuation of living lives in accordance with Potawatomi beliefs and in fact contributes very little to a sustainable community of future generation leaders. Having an asset based framework and effective sustainable indicators to measure progress is one way of ensuring tribal sustainability. It also creates an environment of accountability where everyone is responsible for achieving results.

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TIMELINE OF POTAWATOMI HISTORY In the beginning, the Neshnabek (Original People) settled along the shores of the great salt water (Atlantic Ocean), “I walked near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. into town about five 1,000 Years Ago  Movement began towards the Great Lakes. miles every 1500’S  Near Saulte Ste. Marie, the Neshnabek split into three groups - the Ojibwe (Keepers of the Faith), the Odawa day to (Keepers of the Trade), and the Bodewadmi (Keepers of the Fire). This relationship is known as the Three Fires Confederacy. The Potawatomi moved towards south western Michigan. work.

Everybody 1634  First encounter with Europeans: the French explorer Jean Nicolet visits the Potawatomi near Red Banks (Green Bay, WI). did that.” As strong allies of Nouvelle France, the Potawatomi control the fur trade in the Western Great Lakes. 17th and 18th  (Rose Century Patterson) 1763  Proclamation of 1763 creates a boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. West of the boundary was to be exclusively , with no European settlers allowed.

1789-1867  In 43 treaties, the Potawatomi were forced by the US Government to cede all their lands between Wisconsin and Ohio.  From 1803-09 several treaties, including the Treaty of Fort Wayne eroded the Potawatomi land base in Illinois and Indiana.  In 1830 the Indian Removal Act narrowly passed and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.  In the 1833 Chicago treaty, the largest land cession contained 5 million acres. Last of the Potawatomi lands east of the Mississippi ceded to U.S. government.

1838  After the signing of the 1833 treaty, most Potawatomi were forcibly removed west. This march became known as the "Potawatomi Trail of Death".  Some Potawatomis hid in Wisconsin while others dispersed and sought refuge in groups in Canada, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, Michigan, Indiana and Mexico.

1848  Large scale lumbering begins in the north woods when Wisconsin becomes a state.

1851  Simon Kahquados, last known Chief of the Wisconsin Potawatomi is born at Black Earth Village in Kewaunee County.

After 1871  Congress or the secretary of the interior could recognize tribes, but generally were not interested in doing so, because the goal was to destroy tribes and remove tribal land from trust status.

1880’s  Lutheran missionaries at Wittenberg helped some Potawatomi get homesteads but most of this land was lost.

1890's  The Reverend Eric Morstad assists several strolling Potawatomi families near Wabeno, WI homesteads under the Indian Homestead act of 1884.

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“The times 1899  Wisconsin led the world in lumber production she enjoyed 1903  The Federal Government is petitioned by Potawatomi for Federal Recognition. and remembered 1907  W.M. Wooster, B.I.A Special Agent conducts census and reports 1,972 Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians. the most  All merchantable lumber has been cut over or destroyed by fire. was the time 1910 she spent 1913  Act of June 30, 1913, 38 Stat 77, 102 Congress appropriated $150,000 from Potawatomi annuity funds ‘for the purchase of allotments for the individual members, the title of such land to be taken into trust. with her  Only lands for Administrative purposes are to be communal. grandmother  Through the efforts of Charles Kishek and Reverend Eric Morstad, 11,786 acres of land spread over 4 counties is purchased using treaty monies. to make  General Allotment Act of the United States provided for the issuance of patents that could not be sold or mortgaged by the allotted for 25 years. Secretary of the Interior could make the discretion to withhold moccasins allotments from individuals or lift restrictions by issuing ‘certificates of competency’. and other  The lands are to be situated in organized school districts and to be purchased in bodies of not more than one section, which said bodies shall not adjoin each other. stuff.”  Timber resource is exported and used in the development of Chicago, Milwaukee, etc.  In 1913, Congress recognized them as a tribe and assigned them a 14,500-acre reservation. Bne shi kwe 1914-1918  Though exempt from the draft because they were not considered U.S. citizens, tribal members volunteered meaning “bird for service and fought in World War I. woman” 1921  Depression Era (Clara Schingeck) 1924  Native Americans are granted U.S. Citizenship by act of Congress.

1929  Surrounding jurisdictions attempt to end cutover era and diversify the land economy. Replanting begins. CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp) helps the Tribe with reseeding.

1930  From 1904 to 1930, there were an average of 2,500 fires burning half a million acres of timberland in Wisconsin each year (Saetre 1983). 45-95% of the ten northernmost counties consisted of cutover land lying idle.  Simon Kahquados, said to be the last known Chief of the Wisconsin Potawatomi, dies at the home of William Tahwa near Blackwell at the age of 75.  They adopted an IRA government in the 1930’s. 1934  The Indian Reorganization Act or Wheeler-Howard Act is signed into law.

1937  The Potawatomi Tribe is reorganized under the Act of 1934 and officially become the Forest County Potawatomi Community. Tribe adopts a new constitution.  Tribe had to define membership as part of IRA & lost membership on reservation and lost members on allotments. 1938  Ben Ellick becomes first Tribal Chairman.  All lands purchased under the Act of June 23, 1913 are declared to be Community land, and all tentative selection heretofore made in severalty are declared to be of no force or effect.

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1940s  Many of the men are gone to war. “We don’t  Racial tension is high with surrounding localities stemming from the tax status of the Tribe. deserve  Social oppression becomes more apparent as the termination era gains momentum respect, we 1950s  BIA controlled all the money coming into the Tribe. Tribe’s annual budget was 4 to 5 hundred dollars. need to  Relocation and Urbanization of members seeking work after the war  Main transportation corridor highways outside of tribal land that connected the checkerboard reservation earn our begin to get paved. respect 1960s  Tribal homes still lack electricity. Surrounding areas are run off electricity generated by sawmills, not grid. from  Positive change begins with Red Power Movement and the Indian Civil Right Act of 1968 others, 1970s  People began migrating home with education helping to manage resources. including  Trails turned to roads to get electricity power line through. our  It takes 6-7 years to bring electricity to the first HUD homes.  Resource prospecting happens on Tribal lands by outsiders without Tribal consult or knowledge. elders.”  Mining comes to area and is located at Headwaters

 Historic Dance Bowl at Devils Lake completed. (Walter 1976  Amer. Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 ends hundreds of years of ban on cultural and spiritual practice Shepard) 1980  Enrollment update from 1936 to 1980

1981  Wisconsin Potawatomi receive payment for treaty cession of 1833  Money is set aside for Elders and economic development  After 7-10 years in operation, the logging co-op enterprise fails 1982  Tribe adopts a new constitution on July 14, 1982.  Separation of powers opens up.  General Council continues to not establish quorum

1988  Forest County Potawatomi lands granted "reservation" status . National Indian Gaming Act (N.I.G.A.) passed.

1990  15.6 acres of land purchased in Milwaukee's Valley.

1991  Potawatomi Bingo opens in Milwaukee, Wis.

1992  Forest County Potawatomi and State of Wisconsin sign gaming compact agreement.  Forest Growth

1993  First Potawatomi Gathering in Canada, hosted by the Canadian band of Potawatomi.

1994  Tribal Court established on reservation.

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Mid 1990s  New housing is made available. “When  Casino is built.  A number of Tribal departments are established. you go to  638 Forest Management an elder’s  Air monitoring & Class 1 application  320 acres of former dairy land purchased in Blackwell for Red Deer Ranch operation. house for  Forest County Potawatomi Health and Wellness Center opens. help or  Kim Wensaut, tribal member, establishes first tribal newspaper called, the Potawatomi Traveling Times, a bi- monthly newspaper about the events of the Forest County Potawatomi Community. advice,  Forest County Potawatomi Youth Recreation Center Opens.  Carter Convenience Store/gas station opens you bring  Forest County Potawatomi Tribal Museum officially opens with permanent exhibit entitled, People of the Three them Fires. tobacco.” 1997  Tribe purchases Omni Bingo contract and gains full control of the operation and management of Potawatomi Bingo Casino. Gawtagizhek meaning “all 1999  Gaming compact amendments signed. Tribe gains approval to expand its Class III gaming. Potawatomi around the Community agrees to pay $13 million in annual revenue to State of Wisconsin, Milwaukee County and to the City of Milwaukee. sky”  FCPC Foundation is created with 5 year, $3 million commitment to the Milwaukee-area charitable (Sidney organizations. Steven Daniels Sr.) 2000s  New Potawatomi Bingo Casino opens  Creation of the Potawatomi Business Development Corporation  Class I Air redesignation, and TAS – Treatment in same manner as a State  The Forest County Potawatomi and Sokaogon Chippewa communities purchase former proposed Crandon Mine Site ending 20+ years of controversy.  Data Center is built  Milwaukee Biomass Project  Milwaukee Parking Lot Structure  Milwaukee Hotel  Stone Lake Convenience Store/Gas station is opened  Concordia campus renovated  Assisted Living addition completed and named “The Caring Place”  Insurance Building  Health issues still prevalent  New Day Care at Stone Lake  New Head start Bus Garage  New Pow wow Grounds (Ka Kēw Sē Gathering Grounds – named after Billy Daniels, Sr.)  Tribal Historic Preservation office is established

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CHAPTER III CULTURAL ASSETS

IDENTITY

LAND OWNERSHIP

LAND ACQUISITION

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

COMMUNICATION

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“We protect and CULTURAL ASSETS preserve our land, our traditional Our culture is defined as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, values, and our belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capacities and habits acquired cultural heritage by man as a member of society”. 2 In other words, culture is a patterned way in such a of life shared by a group of people. Culture encompasses all that human manner as to beings have and do to produce, relate to each other and adapt to the physical leave a legacy environment. It includes agreed-upon principles of human existence (values, for future 3 generations.” norms and sanctions) as well as techniques of survival (technology). Culture is also that aspect of our existence which makes us similar to some people, (Land Use yet different from the majority of the people in the world… it is the way of life Committee) common to a group of people, a collection of beliefs and attitudes, shared understandings and patterns of behavior that allow those people to live together in relative harmony, but set them apart from other peoples.4

2 Tylor (1871),1. (UNICEF/NYHQ1993-1860/Charton) 3 Rossi (1980). (UNICEF/NYHQ1993-1860/Charton) 4 Friedl and Pfeiffer (1977), 283-284. (UNICEF/NYHQ1993-1860/Charton)

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“Potawatomi The Value of Culture belief system and the link Cultural awareness should continue to be the core of resource between past and future management. Its primary purpose is to ensure our cultural perspectives generations are incorporated into every aspect of resource management practices and depends on to protect culturally sensitive and significant resources from adverse two things; management. ability to obtain the requisite Cultural Vision natural resources for We have rich culture based on our spiritual relationship and unique cultural practices from knowledge of the land and natural resources. We define our form of a ‘clean’ governance, customary laws and norms according to our worldview, environment beliefs, values and customs. Our land, resources and cultural heritage are and the collective assets to be passed on, kept alive, protected and preserved for knowledge required to future generations of Forest County Potawatomi. prepare them in the Assets Asset Managers prescribe fashion.” IDENTITY Agricultural Lands Dept. Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (An excerpt from an Museum and Library application to the LAND OWNERSHIP Language and Culture Department National Register of Historic Places) LAND ACQUISITION

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

COMMUNICATION FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 45

Community Preferences5

 93% Want to ensure sustainability of history, culture and language programs.  92% Want to identify and protect historical and cultural sites.  91% Want to increase history, culture and language presence in all resource areas.  88% Want to see working farms producing plants (e.g., grains, vegetables)  87% Want to protect good and prime farmland soils  87% Want the availability of local fruits and vegetables in the FCP community  83% Support Community Gardens  81% Want art and entertainment amenities  80% Support working farms producing animals for food and food products (e.g., cows, chickens, red deer)  76% Want to see a booth/stall for selling cultural art or food  71% Support community centers in each community (Blackwell, Carter, Stone Lake)  51% Support the preservation of stone walls, old barns, pastures

Cultural Capacity Building

The principles identified for the cultural assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that will maintain and grow FCPC’s rich culture. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the cultural assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Create awareness, opportunities and infrastructure that cultivate identity through history, customs, language and sovereignty  Retain and control historical/cultural sites  Utilize cultural expression through art  Utilize social organization and cultural network to promote quality of life  Create strategies that advance cultural sustenance and aesthetic values  Protect historical and cultural resources

5 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 46

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.  Plan projects and ensure they are implemented in a manner that assists and enhances natural environmental/ecological/cultural processes.  Support the continuation and restoration of Potawatomi language, cultural practices, and ceremonies as part of the integrated resource management strategies and activities.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.  Support and foster a working relationship with other Tribal programs necessary to implement the goals and objectives of the integrated resource management plan. Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

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Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.  Work with tribal departments and other agencies and organizations to monitor resource management activities to ensure preservation and protection of cultural resources.  Work with tribal departments, tribal community, tribal leadership, and others to educate in the understanding of cultural resource management principals.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

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Current Conditions

IDENTITY “You have to know A community’s identity is defined by its purpose, personality, beliefs and governance. The traditional pre-modern tribal who you society involved a shared vision. The community identity was understood to be inseparable from the individual's place are.” in a rigid and hierarchical social structure and system of values. This was a collective system. In modern tribal society, these forms of identity and community may not be as evident, even though they still exist. Without a visible shared (Hartford framework for communicating the beliefs and values which orders life and defines identity, we could be left with a Wabsi series of fragments that lack the context which gave them significance. Tribal society would then dissolve into a mass Shegonee) of individuals each pursuing their own and subjective ends. This modern individual is only possible within a certain kind of civilization; it takes a long development of certain institutions and practices to produce, form, and create this type of modern individual. We must continue to address the culmination of threats to our identity in order to strengthen our sense of self.

The task at hand is to keep awareness of this To help make our existing or potential strengths more visible, which of the following should contribute to the uniqueness of trend and to ensure a governing and regulatory our community? system that will build capacity. One that will provide and maintain a healthy, predictable environment, carry out the economic and social Potawatomi Culture 157 objectives of the Tribe while reflecting the Recycling 126 Tribe’s culture. In turn, this will foster an History 124 environment to increase Tribal member Recreational & scenic assets 110 participation by focusing on the obligations as Renewable Energy Sources 109 Seeing solar panels well as the rights of Tribal members. There is 106 Participation of its members 105 no choice in this matter if the Tribe is to endure More energy saving requirements 99 as a Tribal Society. Sense of Community (Belonging) 90 Agriculture/Food Sovereignty 82 These were the Tribal Member responses in the Energy efficient businesses 70 community survey to help make existing or Diverse Community Culture 69 potential identity strengths more visible, and Building appearance design 65 that could contribute to the uniqueness of our Technology 65 community. Community Art Theme 63 Volunteerism opportunities 62 Rural Forested Characteristics 60 Seeing wind turbines 52 Regional Logging History 44 Community Composting 41 Other 18 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

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Today’s Clans Social System Loon – mank The clan system is a social order group within a larger group. Each clan has its own special symbol. These symbols are animal based. Clan identity has certain roles and Otter – gdede “I got to responsibilities. The individual is identified and established through his or her roles in the Fish – gi go meet people world, as a family member, clan, tribe, and nation. These were inherent parts of self. It Beaver – mek from plays an important part in inter-tribal relations, and marriages. Today, the clan remains an important part of Potawatomi identity. Moose – mooze different Wolf – mo ewe walks of life. Gken ma ne gin gdo dãm Crane – zego It helped me Do you know your clan? Mink – gnep skwē when I came back to tribal Marten – wbezhashi government. Today there are sixteen (16) clans identified Rabbit – wa boso Number of Clans I got to within the Forest County Potawatomi Band of Bullhead – wasi Potawatomi. There may be more clans in experience Thunderbird – tthi gwe other bands of Potawatomi. There are 9 bands what’s on the nemki that make up the Potawatomi Tribe today. other side.” 16 Eagle – keniw / mgesh  The Citizens Potawatomi Nation wash/ peshkno  Forest County Potawatomi Community Ne gon sa kwe Present Timberwolf – me ingen meaning “leading 42  Hannahville Potawatomi Community Bear – mko woman” 1700's  Nottawaseppi Huron Band of (Arlene Alloway) 1640's Potawatomi Weasel – shgwes 12  Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish-Band  Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation  Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians  Walpole Island First Nation  0 50

Participation Listening and understanding is a way to create trust and enhance relationships. Creating transparent ways for Tribal members to measure performance on sustainability efforts and methods for safe dialogue is a way to create an environment that is engaging. Linking performance to effective meaningful indicators show how quickly and effective response is to community issues.

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“My ma used Customs and Traditions to make “The Forest County Potawatomi Community have a holistic meaning of cultural resources and therefore for the purposes of this resource management plan they are broadly defined as historic and pre-contact archaeological sites, bread buildings and structures, travel routes, material culture items, oral traditions, language, sacred landscapes and outside, she objects, social institutions, social practices, beliefs, religious practices, intellectual property, traditional cultural would put it properties, and natural resources – water, air, wildlife, plants, minerals – and their use. These cultural resources may in this cast consist of land, water, and air, and the associated vegetation and landforms, or they may also have other physical iron kettle, evidence left by humans, and they can be tied to persons, places, events, or practices of tribal customs and stand it next traditional skills. Landscape cultural features include gathering areas, fishing and hunting areas, wild rice beds, to the fire, maple sugar bushes, and springs. Cultural sites may take many different forms such as traditional and modern put ashes cemeteries, cultural (pow wow) activity sites, gathering areas, fishing and hunting areas, maple sugar bushes, 6 around the springs, wild rice beds.” bottom and Which cultural activities do you like to participate in? let it cook, Culture is practiced through the customs that was Gathering 121 and traditions in art, manners, dress, Traditions 113 good.” food, beliefs, values and knowledge of Language 111 intellectual achievement that are regarded Beading 102 Wa bmi ko Spiritual Activites 101 meaning “four collectively. Social endeavors provide an Food 99 spirits looking opportunity to share the feeling of Regalia Making 85 down on us” satisfaction from these expressions which Art 82 (Mary Jane creates pride. Tribal members were asked Story Telling 81 Thunder) Music & Dance 78 in the community survey which cultural Gardening 77 activities they like to participate in Clothing 76 (starting with the most selected). 7 Tanning Hides 75 Drumming 74 Plant Gathering 73 Jewelry 66 Singing 64 Other 12 0 50 100 150

6 FCP Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (Melissa Cook) 7 FCP Community Survey (2012) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 51

Food FCP Adult 2010 Survey “We were Cultural food plays an important role in identity. Food historically came Reasons for Not Eating Adequate never directly from the environment in which we lived. Although the gathering, Amounts of Fruits and Vegetables hungry; the hunting, cultivation and preparation still plays an important role in the (142 Surveyed) pantry was customs and social interactions of today, the access to some of these foods has become less convenient and in turn effectuates health and Availablity always full. Unknown 32% culture. 30% 45 adults We would 43 adults

pick Spirituality and Beliefs blueberries, Native American spirituality is intimately linked with the environment in raspberries which we live. Central to the belief system is that all creation has a Dislike and Time to spirit. Religion is the specific practice of rituals to enforce beliefs. There Taste Prepare 8% blackberries are several religion types within the Forest County Potawatomi Cost 18% 11 adults to can. “ Community. 12% 26 adults 17 adults

Osh bok meaning Traditional means of achieving family honor and personal well-being can disintegrate and disappear because of a “mountain” (Sarah Jessepe) variety of factors that cause people to lose touch with important traditions, rituals, and values. The disconnection can lead to unhealthy and unsafe behaviors that alienate people from their usual forms of coping and behavioral expectations. Some of these behaviors include substance abuse, violent and self-destructive behavior and suicide.

When Adult FCP Tribal Members were asked questions about their mental health and substance abuse, they reported the following:

• 36% (46 out of 128) have depression. • 33% (42 out of 128) have an alcohol problem. • 25% (30 out of 121) have had emotional problems. • 20% (25 out of 125) abuse drugs. • 18% (28 out of 153) have needed support for feeling lonely. • 11% (16 out of 145) have had suicidal thoughts during difficult times. 8

8 FCP CHA 2012 FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 52

LAND OWNERSHIP Under the Act of June 30, Under the Act of June 30, 1913, Potawatomi lands, (11,786 acres) were acquired by federal purchase. Despite the 1913, fact that the purchased lands were recognized and administered as Indian lands, the deeds for these lands were Potawatomi placed in the name of the United States Government rather than being placed in the Tribe’s name and held in trust lands, by the federal government. This administrative error was corrected in 1987 with the enactment of Senate Bill 1602 (11,786 which declared that the previously purchased lands to be the Reservation of the Forest County Potawatomi acres) were Community of Wisconsin. Today the land is held under the following forms of ownership. acquired by federal Proclaimed Reservation purchase. A reservation is a specific area of land which has been reserved, set aside or acquired for occupancy and use by a federally recognized tribe.

Tribal Trust Land owned by the tribe, the title to which is held in trust by the U.S government.

Individual Homestead Homestead lands were lands given to individual members of the tribe. The tribal members were given deeds or restricted land patents by the federal government.

Fee Lands- Lands purchased by the tribe from private entities. This ownership encompasses restricted or unrestricted status.

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LAND ACQUISITION Every acquisition Every acquisition should have the highest value for the Tribe. should have The following criteria serve as a tool to assure a deliberate process for preliminary evaluation, not as a means the highest for determining desirability with mathematical certainty. value for the Tribe 1. The land includes sites that are sacred, or of great cultural significance to the Tribe. 2. The land is contiguous with existing trust land owned by the Tribe. 3. The land lies within a corridor that will eventually connect isolated pieces of trust land owned by the Tribe. 4. The land is suitable for Tribal member housing. 5. The land is suitable for other uses that will significantly enhance the health, safety or welfare of tribal members. 6. The land is valuable for business development or as an income-producing investment opportunity. 7. The land, if purchased by others, might be used in a manner that threatens the Tribe’s sovereignty or the health and safety of tribal members. 8. The land is valuable for hunting, fishing, gathering, or other traditional tribal activities. 9. The land has value for recreational purposes for Tribal members. 10. The land can be purchased at or below its fair market value. 11. The land is desirable for other reasons. 12. The land could be swapped for land which meets certain criteria.

Every property that is approved for further consideration will undergo a due diligence review and follow the steps outlined in the Forest County Potawatomi Land Acquisition Policies and Procedures.

Land Information Distribution Policy The Policy for Land Information Distribution was approved by Executive Council on January 6, 2010. With the goal of fostering better communication and transparency within the Tribe, after real property is acquired by the Tribe through sale, gift or otherwise, Executive Council directs that Relevant Real Estate Information is communicated to the Tribal Administrator who will share the Relevant Real Estate Information is communicated to the Tribal Administrator who will share the Relevant Real Estate Information with the following:

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“The Executive Council adopts this Policy Realty- to inventory, record for future tax bills, and to coordinate with appropriate departments regarding the property. pursuant to

Article V, Land Use Committee- The land use committee should use Relevant Real Estate Information for land use planning Sections 1 (c) purposes and other purposes consistent with the Land Use Committee By-laws, adopted by General Council and 1 (d) of Resolution # 015-97 on November 8, 1997, and subsequent adopted laws or policies. Additionally, the Land Use the Tribe’s Committee has the responsibility for information storage, removal, printing; and sharing the Relevant Real Estate 1982 Information with Tribal members.

Constitution; Property Management- Property Management will add the property information to their data base, including all and pursuant tax and utility information that will need to be handled for the property, inventory the improvements and store any to General keys that may exist for the property. Council resolution Security- to add the property to their patrols. adopted at a special Utilities- to monitor and maintain the utilities associated with the property Realty meeting held Land Use Finance Committee on June 8, GIS-to add to the Tribal database and mapping. 1967 that Property Planning delegated Maintenance-to ensure that improvements and/or grounds Mng. General keeping are scheduled and maintained. Land Council Cultural-to add to their database and to determine if cultural Information authority to Forestry Security sites are known or likely to exist on the property. Distribution the Executive Policy Council to Natural Resources-to inventory the natural resources on the Natural purchase lands Utilities property. Resources to add to the Tribe’s land Forestry-to inventory and manage the forestry on the property, including lands in Managed Forest Law or other similar programs. Cultural GIS base and to Maintenanc e add lands held Planning-to utilize in planning of current and future needs of in trust for the the Tribe. Tribe.” Finance-to update existing insurance policies, to complete the purchase order process, record for future property tax bills, and to update the assets of the Tribe.

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CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Holding on The Forest County Potawatomi Community is in a dynamic period of development and management. However, to the land the cultural and environmental tenet occurring throughout the Tribe defines this development as “Potawatomi and territory Development.” And a goal of resource management during this time of unprecedented “Potawatomi is Community Development” is to continue to provide balance between community growth and the protection and fundamental preservation of land, ecosystems, wildlife, history, culture, language, natural resources, and cultural resources 9 for of the Tribe.”

sustaining In the face of enormous odds created by the history of asset stripping and attempts to destroy tribal societies, the people we now have to do the hard work to regain control of these assets, and manage the land and the natural and culture. resources to be sure these assets grow, are protected, and will be used in ways that will create economic, social and political security for future generations. Holding on to the land and territory is fundamental for sustaining

the people and culture.

Esh bma dse wen Natural Built Environment Way of Life Environment

Cultural Kik ke mok Landscape Nesh nabek

Earth People

Healthy Holistic Sustainable

9 FCP Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (Melissa Cook) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 56

Our way of life depends on the balance between community growth and the protection and preservation of Our way of land, ecosystems, wildlife, history, culture, language, natural resources, and cultural resources of the Tribe. life depends on the balance between community growth and the protection and preservation of land, ecosystems, wildlife, history, Natural Built culture, Environment Environment language, natural resources, Kik ke mok and cultural Nesh nabek

resources of Earth People the Tribe.

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GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Built Built Environment Environment  Our physical assets are the tools and services that increase our access to information, expand communication and can generate income streams for us. No matter what we want to do or become, it requires more knowledge.

 Our traditions, religions and history state the importance of protecting the natural environment. The earth itself is a living being.

 Cultural awareness should continue to be the core of resource management. Its primary purpose is to ensure our cultural perspectives are incorporated into every aspect of resource management practices and to protect culturally sensitive and significant resources from adverse management.

 A break down in relations can result in the destruction of a system of living. Communication is needed to access and use our social capital through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions and managing conflict. We care for one another.

 Everyone has an important role and responsibility to ensure that we are moving toward our vision of the future. Our Monitoring and Evaluation assets provide information, processes, and tools that aid in decision-making actions and behaviors to assure our resilience.

 Our Institutional Assets attract resources to the community that may provide necessary services we are unable to accomplish on our own. We are not afraid to seek assistance when it will help us to create a viable community in which to live.

 Our Financial Assets are the most liquid form of assets and can be readily used or exchanged to acquire other assets and provide for the wellbeing of individuals and the community. Our services and wealth are integral and fair.

 Our “Political” assets such as sovereign status, tax immunity, and decision making power can create economic opportunities for use and should be treated with honor and integrity. A legitimate governing institution is foundational to self-governance.

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Natural Environment Natural Environment  Our traditions, religions and history state the importance of protecting the natural environment. The earth itself is a living being.

 Cultural awareness should continue to be the core of resource management. Its primary purpose is to ensure our cultural perspectives are incorporated into every aspect of resource management practices and to protect culturally sensitive and significant resources from adverse management.

 A break down in relations can result in the destruction of a system of living. Communication is needed to access and use our social capital through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions and managing conflict. We care for one another.

 Everyone has an important role and responsibility to ensure that we are moving toward our vision of the future. Our Monitoring and Evaluation assets provide information, processes, and tools that aid in decision-making actions and behaviors to assure our resilience.

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“Because the COMMUNICATION stories were told in our Prioritizing creative communication initiatives is essential to the sustainability of culture. It has a changing and own demanding role in all aspects of participation and social interaction. It is the glue that holds a society together. language, History, arts, language and architecture are some of the ways a society communicates its culture. telling them in English, the History The history of oppression and ongoing effects of past federal Indian policies, and other external entities can continue words do not with predictable results if nothing is done to share the knowledge of the true burdens that history has placed on the come out Tribe. This understanding is necessary to allow the reconnection to culture and reconstitute the traditional right.” techniques for managing assets and passing on knowledge to new generations.

Bēmsadek meaning Archiving as well as accessibility is essential to the well-being of the Tribe and future generations. The culture is “something flew by” kept alive by passing on the knowledge and know-how from one generation to the next through various forms of (Harry Shawano) communication.

Language Language is an essential part of identity. Language is a system of symbols, or words arranged to convey meaning, and enables people to communicate either verbally or in writing. It is fundamental to understanding values, beliefs, ideology and other intangible aspects of culture. It enables people to communicate as specific peoples and determines participation, access to knowledge, leadership and depth of understanding.10

True cultural values and meaning can only be conveyed and shared among people that speak, understand and live the Potawatomi language as there is a risk of losing the true meaning in translation from one language to the next. However, the essence of being can still be kept alive through close influences and social interactions.

Arts Art plays an important role in communicating culture and identity. It is a way to share and allow people to think deeply and feel freely about their connection and understanding of what they see. There is an endless list of how art can be used to communicate culture. It is important that all the forms of this type of communication is cultivated and supported to strengthen unity, creativity and the ability to solve problems collectively.

10 UNESCO (2008) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 60

Architecture Materials of construction depended on the environment and reflected the landscape and culture in which it was set. The types of construction were dome shaped birch bark huts of various sizes. Architecture plays an important role in community character and identity and the communication of culture.

Areas of Responsibility Agricultural Lands Dept. The Red Deer Ranch was developed as a way for Museum- The Forest County Potawatomi Cultural Center, Library and the community to invest its gaming dollars and develop a sustainable Museum was primarily created to educate the public with a permanent business. Potawatomi people take great pride in raising their red deer as an exhibit outlining significant historical events and to pass the culture and all-natural product. All parts are used. Tribal members acquire the hides to traditions of the Bodewadmi to the next generations. The core of the brain tan and use it to make their regalia. In 2005, the Ranch Store was museum is our collection of historical and contemporary photographs, opened and carried a complete line of Red Deer Products. Today, the primary audio/video, books, treaties, manuscripts, language material and other focus is on providing venison to tribal elders and for cultural events. memorabilia. Services offered to the community include:  Language and cultural class instruction  Historical photograph reproduction and repair  Native American DVD rental and gift shop sales  4000 library books on the history and culture of the Great Lakes Indians  Tribal newspapers of Wisconsin tribes and Potawatomi bands Research services include:  Archived state and local records  Family charting, maps, etc.

Tribal Historic Preservation Officer- In April of 2011, the Forest County Language and Culture Department- The Language and Culture Potawatomi Community Executive Council established the Tribal Historic Department provide us with a connection to our Potawatomi culture. The Preservation Office. The Forest County Potawatomi Community Tribal Historic elders often tell us that our culture is within the language. The Language and Preservation Office (FCPC THPO) is responsible for the administration of the Culture Program trains and certifies the apprentice to become a Potawatomi Memorandum of Agreement between the Forest County Potawatomi Language/Cultural teacher. Language classes are held at the Stone Lake Community and the National Park Service to carry out the functions of the Preschool for the Blackwell, Wabeno and Carter areas. Family nights with State Historic Preservation Officer pursuant to 101 (d) 2 of the National children are once a month and two field trips are scheduled every year for Historic Preservation Act. The FCPC THPO is also responsible to insure the family and children. The Language and Cultural Program collaborates compliance with other federal, state and tribal laws that apply to the with most of the programs in the Potawatomi organization. preservation and protection of cultural resources significant to the tribe. The Tribe’s THPO also carries out the public education and participation requirements relating to the care and treatment of historic properties significant to the tribe.

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Regulatory

The identification, protection, preservation, and management of cultural resources on federal lands, tribal lands, or federally supported projects are governed primarily by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and Archaeological Resources Preservation Act, and their implementing regulations. These laws apply to any activity or undertaking that involves federal funding, federal license or permit or involves federal lands or tribal lands. Responsibility for insuring compliance with appropriate laws and regulations on Tribal Lands lies with the federal agency issuing the permit for any such activity.

In regard to the resource management plan, compliance with the legal requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act would need to be completed prior to the implementation of any resource management project, activity, or alternative. This involves cultural resource assessment or surveys of the project area to locate any cultural resources. If any cultural resources are within a resource management area or project area, decisions to proceed with project activities or management activities would depend on results of consultation and recommends of the Tribal Executive Council, Historic and Cultural Preservation Review Board, Tribal Historic Preservation Office, or State Historic Preservation Office, as appropriate.

The Forest County Potawatomi Community Tribal Historic Preservation Office (FCPC THPO) is responsible for the administration of the Memorandum of Agreement between the Forest County Potawatomi Community and the National Park Service to carry out the functions of the State Historic Preservation Officer pursuant to 101 (d) 2 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The FCPC THPO is also responsible to insure compliance with other federal, state and tribal laws that apply to the preservation and protection of cultural resources significant to the tribe. The Tribe’s THPO also carries out the public education and participation requirements relating to the care and treatment of historic properties significant to the tribe.

In April of 2011, the Forest County Potawatomi Community Executive Council established the Tribal Historic Preservation Office. By doing so, the Forest County Potawatomi Community sought to preserve, protect, and consider the history, culture, language, and cultural and historic properties and sites of the Potawatomi people. In October of 2011, the Department of Interior and National Park Service approved the plan of the Forest County Potawatomi Community for assuming responsibilities pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act. The Forest County Potawatomi Community became the 125th Tribe to assume historic preservation duties that were previously the responsibility of the State, and became the 9th Tribe in the Wisconsin to establish a tribal historic preservation program.

This effort reflects the increasing awareness and commitment of Forest County Potawatomi leadership to preserve, document and protect tribal culture, heritage, and history, echoing the Tribe’s charge “in building and strengthening its sovereignty” and “providing the Tribe with greater opportunity to protect historic and cultural resources of significance to the Tribe and to exercise greater control over its lands and its activities.” (FCPC Executive Council Resolution 039-2012) This responsibility includes preserving and protecting ancestral burial and sacred sites, protecting and preserving sites of cultural or historic significance to the Potawatomi Tribe, and managing contemporary cultural use sites and materials which are fundamental in the recognition of traditional life ways, values and histories of the Tribe or its people. The

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overall mission of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office is to preserve the cultural framework of the Tribe, as a living part of the tribe’s community life and development in order to maintain the identity of the Forest County Potawatomi Community and its people.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) - The National Historic Preservation Act is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. NHPA was signed into law on October 15, 1966. In 1992, amendments to the Act increased protection for Native American and Native Hawaiian preservation efforts.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) - The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act was passed on November 16, 1990, and requires federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American cultural items and human remains to their respective peoples.

Archeological Resources Protection Act - The Archeological Resources Protection Act was passed on October 31, 1979, and seeks to protect archaeological resources and sites which are on public lands and Indian lands, and to foster increased cooperation and exchange of information between governmental authorities, the professional archaeological community, and private individuals.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - The American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed on August 11, 1978, and seeks to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent fight of freedom to believe, express and exercise the traditional religions of the American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, and Native Hawaiians, including but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.

Native American Languages Act of 1990-The Act makes it federal policy to promote, protect, and preserve the indigenous languages of the United States.

Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act-The act builds upon the NALA of 1990 and was signed into law in December 2006 and supports creating and funding the following programs: Native American language nests, Native American language survival schools, and Native American language restoration programs.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act- Contains specific provisions that affect Native language education.

Executive Council Resolution #034-95-“find it vitally important to preserve our Language/culture, and do hereby support and encourage Tribal/community members, Native American Employees to attend Potawatomi Language/culture class…” 07/20/1995

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CHAPTER IV. RESOURCES OF THE EARTH

NATURAL ASSETS

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“We protect and NATURAL ASSETS preserve our land, our traditional values, and our Natural Assets include soil, air, water, wetlands, botany, wildlife and forests. cultural heritage As air quality directly influences water quality, and both affect a variety of our in such a manner natural and socio-economic resources, such as wildlife and human health, it is as to leave a legacy for future crucial to optimize every opportunity available to protect our resources and generations.” exercise our sovereign rights.

(Land Use Committee)

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Today, we see what the People Value who have knowledge of coming events, our elders, were trying to Our traditions, religions and history state the importance of tell us in the past. We were told to respect all living things- those protecting the natural environment. The earth itself is a living that soar above us in the sky, being. those that walk or crawl upon the earth, those that belong under Natural Asset Vision water: all of the roots, herbs, trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers. We were cautioned to We are interdependent with our land and natural resources. take only what we need, for the They are the source of our customs and traditions, spirituality, Creator has set these upon Mother Earth for all our use. food, medicine, knowledge, art and materials; our way of life.

Today, we are abusing our Mother Their health is dependent upon us just as we are dependent on Earth. Our air, water and soil are them. polluted. We are told not to eat fish out of certain streams and lakes. Assets Asset Managers I pray to our Creator that we look back so that we may see ahead. GEOLOGY Natural Resources Department

Let us examine our lives so that BIODIVERSITY Air Quality Program we are respectful to our fellow humans and to nature. Let us CLIMATE Water Resource Program respect our children and, above SOILS Botany/Wetlands Program all, let us live our lives in AIR Wildlife Program accordance with our beliefs. WATER Forestry and Land Services Program Let us share our natural resources for the good of our People. Let us VEGETATION AND WETLANDS work for clean air and water and WILDLIFE pray for the courage to stand up FORESTS to those who would abuse our Mother Earth.

Ttha ge na gom ge (So be it) Be mwe tek (James Thunder)

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Community Preferences11

 97% Do not use a burn barrel or open pit to burn all household garbage  82% Do not use a burn barrel or open pit to burn yard waste  76% Do not use a burn barrel or open pit to burn burnable garbage such as food or paper/cardboard  57% Burn wood using a burn barrel or open pit. Air Quality Ordinance  30% Would support a Tribal ordinance to help protect pristine air quality by prohibiting burn piles and or barrels (Campfires would still be allowed).  45% Would support a Tribal ordinance to help protect pristine air quality by allowing burning but restricting the size of the pile and or types of materials allowed to be burned.  25% Would not support either of the Tribal ordinances listed above. Fishing Accessibility to FCPC Water Resources  57% Fish the FCPC Lakes, Rivers, and Streams Excellent Unsure 10% 19%

Where do you prefer to fish? Poor Good/ 10% Adequate 61% Bug Lake 91 Devil's Lake 76 King Lake 36 What species should be Cloud Lake 34 introduced/enhanced? Rivers and Streams 28 Walleye 109 0 20 40 60 80 100 Trout 76 Largemouth Bass 65 Yellow Perch 62 Other Pan Fish 45 Smallmouth Bass 44 Black Crappie 36 Northern Pike 34 Other Species 13 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

11 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 67

 90% Want to maintain the availability of plants with cultural and medicinal value.  56% Do not use FCPC wetlands for resources such as plants, animals and water.  38% Are not sure as to the degree FCP Wetlands (bogs, swamps, and marshes) are accessible. Endangered, Threatened Species  89% Want to protect endangered and threatened wildlife species Invasive Species  87% Want to protect resources against invasive species Reintroduction of Species  79% Would support the re-introduction of species on the reservation and within southern Forest County which have historically occurred within this region. (Species such as: Elk, American Pine Martin, Moose), 21% Do not support the re re-introduction Designated Hunting Areas  62% Agree with establishing designated hunting areas, 20% disagree, 18% are undecided Manage wildlife to maximize populations of all types of wildlife  72% Want to manage wildlife to maximize populations of all types of wildlife (including endangered species and non-hunted species), 6% disagree, 22% undecided Manage wildlife to benefit only game species  44% Agree with managing wildlife to benefit only game species, 28% disagree, 28% undecided Hunting at night  42% Agree with allowing hunting at night, 40% disagree, 18% undecided Wildlife Refuge Areas  66% Would like to set aside wildlife refuge areas, 7% disagree, 27% undecided  94% Support establishing walking trails in areas where wildlife refuge areas would be established  67% Support prohibiting off road vehicle in areas where wildlife refuge areas would be established  66% Support prohibiting land development (i.e. Permanent structures, roads, etc.) in the wildlife areas  52% Support not allowing off-road vehicle use on the lands where wildlife areas are established Wolf hunting  48% Do not believe wolf hunting should be allowed, 27% undecided  25% Believe wolf hunting should be allowed. Regulated or Restricted Wolf Hunting  67% Disagree with allowing hunting of wolves on reservation land with dogs.  64% Disagree with allowing unrestricted, unregulated wolf hunting on FCPC reservation land  45% Agree with allowing no hunting of wolves on FCPC reservation land; exceptions for issues with livestock depredation by wolves, 30% undecided, and 25% disagree  41% Agree with allowing regulated wolf hunting under certain restrictions and require registration of harvested wolves with FCPC Natural Resources, 39% disagree and 20% are undecided.

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 34% Disagree with allowing NO wolf hunting under any circumstances, 34% are undecided , and 32% agree Timber Harvest levels  11% Feel there was too much harvesting-Harvest levels should be reduced.  20% Feel that harvest levels were appropriate.-Harvesting levels should remain approximately the same.  10% Feel there was not enough harvesting-Harvesting levels should be increased.  59% Feel they need more information to form an opinion about harvest levels. Timber Clear cutting  32% Agree with clear cutting only to ensure re-forestation.  24% Disagree with clear cutting regardless of its reasons.  44% Need more information to form an opinion about clear cutting. Forest Management Practices  54% Agree with prescribed fire as a forest management practice, 28% disagree, 18% need more information  39% Agree with using soil types to determine forest management, 5% disagree, 56% need more information  51% Agree with selective harvesting for forest management, 3% disagree, 46% need more information  20% Agree with clear cutting as a forest management practice, 27% disagree, 53% need more information Logging Co-op  44% Agree with the re-establishment of the logging cooperative, 33% undecided, and 23% disagree

Natural Capacity Building

The principles identified for the natural assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that will help maintain and restore processes that enhance ecosystem function and protect FCPC’s rich biodiversity. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the natural assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Retain the pristine air quality  Control our water resources and increase water quality  Retain fish with cultural value  Retain plants with cultural and medicinal value  Adjust management actions as appropriate to increase populations of all types of wildlife including endangered species and non-hunted species  Create a large scale well connected sustainable system of protected areas across the reservation in cooperation with surrounding jurisdictions where possible  Increase species which have historically occurred in this region  Control designated areas for hunting  Control invasive species to protect resources

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 Increase education and information to community on forest management practices such as clear cutting, prescribed fire, soil types and selective harvesting so that harvest levels and clear direction can be determined  Control and regulate pesticide use to reduce negative affects to biodiversity and the environment.  Expand conservation efforts by advancing the understanding of how ecosystems are affected by human-caused change, including habitat loss and fragmentation.  Protect wetlands  Utilize soil conservation methods.

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate, adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.  Create regional water quality protection plans so that existing and future development does not impair physical properties of ground water.  Create regional water quality protection plans to protect surface water in contributing portions of watersheds within regions.  Endangered resources need to be carefully considered during any management plans to avoid incidental take of these sensitive plants and animals.  Create an invasive species management plan.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 70

 Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.  Utilize lake access areas to communicate information on topics such as invasive species, safety, mercury, reporting issues, emergency contacts or any information as appropriate.  Create opportunities to participate or influence the health of surrounding lakes where tribal ownership is limited or non-existent yet are utilized and contribute to landscape health.  Leverage ecosystem restoration initiatives through educational and community involvement opportunities.  Create soil health awareness and homeowners assistance opportunities by identifying and communicating soil damage or risk areas from livestock or runoff or other threats.  Increase participation and coordination to guide population balancing decision making in biodiversity rich areas.  Increase awareness of negative impacts to natural resources due to adverse practices.  Create maps that identify biodiversity rich areas and make recommendations for protection areas so that other management plans can be coordinated for these areas.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.  Develop a Tribal ordinance that will allow burning but restrict the size of the pile and or types of materials allowed to be burned.  Established standards that control wolf hunting on FCPC reservation land.  Establish walking trails and prohibit off road vehicle use and development in wildlife refuge areas.  Increase capacity to evaluate, measure, and mitigate air quality impacts as necessary.  Conduct a risk assessment of impacts to ecosystems by domestic animals running at large that impact wildlife populations mostly through predation.  Conduct a risk assessment to evaluate the likely human health risk and factors driving disease emergence in wildlife.

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Current Conditions “The traditional values of the Forest County Potawatomi GEOLOGY Community teach us to respect all living The geology of the reservation in Forest County things to take only consists of Precambrian crystalline bedrock and what we need from Mother Earth, and to overlying glacial sediment. The Precambrian preserve the air, bedrock is part of the Canadian Shield and water, and soil for consists of a wide variety of igneous and our children. metamorphic rocks. The extreme northwest Reflecting these values, we take part of the county near the Michigan border is leadership creating underlain by metavolcanic and a sustainable and metasedimentary rock and an iron formation. A healthy world. We resolve to reduce significant sulfide deposit of zinc and copper is our own also in the southwestern part of the county, environmental north of Little Sand Lake. Underlying the impacts and to take southeast corner is the Hager porphyry rock steps to remedy the impacts of others. and a quartzite and conglomerate rock upland, We encourage which includes the prominent relief feature of others to do the McCaslin Mountain protruding through the same. We also seek legislative and glacial deposits. Bedrock exposed in other areas policy changes that is typically located in topographic lows protect the surrounded by glaciofluvial deposits, such as environment for all the gneiss outcrop on the south shore of Pine people, including 12 generations to Lake, just northwest of Tribal lands. come. “

(FCPC Environmental Mission Statement- adopted November 20,2008)

12 North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Outdoor Recreation Plan (2007) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 72

Bedrock “We, Potawatomi, The bedrock surface gently slopes to the are fighting southeast over much of the reservation; everyday of our however, because of the significant bedrock lives to keep the relief (as much as 360 feet), bedrock crops environment clean out in the southern and southeastern parts of 13 and not just for the reservation. ourselves but for

all the people here. “

Ka Kēw Sē meaning “forever going” (Billy Daniels)

Elevation Forest County is located entirely in the Northern Highlands physiographic region, which was glaciated during the Pleistocene Age by the Langlade Lobe.

The elevation in the county generally ranges from about 1,800 feet above sea level in the west and northwest to about 1,300 feet in the southeast. The third highest point in the state, Sugar Bush Hill is a drumlin east of Crandon on the reservation lands. It rises about 1,938 feet above sea level. The west end of McCaslin Mountain is about 1,610 feet above sea level.

13 R. A. Lidwin and and J.T. Krohelski, “Hydrology and Water Quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin” (US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91- 4136, 1993). FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 73

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the variations of life found on Earth. This “Development of biological diversity includes ecosystems, organisms, genetic diversity, and cultural diversity. natural resources There is a high level of interdependency among species in an ecosystem, and a reduction of population or loss of should only be one species leads to population changes among other species. An ecosystem, once altered, can take years to undertaken return to a state of balance after a disturbance. Common environmental problems like air pollution, ozone when it doesn’t depletion, invasive species, habitat loss, and global climate change are also serious dangers to the survival of threatened species.14 present any problems Humans have modified 83% of the Earth’s land surface due to land-use. (toxicity, Conversion of land from more natural conditions to less natural conditions is one of the main threats to climate, destroying water, and biological diversity resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation, altering community composition, scenery, or limiting species ranges, restricting animal dispersal and migration and inviting invasion by non-native species. 15 eliminating These in turn affect management of natural resources. species on Areas that contain rare or sensitive habitats can be set aside as protected areas with greater restrictions on uses reservation and activities so that the natural features for which they are set aside endure for future generations. Protected lands) even if areas, in general, are defined as locations which receive protection because of their environmental, cultural or the cost to similar value. The term protected area often refers to a very wide range of land and water management types develop the that have some value for biodiversity and landscape conservation. Designating special areas for protection has natural resource been a cornerstone strategy of biodiversity conservation since times immemorial. 16 is more than it The effectiveness of protected areas for conserving biodiversity is influenced by the surrounding landscape. would otherwise Surrounding land use can threaten the value and effectiveness of protected areas as a conservation tool. These be.” areas are linked to their surroundings by ecological flows and processes that do not exist in isolation. Understanding future land use around protected areas is also crucial to effectively mitigating potential effects of (Anonymous- Community Survey) climate change given that many climate change adaptation strategies call for establishment of corridors to allow for species migration as suitable habitat and environmental conditions shift location.

14 http://telstar.ote.comu.edu/enrion/m3/s5/02biodiversity.shtml 15 Sanderson EW, Jaiteh M, Levy MA, Redford KH, Wannebo AV, et al. (2002) The human footprint and the last of the wild) 16 Dudley, N. (Editor) (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 86pp FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 74

CLIMATE “The most important Winters in Forest County are very cold, and the short summers are fairly Annual Climate thing a warm. The short frost-free period during the summer limits cropping mainly Average High 52°F to forage crops, small grain, and adapted vegetables. Snow covers the person can Average Low 31°F ground much of the time from late fall through early spring. The average have is Average Precipitation 31.4” annual rainfall is approximately 32 inches and is fairly evenly distributed education.” throughout the year; however, the majority occurs during the summer months. The average annual snowfall is

Sha wne gishgok approximately 73.5 inches. The annual mean temperature is approximately 39°F, with the warmest average normal meaning high temperature in July of approximately 75°F and the lowest in January of approximately 19°F. The sun shines 65 “southern sky” percent of daylight hours in summer and 45 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the northwest. Average (Loretta Snow) wind speed is highest, at 12 miles per hour, in spring.17

Climate Change As a result of climate change, Wisconsin’s climate is expected to become warmer and drier, especially in the summer.

18 Wisconsin’s average annual amount of Summary of Wisconsin’s Projected Climate precipitation is not expected to change much, but our summers are expected to become drier as warmer temperatures  Warmer winter and nighttime temperatures increase evaporation and seasonal  Frequent hot summer days, heat waves and dry periods precipitation patterns shift. Winter  Increased frequency and intensity of precipitation precipitation is expected to increase by as  More rainfall during winter and spring much as 30 percent, while summer  Short term variability (weather) and extreme events cannot precipitation may decline by as much as 20 be projected. percent. As the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases with global temperatures and warmer ocean waters, the air will become more humid. When it does rain or snow, it’s likely to be in larger amounts. 19

17 North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Outdoor Recreation Plan (2007) 18 Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts 19 Stephen Wittman. 2008 Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Starting a Public Discussion. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 75

All of these changes mean we can expect an increase in extreme heat waves and more frequent droughts in “Striving to summer. At the same time, severe thunderstorms improve all may double in frequency, increasing the amounts of our people damage caused by heavy rainfall, hail and strong should be a tornadoes. The winter season is likely to be goal!” punctuated with increasingly frequent mid-winter thaws, freezing rains, ice storms, and flooding. We (Anonymous- may expect heavier snowfalls, especially over the Community next few decades, yet the average length of time the Survey) ground stays snow covered and our lakes remain ice covered will shrink with each passing decade.20

A warming and more active climate will add uncertainty and cost to infrastructure. Stormwater systems that were previously developed may be insufficient for handling future storm events if high volume storms become more common. Changes in temperature alone can cause concrete and pavement to expand beyond their specifications, leading to road Annual Average Precipitation Change buckling, pavement softening and cracking. We will likely need to replace roads, and stormwater systems more frequently and the new systems should be designed and built to higher specifications to meet the potential conditions that may emerge in the future.

If conditions become warmer and drier as projected, the current range, density, and type of forest species could be reduced and eventually replaced by plant communities more suitable for that climate.

The diversity of plants and animals is closely related to the state’s historic climate. The pace is faster and the effects are more dramatic than what has happened historically. The concern is that many natural cycles will be so severely impacted that complex ecological relationships will begin to breakdown.

Changes in temperature and the amount of precipitation could affect the length of the growing seasons, crop production, and weed and pest infestations.

20 Stephen Wittman. 2008 Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Starting a Public Discussion. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 76

Changes in temperature or flow rates in trout streams “I believe by could put these resources at risk. Changing weather protecting patterns such as more intense and frequent storms and heat waves can directly affect human health. Climate and change can pose indirect threats through changes in air preserving and water quality and by expanding the ranges of our natural Lyme disease and other pathogens. resources and historic sites are very Increasing frequency and intensity of rain storms could important to increase erosion rates of certain soil types on vulnerable landscapes. our existence

and Warmer temperatures and precipitation changes will preservation likely affect the habitats and migratory patterns of to our lives many types of wildlife. The range and distribution of and living many species will change. 21 conditions.” One of the key ways to deal with climate change is to (Anonymous- prepare a climate change action plan to address both Community Survey) adaptation and mitigation.

21 2010 WICCI FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 77

SOILS

Most of the soils in Forest County formed under forest vegetation, which results in a light-colored soil that has a relatively low content of organic matter. The parent material of the soils in Forest County varies greatly, “When the white sometimes within small areas, depending on how the material was deposited. The parent materials in Forest man came he County are mainly glacial till or glacial mudflow sediment, glacial outwash, and lacustrine deposits, which in took all the places are covered by a thin layer of silty or loamy windblown material. Some of the soils formed in more small animals for recent deposits are of organic material or alluvium. fur, the beaver, Soil properties are important considerations when managing natural resources. To help evaluate soils, the US the wolf and so Soil Conservation Service publishes a Soil Survey Report. The Forest County Soil Survey Report was made on. Then he available in 2003. Soil analysis is currently available by utilizing a GIS application, Soil Data Viewer, created by came back and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. Soil surveys contain an abundance of information on appropriate took all the big site planning in respect to soil suitability and developmental properties by soil type. The soil of the lands within trees. The last or FCPC boundaries is mostly of Kennon and Vilas series and is of poor to fair quality for agriculture; stone is next time he common. comes will be for the rocks or the ground.”

(Frank Thunder)

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Classification of the Soils Soil name Family or higher taxonomic class Argonne Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Fragiorthods Minocqua Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, frigid Typic Endoaquepts Au Gres Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods Mudlake Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Epiaquods Beseman Loamy, mixed, dysic Terric Borosaprists Padus Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplorthods Capitola Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Mollic Epiaqualfs Padwood Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Cathro Loamy, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists Pelissier Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods Croswell Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Pence Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods Cublake Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Rubicon Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods Dawson Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, dysic Terric Sarona Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplorthods Borosaprists Fence Coarse-silty, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Sarwet Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Flink Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Epiaquods Soperton Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Fragiorthods Fordum Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Stambaugh Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Fluvaquents Alfic Haplorthods Gastrow Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Argic Endoaquods Tipler Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Goodman Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplorthods Vanzile Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplorthods Goodwit Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Vilas Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods Kinross Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods Wabeno Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Fragiorthods Laona Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Fragiorthods Whisklake Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Argic Endoaquods Loxley Dysic Typic Borosaprists Worcester Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Argic Endoaquods Lupton Euic Typic Borosaprists Wormet Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods Manitowish Sandy, mixed, frigid Oxyaquic Haplorthods Stambaugh Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplorthods Markey Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists Metonga Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods

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AIR 22

“We, In 1994, the FCPC sought Class I redesignation of the air in and Potawatomi, around the Reservation through the U.S. Environmental Protection are fighting Agency (EPA) as one of several approaches to protect its lands everyday of our from the potential impacts of Exxon’s proposed Crandon Mine. The lives to keep FCPC continued their pursuit of Class I redesignation even after the the threat from the proposed large copper-zinc mine had passed. Committed to protecting their resources and heritage from future environment threats, FCPC persisted for 14 years before EPA finally approved clean and not the redesignation on April 29, 2008. just for ourselves but Class I area designation provides many national parks and for all the wilderness areas, and five tribes including FCPC, with a lower limit on the level of pollution that is allowed in the air people here. “ compared to the remainder of the country that is designated as Class II. This special designation also means that FCPC is notified and provided a copy of air pollution permit applications to review for any new pollution sources Ka Kēw Sē meaning that are proposed within an area that extends a minimum of 100 km (62 miles) outside the Class I area boundary. “forever going” Any concerns that FCPC may have are taken into consideration when the air pollution permit is written by the (Billy Daniels) State (Wisconsin or Michigan).

Class I designation also entitles the Class I area manager to identify sensitive resources that may be in need of greater protections from air quality impacts. These sensitive resources are called Air Quality Related Values (AQRVs) and can include vegetation, soils, water, fish and wildlife, and visibility. Per the 1999 Class I Agreement between FCPC and the State of Wisconsin, the Tribe was responsible for selecting AQRVs for the Reservation. Water Quality and Aquatic Systems was identified in 1999 and in 2012, the Executive Council selected Vegetation and Visibility as additional AQRVs through a resolution. Top scientists in their fields were contracted to develop associated Threshold Effect Levels (TELs) for each of the AQRVs that determine at what level any additional pollution would not be acceptable, and by which a new pollution source could run air pollution models to identify what the impacts of the new source might be on the AQRVs. The State is reviewing the AQRVs and associated TELs and discussions are expected to be completed in 2014.

In support of seeking Class I redesignation, FCPC initiated its air quality monitoring program in 1999 to establish a baseline for air quality on the Reservation and determine the level of air pollution present before mining activity began. An area adjacent to Sugarbush Hill located between Crandon and Laona was selected as the site for FCPC’s

22 A majority of the information provided in this section was supplied by FCP Air Resource Program (Natalene Cummings) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 80

air monitoring station. As one of Wisconsin’s highest points at 1936 feet in elevation, this location provides optimum conditions for the collection of air quality data that represents the FCPC Reservation and the region.

“Let us share Beginning with only two analyzers in 1999, by 2012 the air monitoring program had grown to consist of samplers

the natural and monitors for several air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine

resources for particulates (PM2.5), vaporous mercury, and acid and mercury deposition; in addition to meteorological sensors for the good of wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity and solar radiation. our people. As well as establishing the baseline for air quality and pollutant levels, data collected at the air monitoring station Let us work is used to determine trends in air pollution levels (see table 1) and whether the quality of the air in and around for clean air the FCPC Reservation meets the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established by EPA. While air and water and quality in the region is described as pristine, pollutants from industry located upwind travel large distances, and pray for the have been detected courage to by the analyzers at stand up to the FCPC air those who monitoring station. would abuse Until now, air quality our Mother data collected at FCPC Earth.” indicates that the pollutant levels are Be mwe tek (James Thunder) below the NAAQS and the Reservation is in “attainment” of the pollutant standards. Table 1. Example of the levels of the air pollutant “fine particulate” (PM2.5) collected at FCPC showing the cyclic seasonal rise and fall and gradual decreasing trend between the years 2004 to 2013 (black line) However, as EPA compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (red line). reviews the standards for each pollutant every five years as required by law, many of the standards are being revised and lowered, meaning that areas that were once considered as being in attainment of the standard may now possibly not meet the standard, or be in “non-attainment”. For example, while ozone levels in the region have been hovering below the standard, lowering of the standard for ozone could possibly put the Reservation in non-attainment for ozone in the future. And, the fact that none of the sources of ozone pollution are located on FCPC lands, there responsibility for bringing ozone levels down would rest with the state/s that issue permits to sources located elsewhere in the state. Monitoring for ozone on the Reservation insures that FCPC will know when pollutant

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levels reach a level of concern and discussions with the state permitting agency need to take place to bring those levels down. “Emphasis should be on Lastly, protecting the quality of the air on the Reservation is an important part of natural resource preservation management, and monitoring for air pollutants provides FCPC with valuable data and information that enables and managers and council members to make decisions and take actions that help to protect the health of members conservation and the natural and cultural resources of the Tribe.

with modest In addition to monitoring and reviewing air pollution permits issued by the state/s, the FCPC Air Program, with development help from the Legal Department has been actively involved in providing comments and input on a number of done in an air-related rules and legislation proposed by both federal and state governments, including those related to environmentally mercury and to greenhouse gas emissions (climate change). Submitting comments on proposed rules provides sensitive way.” a voice for the Tribe on national and state air quality issues.

(Anonymous- Community Survey)

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WATER 23

Clean water is essential and important spiritually. “In Potawatomi conception, there is a distinct ethno-geology that “We, you is based upon the idea that underground water sources are linked together in such a way that subterranean streams know, the old connect certain springs and lakes to form an underground labyrinth that at times also provides passage for a ones will tell powerful and malevolent spirit called the ‘Water Keeper’. This is a dangerous spirit, often visualized as a snake or a you about bird snake that drowns people who show disrespect for the water.” (Cleland, C.E, Carlson, R.A, The Elders Speak: Natural that spirit Atlas of Tribal Waters on Reservation and Resources Use by the Forest County Potawatomi Community, 2002) Trust Lands that is in the Stream Miles 17.6 Surface Water water and the Number of Lakes 5.0 The Forest County Potawatomi Community reservation is contained within importance of Acres of Lakes 101.5 three watersheds, those being the Upper Wolf, North Branch Oconto, and Acres of Wetlands 1,698.0 that spirit and the Peshtigo River Watersheds. All of these rivers are afforded special levels life in the of protection under state and federal law. Several of the tributaries for these rivers originate or flow through the water.” reservation, with the majority being high-quality trout waters. Five lakes are either contained within the reservation boundaries or are shared waters with the State of Wisconsin: Bug Lake, Devils Lake, Evergreen Lake, Cloud Was mo gishek (Neuman’s) Lake and King Lake. Furthermore, there are two lakes on FCPC Fee lands; Deep Hole and Leith Lakes. meaning “lightening sky” Surface water resources are threatened INVASIVE PLANTS AND ANIMALS THREATENING WATER BODIES (Clarice Ritchie) by the introduction of invasive aquatic Common Name Scientific Name Present in Present Forest in FCP species that can out-compete native County Waters species. They degrade habitats by Aquatic/Wetland Invasive Plants decreasing biodiversity from having Curly-leaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus Yes Eurasian water milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Yes fewer plant and animal species. Nearby European marsh thistle Cirsium palustre Yes Lakes such as Lake Metonga has Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Yes Narrow-leaf cattail Typha angustifolia Yes Yes infestations of eurasian water-milfoil Oxygen-weed, African elodea Lagarosiphon major Yes (Myriophyllum spicatum), zebra mussel Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Yes Yes (Dreissena polymorpha), and rusty Salvinia species Salvinia spp. Yes Watercress Nasturtium officinale Yes crayfish (Orconectes rusticus). Lake Aquatic Invasive Animals Lucerne contains rainbow smelt. Both Banded mystery snail Viviparus georgianus Yes Bear Lake and Trump Lake both have Chinese mystery snail Cipangopaludina chinensis Yes Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax Yes rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus). Rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus Yes None of these water bodies are located Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Yes Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha Yes

23 A majority of the information provided in this section was supplied by the FCP Water Resource Program (Matt Steinbach) and Division Director (Nate Guldan). FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 83

within FCP Tribal lands but are nearby. Threatened and Endangered Fish Species Common Name Scientific Name State of WI. The previous table consists of invasive species that are a “Rain and Status threat to the FCPC’s water bodies. Some of these plants Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger Threatened spring Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquensnei Endangered may be considered terrestrial but can grow in shallow water water are Blue Sucker Cycleptus elongatus Threatened along lakes and streams (e.g., Purple Loosestrife). Bluntnose Darter Etheostoma chlorosomum Endangered sacred and Crystal Darter Crystallaria asprella Endangered cleanse Water Quality Gilt Darter Percina evides Threatened Goldeye Hiodon alosoides Endangered Mother The impaired waters Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Gravel Chub Erimystax x-punctatus Endangered Earth” Water Act requires states to develop a list of impaired Longear Sunfish Lepomis megalotis Threatened waters, commonly referred to as the “303(d) list.” A water Ozark Minnow Notropis nubilus Threatened Paddlefish Polyodon spathula Threatened Wa bmi ko body is considered impaired if a) the current water quality Pallid Shiner Notropis amnis Endangered meaning “four does not meet the numeric or narrative criteria in a water Pugnose Shiner Notropis anogenus Threatened spirits looking quality standard or b) the designated goals described in Redfin Shiner Lythrurus umbratilis Threatened down on us” River Redhorse Moxostoma carinatum Threatened (Mary Jane Wisconsin Administrative Code are not being achieved. Skipjack Herring Alosa chrysochloris Endangered Thunder) Every two years, states are required to submit a list of Slender Madtom Noturus exilis Endangered Speckled Chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis Threatened impaired waters to EPA for approval. Starhead Topminnow Fundulus dispar Endangered Striped Shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus Endangered The primary difference between Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs) and Exceptional Resource Waters (ERWs) is that ORWs typically do not have any direct point sources discharging pollutants directly to the water. In addition, any pollutant load discharged to an ORW must meet background water quality at all times. Exceptions are made for certain types of discharge situations to ERWs to allow pollutant loads that are greater than background water quality when human health would otherwise be compromised. It must be noted that these water bodies are classified ORWs and ERWs by the State of Wisconsin, and therefore the sections of these water bodies on Forest County Potawatomi Lands are technically not classified as such. Swamp Creek (which drains into Lucerne Lake) is classified as an ORW and is located on FCPC Fee Lands. Spencer Creek and Middle Branch Peshtigo River on FCPC fee lands are classified as ERWs.

On Fee Land water, Deep Hole Lake is listed on the Section 303(d) list due to mercury from atmospheric deposition for not meeting the standards set under the US Clean Water Act. However, mercury levels have been cited as a concern in all lakes.

A huge step toward a long term goal was recognized in December of 2013 when the US EPA posted the Forest County Potawatomi Community Clean Water Act (CWA) 303/401 "Treatment in the Same Manner as a State" or TAS Application for water quality standards on the EPA website for public comment and review. This would grant the community the

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authority to administer water quality standards and certification programs in order to protect water resources on the reservation. “ Spring water is like Groundwater medicine to Groundwater is water that occupies void spaces between soil particles or cracks in the rock below the land surface. It us, it’s clean originates as precipitation that infiltrated into the ground. The type of soil and bedrock that a well is drilled into often out of determines water’s pH, saturation index, and the amount of hardness or alkalinity in water. The type of soil and Mother bedrock in a region also determines how quickly contaminants can reach groundwater. Earth.” Glacial drift aquifers are the major source of groundwater in most of the county. Large yields of groundwater are

available where the thickness of the saturated drift is at least 50 feet. The thickness of the glacial drift over most of Wa bmi ko meaning the county ranges up to about 300 feet. The glacial drift produces well yields ranging from 5 to 1,000 gallons per “four spirits minute. Yields of at least 500 gallons per minute are common. Most high-capacity wells range from 30 to 300 feet in looking down on depth. Precambrian crystalline rock underlying the county is not considered a significant source of water. The us” availability of water from the bedrock is difficult to predict and is probably less than 5 gallons per minute. The glacial (Mary Jane Thunder) drift aquifer above the bedrock is the best source of groundwater. The quality of groundwater in Forest County is generally suitable for most domestic, municipal, and industrial uses, but treatment may be required for special purposes. Local differences in the quality of groundwater are a result of the composition, solubility, and surface area of soil and rock particles through which the water moves and the length of time the water is in contact with these materials. The least mineralized water is from the glacial drift aquifer.24

Susceptibility of groundwater to pollutants is defined here as the ease with which a contaminant can be transported from the land surface to the top of the groundwater called the water table. Many materials that overlie the groundwater offer good protection from contaminants that might be transported by infiltrating waters. The amount of protection offered by the overlying material varies, however, depending on the materials. Thus, in some areas, the overlying soil and bedrock materials allow contaminants to reach the groundwater more easily than in other areas of the state. Groundwater contamination susceptibility in Forest County is “most susceptible” based upon soil characteristics, surficial deposits, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, and type of bedrock.

Many land use activities have the potential to impact the quality of groundwater. A landfill may leach contaminants into the ground that end up contaminating groundwater. Gasoline may leak from an underground storage tank into groundwater. Fertilizers and pesticides can seep into the ground from application on farm fields, golf courses, or lawns. Leaking fluids from cars in junkyards, intentional dumping, or accidental spills of paint, used motor oil, or other chemicals on the ground can result in contaminated groundwater.

24 North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Outdoor Recreation Plan (2007), 8. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 85

Groundwater quality in Forest County is generally good. The aquifer water is principally a calcium magnesium “Water to bicarbonate type that is moderately hard or hard. A high content of iron is a problem in many wells, but it is not a prepare health hazard. However, a 1995 survey by the US Geological Survey found wells in the Stone Lake area tested ritual foods significantly higher in radon than EPA standards. or to mix medicines VEGETATION AND WETLANDS25 must be drawn from Wetlands of Forest County Potawatomi Community provide many ecological benefits for the lands and the people. a specific There are undoubtedly myriad ways to classify plant communities and habitat types on FCPC lands, Wisconsin, and spring, regions much broader in scale, including traditional homelands of the Potawatomi. Regardless of the classification, medicinal understanding the vegetation of an area, that is, the collective plant communities, requires an understanding of the factors that influence plants and their distribution: bedrock geology, glacial geology, climate and microclimate, soils, herbs must and soil processes. In Wisconsin, resulting from these abiotic factors come approximations of two floristic provinces come from divided by a floristic tension zone. In this tension zone, many “northern” species reach their southern limits, and “clean” or similarly, many “southern” species reach their northern limits. The first step grouping plant species into communities undisturbed within these floristic provinces is to identify groups based on the gross appearance of the community: forests, ground. grasslands, and savannas, based on presence, and then abundance of mature trees. Further grouping relies on Unless these floristic composition of dominant trees, shrubs, and understory herbs. From here, we get classifications such as conditions northern mesic forest, northern wet-mesic forest, northern dry-mesic forest, northern sedge meadow, open bog, open are met, the aquatic communities, shrub carr, and many more. There may be transitions between any and all of these 26 spiritual and communities, and the transitions may be abrupt or gradual. FCPC lands contain many of these plant communities, therapeutic and the FCPC people have used plants therein for many generations, and for many purposes. force of the Hardworking wetlands also provide habitat for a wide variety of plants, animals and other organisms. Nearly half of ceremony or our endangered and threatened species rely on wetlands in some way. Forest County is rich with wetlands and we are the medicine very fortunate for this since they are critical to restoring our ground water resources. is lost.” These highly diverse areas perform many indispensable roles in the proper function of the hydrologic cycle and local Nem Ki Kwe ecological systems. In terms of hazard mitigation, they act as water storage devices in times of high water. Like meaning “lady sponges, wetlands are able to absorb excess water and release it back into the watershed slowly, preventing flooding thunder” and minimizing flood damage. As more impermeable surfaces are developed, this excess capacity for water runoff (Mary Daniels) storage becomes increasingly important.

25 The information in this section was provided by the Forest County Potawatomi Wetlands and Botany Program (Ashley Fehrenbach and Mary Bartkowiak) 26 Curtis, 1959 The Vegetation of Wisconsin Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 86

Wetland plants and soils have the capacity to store and filter pollutants ranging from pesticides to animal wastes. Calm wetland waters, with their flat surface and flow characteristics, allow particles of toxins and nutrients to settle “If Mother out of the water column. Plants take up certain nutrients from the water. Other substances can be stored or Earth gets transformed to a less toxic state Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species for Forest County Lands sick, then a within wetlands. As a result, the Common Name Scientific Name State Status lot of that lakes, rivers, and streams are Round-leaved Orchis Amerorchis rotundifolia THR (medicine, cleaner. Putty-root orchid Aplectrum hyemale SC trees, etc.) Wetlands that filter or store Mingan's Moonwort Botrychium minganense SC dies off. sediments or nutrients for extended Little Goblin Moonwort Botrychium mormo END That affects periods may undergo fundamental Blunt-lobe Grape-fern Botrychium oneidense SC her just like changes. Sediments will eventually Rugulose Grape-fern Botychium rugulosum SC us.” fill in wetlands, and nutrients will Fairy Slipper Calypso bulbosa THR eventually modify the vegetation. Livid Sedge Carex livida var. radicaulis SC Ka Kēw Sē Such changes may result in the loss meaning Michaux's Sedge Carex michauxiana THR of this function over time. “forever going” Spreading Woodfern Dryopteris expansa SC (Billy Daniels) Degradation and eradication of wetlands can occur through the use Longstem Water-wort Elatine triandra SC of fill material. This can destroy the Few-flowered Spike-rush Eleocharis quinqueflora SC hydrological function of the site and Downy Willow-herb Epilobium strictum SC open the area to improper Marsh Horsetail Equisetum palustre SC development. American Shoreweed Littorella uniflora var. americana SC

The Clean Water Act and the Rivers Arrow-leaved Sweet-coltsfoot Petasites sagittatus THR and Harbors Act both include Hooker's Orchid Platanthera hookeri SC provisions for wetland protections. Braun's Holly-fern Polystichum braunii THR FCPC works closely with USACE, Algae-like Pondweed Potamogeton confervoides THR (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), and Torrey's Bulrush Scirpus torreyi SC WDNR to ensure projects are Plains Ragwort Senecio indecorus THR properly permitted and designed. Northeastern Bladderwort Utricularia resupinata SC The Forest County Potawatomi Dwarf Huckleberry Vaccinium cespitosum END Community is committed to the Mountain Cranberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus END protection and conservation of endangered, threatened, and special concern species. Recommendations in our environmental assessments take into consideration species guidance documents and conservation action plans in order to promote the continued existence

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“The and avoid incidental take of these species. The surrounding following table contains a list of endangered, threatened, and special concern species that have marshes are been documented by the WDNR's Natural Heritage used by both Inventory in Forest County. the Ojibwe and In-depth surveys of the vegetation on FCPC lands Potawatomi have only just begun, and it is certainly possible to trap, and that future studies will result in more species harvest fish, documentation, especially if the studies are designed with the intent of identifying populations rice, of endangered, threatened, and special concern cranberries, plants. Further study will help us understand more and about the plants and plant communities of FCPC blueberries Each red dot represents a population of an invasive species (i.e. Japanese lands, including any endangered, threatened, and barberry) on FCPC land that has been mapped, measured, and recorded by as well as the invasive species crew. Populations can consist of an individual plant, special concern species. medicines.” several plants, or of plants too numerous to count. Just recently, long term vegetation monitoring Nem Ki Kwe surveys have been initiated and will allow FCPC to detect how plants change over time and possibly what impacts meaning “lady management is having on the land. thunder” (Mary Daniels) There are several mechanical ways to control the spread of invasive species, including mowing, pulling, burning and cutting. Mechanical treatments are most effective when timed to coincide with certain stages in the plants’ growth (i.e. before flowering, immediately after emergence, just prior to fall dieback, etc…).

Fortunately, FCPC lands have not yet seen plant invasions to the magnitude at which certain areas become unusable for gathering or other traditional purposes; however, this does not mean that the invasive species that we have documented should go untreated. In fact, if populations of certain plants (such as European buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, and Japanese knotweed, among others) are left untreated, it is likely that FCPC Tribal members will also notice that certain areas are no longer suitable for gathering foods and medicines.

Rather than accept the degradation of their lands through plant invasion, tribes across the state are choosing to actively control and eradicate these invasive species through mechanical means of pulling and digging and by chemical means such as careful herbicide application. Timely and thorough control, be it mechanical, chemical, or both, can eliminate populations of invasive species and is an important step to maintaining and restoring our native ecosystems.

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WILDLIFE 27 “You always fished and The Potawatomi of Forest County, Wisconsin, like other Native peoples of the world, have a strong connection with hunted for their natural environment. For countless generations and hundreds of years, the Potawatomi people have relied on the natural world around them for medicines and food for survival, and developed close spiritual and cultural more than connections with the land and its wildlife inhabitants. The relationship many native cultures have with wildlife you needed typically surpasses a simple necessity for human survival and transcends into culture, spirituality, and family life. because Many indigenous cultures pass wisdom, spirituality, and traditional ecological knowledge between generations through then you stories of wild creatures and the passage of the seasons. Family groups and kinship are often arranged in clans would go based on symbolic animals. This reverence for the natural world and appreciation of the cycling of life between plant, around and animal, and human has resonated throughout Native American cultures and survives today in the Potawatomi tribe. share it, It is thus imperative to protect wild animals on tribal lands, whether they are game species for sustenance or simply especially a singing frog in the night. with the elders who The Forest County Potawatomi Lands are home to numerous species of wildlife including those of high cultural importance and wild game that provides nourishment to the Potawatomi people. The relatively undisturbed nature of couldn’t several FCPC land tracts also likely fosters many sensitive and at-risk species. In the Fall 2010, the Forest County hunt, you’d Potawatomi Wildlife Resources Program began undertaking an exhaustively comprehensive Biological Diversity give it to Inventory to better document the wildlife species that exist on FCPC lands and build the capacity to manage and them.” conserve biodiversity into the future. Through intensive study and surveys, several thousand records have been collected to date and include several instances of threatened, endangered or rare species. Wa sa geshik meaning Game Species “first light” Several common game species exist in the area, with the most important wild food source for the Potawatomi being (Herb Daniels Sr.) the white-tailed deer. Other important game species include ruffed grouse, black bear, wild turkey, and snowshoe hare. Other species found in and around tribal land include species commonly hunted for their fur resources including beavers, bobcats, coyotes, and muskrat.

Threatened, Endangered and Special Concern Wildlife Species The following tables represent threatened, endangered, and special concern (TESC) wildlife species that exist, or could potentially exist, on or near FCPC lands. This is not a comprehensive list of TESC for the State, but rather those that only could exist within Tribal lands given the Ecological Association with the region and habitat requirements.

27 Information in this section was provided by the FCP Wildlife Resource Program (Heather Stricker) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 89

“Eating deer Threatened, Endangered, and Special Concern Mammals is like a Mammals purifying Common Name Scientific Name WI SGCN Regional Ecological FCPC medicine Status Association Obs.*

because the American Marten Martes americana END Y High No deer eat Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis SC/P N High No certain Cougar Puma concolor SC/N N High No medicine Gray Wolf Canis lupus SC Y High Yes plants which Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus borealis SC/N Y Moderate Yes get into our Eastern Pipistrelle Perimyotis subflavus THR Y Low No bodies when Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus THR Y High Yes we eat the Northern Long-eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis THR/FL Y High Yes

deer.” Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans SC/N Y High No Elk Cervus canadensis SC/P N High Yes Ka Kēw Sē Moose Alces alces SC/P Y Moderate Yes meaning “forever going” Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus SC/P Y High Yes (Billy Daniels) Water Shrew Sorex palustris SC/N Y High No Woodland Jumping Napaeozapus insignis SC/N Y High Yes

Mouse Birds Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens THR Y Moderate Yes

Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii THR Y Low No Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea THR Y Moderate No Kirtland's Warbler Dendroica kirtlandii SC/FL Y Low No Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera SC Y High Yes

Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus END Y Low No Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus THR Y High Yes Snowy Egret Egretta thula END Y Low No

Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis THR Y High Yes

*Documented on FCPC Tribal lands.

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Reptiles and Amphibians Common Name Scientific Name WI SGCN Regional Ecological FCPC “We didn’t Status Association Obs. have a Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii THR Y Low No refrigerator Wood Turtle Glyptemys insculpta THR Y High No Status codes: END = Endangered, THR = Threatened, SC/P = Special Butler's Gartersnake Thamnophis butleri THR Y Low No so we would Concern/Protected, SC/N = Special keep our Eastern Ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus END Y Low No Concern/No Laws (Regulations), SC/FL = deer meat Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis Decline N High Yes Special Concern/Federally Listed, SC/H = Special Concern/Regulated Hunting. and trout in Boreal Chorus Frog Pseudacris maculata -- Y High Yes SGCN indicates Wisconsin’s establishment a really cold Mink Frog Lithobates septentrionalis SC/H Y High Yes as a “Species of Greatest Conservation Need”, and “FCPC Obs.” indicates Northern Cricket Frog Acris crepitans END Y None No spring.” documented presence on FCPC land, Northern Leopard Frog Lithobates pipiens SC/H N Moderate Yes however lack of documentation does not Osh bok meaning Pickerel Frog Lithobates palustris SC/H Y Moderate No necessarily mean the species is absent. “mountain” (Sarah Jessepe) Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus SC/H Y Moderate No Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum SC/H Y High No

Invasive Wildlife Species Scientific Known in Presence FCPC Common Name Name Taxa Wisconsin in N. WI Environmental Damage Obs.

Invasive species Feral Pig Sus scrofa Mammal Yes No Extremely damaging and aggressive No can have dire Rattus Excellent competitor; has already consequences on Norway Rat norvegicus Mammal Yes - 1853 Yes contributed to extinction of several species No the native habitats Wolf/dog hybrids Canis sp. Mammal Yes Yes Can be aggressive towards humans/pets No in which they Streptopelia May displace mourning doves and northern invade. Invasive Ring-neck Dove decaocto Bird Yes – 1998 Yes cardinals No wildlife species Displaces native trumpeter swans and loons; may compete for Mute Swan Cyguns olor Bird Yes – 1958 Yes destroys wild rice beds and habitat Yes the same food, Perdix habitat, and Hungarian Partridge perdix Bird Early 1900s No Competitor of native prairie grouse No territory as native Sturnus Nest parasite – may displace flickers and sap European Starling vulgaris Bird Late 1800s Yes suckers. Yes species, Agrilus Extremely damaging to ash trees – found in diminishing the Emerald Ash Borer planipennis Insect No No surrounding states No habitat quality and Asian Longhorn Anaplophora Attacks and kills hardwoods; found in habitat available. Beetle nobilis Insect No No Illinois, Ontario and New York No Invasive insect Porthetria pests Gypsy Moth dispar Insect Yes Yes Defoliates and kills deciduous forests No

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can destroy entire forests or ecosystems and cause massive environmental, economic, and cultural damage. There “If we drink are several invasive species that have become commonplace and have been established for centuries – these species something are not listed. Those that still cause significant damage or pose a new threat to Wisconsin ecosystems are described. bad, then maybe it FORESTS affects our “Tribal forests are reservoirs of vast ecological, historical, cultural, economic and social wealth. Throughout the hair; it quits Forest County Potawatomi history, forests have provided for the necessities of life and have played a primary role in growing, supporting the people who have lived here. The forests of the Potawatomi are dynamic, living systems that change maybe we with the human demands placed on them as well as through natural occurrences such as succession, severe weather lose our hair. events, fire (natural and human caused), insect infestations, and The same disease.”28 goes for Forests enhance the natural beauty of the environment, provide Mother Earth, food and shelter for wildlife, serve as a buffer to protect lakes from because storm water runoff carrying pollutants, provide recreational Mother Earth, opportunities and are an integral part of the economic health of the when she area. The forests are also a source for many cultural practices. grows the trees, and Forests encompass approximately 89% of Forest County Potawatomi lands. They play a key role in the protection of grass, that’s environmentally sensitive areas like steep slopes, wetlands, and her hair, you flood plains. know.” The pre-settlement composition of forestland in the area was a Ka Kēw Sē mixed conifer and deciduous tree species that included white pine, meaning red pine, yellow birch, sugar maple, hemlock, and beech. All “forever going” (Billy Daniels) forests are dynamic, always changing from one stage to another, influenced by natural forces and humans.

28 Murray, Al; Draft FCPC Forest Management Plan

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The forestry and land services program provides forest management of approximately 10,600 acres of tribal trust land and approximately 4,000 acres of forested fee land. The forests are managed to maintain forest growth and “In all our health for future generations. All management activity integrates tribal priorities of maintaining special sites, cultural ceremonies uses and natural resource values. All management activities provides for protection and enhancement opportunities we still use for wildlife habitat, soils, water resources, wetlands, and with respect to maintaining Tribal member use of their the elements… lands. Tribal policies and federal laws require detailed reviews prior to forestry project advancement to insure all Sugar water resources are protected and/or enhanced. Forest management activities include vegetation management, forest from the trees development, forest inventory and planning, and forest protection. is used. It’s

spiritual Vegetation Management Treatments water” (to provide proper space and light for tree species) Tree Species Tolerance Light requirements Management (Josie Daniels) Treatments Aspen , White Birch Shade Intolerant Total sunlight Clear cutting Oak , White Pine Mid-Tolerant High amounts of sunlight Shelter wood cutting Intolerant to heavy shade Sugar maple, Hemlock, Shade tolerant 70-80% Shade on the Selective harvesting Basswood ground

Vegetation Management Treatments Vegetation management includes forestry treatments including timber harvesting and pre-commercial thinning. These treatments reduce tree densities in the forest to provide adequate space, light, nutrients and water to provide for healthy tree growth and the natural establishment of new generations of tree seedlings for the future. Each tree species has its own set of requirements for space, light, nutrients and water to provide for healthy growth and seedling establishment. Nutrient and water availability are defined by the soil types in an area which cannot be controlled or manipulated. These trees require treatments such as clear cutting to provide the proper conditions. Timber sales are the primary vegetation management tool utilized.

Foresters utilize vegetation management treatments to provide the proper amount of space and light for the tree species present. Some tree species such as aspen and white birch known as, shade intolerant species require total sunlight to thrive and regenerate. Shade intolerant species require treatments such as clear-cutting to provide the proper conditions. Some tree species such as oak and white pine, known as mid-tolerant species, require higher amounts of sunlight but are intolerant of heavy shade. Mid-tolerant species require treatments known as shelter wood cutting. Some species such as sugar maple, hemlock, and basswood, known as shade tolerant species, do best with 70-80% shade on the ground. Shade tolerant species do best with selective harvesting. Foresters utilize soil types and site conditions to determine what tree species to manage for in each area.

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As commercial timber sales, the trees and products removed in a treatment also generate income to the Tribe “Sometimes through sales of stumpage, create employment opportunities, and provide raw materials for forest industries in the winter throughout the world. Although not a priority, the standing monetary value of the timber resource on Tribal lands on our way to exceeds $24 million dollars. Timber sales provide a way to maintain and improve growth on this asset, a way to the school retain high quality trees, and a way to capture value from products that the forest produce. Each year bus, we had approximately 540 acres of timber harvesting treatments create approximately $200,000 in revenue for the Tribe. to walk through the Forest Development Forest development includes non-economic forestry practices to improve tree regeneration and quality. Practices swamp. We such as tree planting, timber stand improvement, and direct seeding are part of forest development carried out as used to hunt part of the forestry program. When natural regeneration of the forest is not sufficient or when desired tree species and snare are in danger of loss from competition, forest development practices are completed to manage for the desired tree rabbits in that species. swamp.” Through conversations with Tribal members, the forestry department has identified culturally utilized tree species (LaVera Dolly Phillips) which are not as common as once known. These tree species include red oak, white pine, white birch, white cedar, and hemlock. In an effort to re-establish these species on the landscape for future generations, the forestry department has established areas where seedlings have been planted to provide future seed sources. As of April 2014, planting of culturally utilized tree species have been established in 6 locations across the reservation.

Culturally utilized tree species which have been established on the land and are in danger of loss from competition from other species are preserved through cutting of competing stems. These projects include cutting of competition from around white birch, white pine, white cedar, hemlock, and red oak seedlings and saplings. As of April 2014, timber stand improvement projects to release culturally sensitive tree species have been completed on 3 locations across the reservation.

Forest Monitoring, Inventory and Planning Monitoring the health of the forest lands is a major portion of the forestry program. This monitoring is completed through two separate inventories including the stand examination and the continuous forest inventory.

Stand exam data is collected on roughly a 10 year cycle where data is collected in each stand. A stand is an area of the forest with similar tree compositions, size, and ages. Over 8,000 acres of stand examination has been completed between 2008 and 2014. An additional 3,200 acres are scheduled between 2014 and 2015. Each time a new property is acquired; the forestry department makes an initial visit to the property and creates a rough map of

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the stands within the area to allow those properties to be included into forest activity planning. Stand exam data is “Her father tracked with surface cover data and mapping within the Tribal GIS system. used to cut The continuous forest inventory or CFI is a more detailed inventory that is utilized to track forest health and pulp and growth over time. Permanent plots are established across Tribal lands with white number markings to identify other wood to trees. Each 10 years the trees within established plots are individually measured to establish growth rates, sell. He was a mortality rates, and volume growth across all stands. This data is critical to estimation of volumes and monitoring very hard of growth and mortality, with over 50 years of data in the file. CFI re-measurement was completed under contract worker; her in 2008 with final data being calculated by the BIA. When completed, this data will be utilized to create a harvest mother used schedule that will ultimately result in a new forest management plan. to help him Beginning in 2008 the forestry department created photo points across Tribal lands, in conjunction with the stand work in the exam inventory. These plots will create a photo record of how the forest appears with GPS locations. When woods. They complete there will be over 800 plots that Tribal members will be able to utilize for comparison into the future. logged with horses back Forest Protection then.” The forestry department monitors the forest lands for pests such as insects and disease. Much of the monitoring is completed by visual inspection, being out in the forest. Current insect threats to the forest include Emerald Ash Ga ges nok meaning Borer (EAB), Gypsy Moth, and Spruce Bud Worm; however these threats are ever changing. Each year the forestry “lightening that department deploys EAB traps which are purple, to track if and when EAB will reach Tribal lands. Insect data is lasts a long time” used to plan timber projects to capture value when loss is pending from insect infestations. (Elizabeth Daniels) Invasive plant species are currently becoming more common on Tribal lands. These species will replace many natural plants and have severe negative effects on the forest. The forestry department tries to identify invasive species location to prevent the spread and limit the impacts of these plants on the forest.

Under the community wildfire prevention program a survey of wildfire danger ratings and fuel loads has been completed around all tribal homes and developments. Through this survey, areas have been identified for completion of Wildland Urban Interface projects that will include fuel reduction and planning as funding may become available. Forestry staff maintains qualifications as Wildland Firefighters and some actively participate in wildfire response teams on fires across the Nation through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Future plans are to expand the fire program to increase the number of available firefighters and establish internal capabilities to provide wildfire response and the ability to utilize prescribed fires to benefit cultural plants, berry production, wildlife habitat and forest regeneration that may naturally thrive following fires on the landscape.

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The hazard tree program has completed a detailed inventory of hazard trees around all Tribal homes, dependent “A yearly upon the willingness of the owner, as well at Tribal buildings. Through this project over 2300 hazard trees were tradition for identified with a recommendation by the department for removal of all to improve the safety of the homeowners, my family was families and the public. This data provided support for the department purchasing equipment to address hazard making maple trees. A new skid steer with multiple attachments, a used tree and brush chipper, and a used chip truck were syrup. I only purchased in 2009 to allow for this work to be completed by the department. In 2009 the Executive Council collected it provided direction for removal of all hazard trees on the inventory that were near Tribal elder homes, of which the department completed the removals in 2009-2010. At that time the Executive Council also provided a letter and (the sap) and free use cutting permit to all non-elder Tribal member homeowners which provided direction for removal of put it in a designated trees at the homeowner’s cost and provided the authority for homeowners to remove hazard trees. As pan.” directed by the Executive Council, wood from these projects is retained by the department, some of the cost of

Na gan wedek hazard tree removals is recovered by the department by marketing of the wood and wood chips to sawmills and meaning paper mills. Under this program, only a portion of the cost is recovered by product sale, however, safety of people “ear noise” and property in and near developments is improved as a service to the Tribe. (Max Kezick) Clearing of trees from home lots, buildings, roadways or other projects by request of Tribal members or other Tribal programs has become an additional service provided by the Forestry department since completion of equipment acquisition in 2012. Through this program, forestry captures the value of trees removed from development sites. Under prior methods, construction contractors received the trees and products as part of their contract, with no recovery of value by the Tribe. In addition, the Tribe paid the cost of tree top removal. Under the clearing program forestry utilizes forestry equipment and staff to complete tree removals on clearing projects based upon capabilities, this reduces project costs. Wood and wood chips produced from these projects are marketed to sawmills and paper mills to recover some of the program costs. Under this program majorities of the cost are recovered by product sale, in some cases, depending upon project size and location, there is a profit from these projects. Portions of all wood produced from forestry projects is provided as firewood for Tribal ceremonies and the Tribal sugarbush, portions are sold to Tribal members in pulpwood length for firewood. Wood chips are utilized for Tribal landscaping projects and some are available for delivery to Tribal members by request.

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Areas of Responsibility

Natural Resources Department-The Forest County Potawatomi Natural Air Quality Program –The FCPC Air Quality Program was established to Resources Department has the mission to follow the guidance established by support the Tribe’s application for Class I designation of the “airshed” over the Tribal Constitution “to conserve and develop our common resources and to and around the FCPC Reservation. The Preliminary Air Quality promote the welfare of ourselves and our descendants”. This is accomplished Management Plan incorporated in FCPC’s Class I application to the US through research, documentation, education, outreach, and compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1994 directed the air program to environmental regulations. This protection and care of the earth and her people conduct “inventories of flora, fauna, soil characterization information, water should occur through the integration of western science and the traditional resource information, and air quality data” and determine their existing ecological knowledge of the Potawatomi people. The health and integrity of the status. Furthermore, the plan directed the program to identify AQRVs for land and all its components cannot be separated from the health and continued the Tribe and evaluate the effects of air pollution on Air Quality Related existence of the Potawatomi people. Values (AQRVs), including; determining exposure to, and impacts on, AQRVs from air pollution emissions from existing and proposed new The Forest County Potawatomi Community’s Natural Resources Department is sources. an interdisciplinary department which integrates closely related program areas, including an Air Resources Program, Water Resources Program, Solid Waste In the years that have followed, baselines were established for air and Program, Botany/Wetlands Program, and Wildlife Resources Program, all water quality through the establishment of rigorous, quality controlled assisted by the administrative assistant. monitoring and data collection activities beginning in 2002. A Wildlife Program was initiated in 2010, and a Botany program in 2012, in part develop inventories of fauna and flora. Those studies continue.

In 2012, the Executive Council selected Vegetation and Visibility as additional AQRVs through resolution to the existing Water Quality and Aquatic Systems AQRV, and top scientists in their fields were contracted to develop Threshold Effect Levels (TELs) for each of the AQRVs. Per the Class I Agreement with the State of Wisconsin, the State is reviewing the AQRVs and associated TELs and discussions are expected to be completed in 2015.

The Air Quality Program currently consists of two full time staff; a Program Manager who oversees the air monitoring program and reviews data, manages tribal and grant funds and prepares reports documenting accomplishments and issues, collaborates with the State/s on Class I and air pollution permitting issues, and tracts the introduction of, and revisions to, state and federal air pollution regulations and codes; and an Air Quality Specialist who is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the air monitoring site and equipment in accordance with protocols and guidance provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency.

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Water Resource Program-The Water Resources Program began Botany/Wetlands Program-The Botany and Wetlands Program has monitoring programs to inventory water resources and gather data to establish the mission to conserve, protect and enhance the plant and wetland baseline information. These efforts included the establishment of monthly resources of Forest County Potawatomi lands. Ecosystems such as wetlands water sampling of reservation lakes and streams, ground water monitoring at and the plant species therein sustain wildlife, purify our air and water and the FCPC water treatment lagoons, and biological surveys of plants, fish, and play an integral role in the health and culture of the Potawatomi macroinvertebrates. people. By combining modern science with the traditional knowledge of the Tribe, we seek to preserve and develop these plant and wetland resources The Water Program has conducted tissue mercury assessments on each of the so that they may be respectfully used and enjoyed for generations to Reservation lakes to establish safe fish consumption advisories for Tribal come. members, erosion and sediment control projects, dam removals, stream channel crossing improvements, as well as a wetland survey and restoration The Botany and Wetlands Program was new to the Natural Resources project, a pond restoration project and mercury cycling model study on Devils Department in 2012. Currently, there are many projects in the planning Lake. phase, including collaboration with the Wildlife Resources program in an Mission- To protect, manage and improve the wetlands, streams, lakes and intensive biodiversity inventory of plant and animal species on Tribal lands, groundwater located on the FCP reservation. with the Water Resources Program on wetland assessments and restorations and with the Air Resources Program to investigate the effects of air pollution on plant species. We also aim to monitor and manage invasive species, develop habitat improvement projects to benefit endangered, threatened and culturally significant species, involve community members through various outreach and education activities and work in partnership with other departments and organizations to better understand and maintain the plant and wetland resources of FCP lands. Wildlife Program-The Wildlife Program is designed to conserve, protect, Forestry and Land Services Program- The forestry and land monitor and enhance tribal wildlife resources while providing substance harvest services program provides forest management of approximately 10,600 opportunities to FCPC membership. Through ongoing wildlife and habitat acres of tribal trust land and approximately 4,000 acres of forested fee monitoring projects, research, inter-agency cooperation, and sound scientific land. The forests are managed to maintain forest growth and health for management, the Wildlife Resources Program works to ensure ample wildlife future generations. All management activity integrates tribal priorities of resources for future generations. Working with other area tribes as well as maintaining special sites, cultural uses and natural resource values. All state, federal, and university cooperators, NRD’s Wildlife Resources Program management activities provides for protection and enhancement will build capacity for the tribe to manage and maintain its important wildlife opportunities for wildlife habitat, soils, water resources, wetlands, and with populations and provide a baseline for future monitoring programs. We also respect to maintaining Tribal member use of their lands. Tribal policies and strive to serve tribal hunters by maintaining and upholding treaty rights, federal laws require detailed reviews prior to forestry project advancement increase habitat for game species and protect populations of hunted species. to insure all resources are protected and/or enhanced. Forest management We aim to serve the tribal membership through educational and outreach activities include vegetation management, forest development, forest activities, youth programs, and protection of wildlife/wilderness refuge areas. inventory and planning, and forest protection.

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Regulatory

Resolutions relating to the authority of the Natural Resources Department include:

GC-007-88 Adoption of FCPC Tribal Tire Dump Ordinance 05/14/1988

EC-015-92 Approving submission of grant proposal to Establish Environmental Department 05/25/1992

EC-043-92 Approving submission of TAS eligibility for setting water quality standards for the defined area. 12/07/1992

EC-005-93 EC approves the development of the Environmental Impacts Board according to the attached “Declaration of Policy”. 01/19/1993

EC-013-93 Establishment of a FCPC Tribal Waste Tire Recovery Program and apply for state Waste Tire Recovery Program funds. 02/18/1993

GC-013-93 Designation of Devil’s Lake Section for Wilderness and Recreation, 12/04/1993

GC-009-93 Adoption of FCPC Solid Waste Ordinance 12/04/1993

GC-011-93 Requesting EPA Administrator to reclassify FCPC Reservation to a Class I Area, 12/04/1993

GC-012-93 Choosing to base FCPC land management practices on the protection of water resources and cultural sites, not allowing shoreline development, 12/04/1993

EC-017-93 FCPC submits an application for funding from the EPA to fund their environmental program. 03/17/1993

EC-058-93 BIA Litigation support request for FY 94 11/15/93

EC-005-95 Statement of unanimous vote by FCPC General Council to submit proposal to the US EPA requesting Class I Re designation having completed the procedural requirement to hold hearings, 02/10/1995

EC-014-95 Prior to any project that involves impact on lands, an environmental assessment and an archeological survey shall be done. 03/14/1995

EC-041-95 Establishment of FCPC members certified to preform environmental assessments and contamination surveys. 10/02/1995

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EC-045-95 Statement of support of the National Congress of American Indians for FCPC’s request for Class I re designation 10/31/1995

EC-022-96 Submitted a proposal to the BIA Litigation Support program to evaluate the potential impacts to trust resources of the reservation from the proposed Crandon mine. 05/28/96

EC-005-98 Submitting a proposal to the BIA; Litigation support program to evaluate the potential impacts to trust resources of the reservation from the proposed Crandon mining project. 03/02/1998

EC-032-2003 Circle of Flight #CTF55T43467 10/31/2003

EC-029-2008 Wisconsin Tribal Conservation Advisory Council (WTCAC) Appointment Resolution 05/27/2008

EC-044-2008 Bug Lake Boat Landing Contract with Krueger and Steinfest, Inc. 07/30/2008

EC-056-2008 Approval of Tribal Membership in the National Tribal Environmental Council (NTEC) 10/29/2008

EC055-2010 2010 Approval of Tribal Membership in the National Tribal Environmental Council (NTEC) 10/06/2010

Resolutions relating to the air resource program:

GC-011-93 Requesting EPA Administrator to reclassify FCPC Reservation to a Class I Area, 12/04/1993

EC-005-95 Statement of unanimous vote by FCPC General Council to submit proposal to the US EPA requesting Class I Re designation having completed the procedural requirement to hold hearings, 02/10/1995

EC-045-95 Statement of support of the National Congress of American Indians for FCPC’s request for Class I re designation. 10/31/1995

EC-003-2008 Natural Resources Clean Air Act Section 103 MBE/WBE October-December 2007 Resolution 01/30/2008

EC-011-2008 Natural Resources Clean Air Act Section 103 Grant Funds 02/15/2008

EC-012-2008 Natural Resources Submittal of Comment Letter to the WDNR Regarding the Proposed Marshfield Utilities Project in Marshfield, Wisconsin 02/15/2008

EC-034-2008 2008 NADP Acid Deposition Contract 06/20/2008

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EC-035-2008 2008 NADP Mercury Deposition Contract 06/20/2008

EC-037-2008 Natural Resources Treatment In The Same Manner As A State (TAS)-Air, 07/10/2008

EC-052-2008 Natural Resources Submittal Letter To The US EPA Designating the Primary Quality Assurance Organization(PQAO) for Air Monitoring 09/25/2008

EC-029-2009 Treatment in the Same Manner As A State Under The Clean Air Act 07/06/2009

EC-016-2010 Natural Resources Clean Air Act Section 103 Grant Funds 03/04/2010

EC-047-2010 MOU between WDNR and FCPC to Implement FCP Class I Air Redesignation 06/11/2010

EC-057-2011 Designating additional AQRV’s as well as threshold levels to include visibility and night skies, and vegetation. 08/03/2011

EC-015-2014 Addition of Clean Air Act Sections 107(d)(3), 110(a)(2)(D), and 169B to Treatment in the Same Manner as a State Authorization. 03/12/2014

GC-016-2015 Supporting Designation of Air Quality-Related Values and Threshold Effects Levels for Reservation Lands.05/09/2015

EC-028-2016 Approving the Air Monitoring Site Buffer Zone 05/25/2016

Resolutions relating to the botany/wetlands resource program:

EC-009-97 Approve contracting with the BIA in accordance with P.L. 93-638 to perform wetland restoration utilizing the Circle of Funding for FY 97.

Resolutions related to wildlife resource program: EC-002-2006 Supporting the Submission of the US Fish and Wildlife Tribal Wildlife Grant "Closing the Circle: Assessing Culturally Significant Natural Resources..." 02/03/2006

EC-048-2010 Approval of a grant application to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services under the Tribal Wildlife Grants Program to conduct a "Biodiversity Inventory on Potawatomi Lands" 08/17/2010

EC-034-2012 BIA Tribal Management and Development/Circle of Flight Funds 05/10/2012

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EC-054-2015 Approving Otter Creek Conservation Area Designation 12/09/2015

Resolutions relating to the water resource program: EC-043-92 Approving submission of TAS eligibility for setting water quality standards for the defined area.12/07/1992

EC-044-92 Approving submission of TAS eligibility for water pollution control under Section 106 of the Clean Water Act 12/07/1992

GC-012-93 Choosing to base FCPC land management practices on the protection of water resources and cultural sites, not allowing shoreline development. 12/04/1993

GC-013-92 Designation of Devil’s Lake Section for wilderness recreation 12/04/1993

EC008-97 BIA Water Resource Contract modification to include Devil’s Lake and Rat River Watershed Study. 03/18/1997

EC-015-99 BIA #CTF55T43438 Water Resource Contract modification to include scope of work 03/26/1999

EC-013-2000 Funding for Lake Protection and Planning CTF55T43438 07/18/2000

EC-019-2003 BIA to Perform Pond Restoration and Waterfowl Habitat Enhancement in the Stone Lake Area 06/30/2003

EC-022-03 Approve contracting with the BIA in accordance with P.L.93-638 to perform the planimetric mapping project and tribal youth programs utilizing Water Resources Funding from the BIA for FY’04 08/14/2003

EC-026-03 Swan Creek Pond Restoration/Waterfowl Habitat Enhancement and Fish Passage 09/11/2003

EC-06-14-04 BIA to Perform Preliminary Site Investigation Work at Swan Creek 06/14/2004

EC-010-2004 BIA Utilize funds for Water Resources Program 10/19/2004

EC-033-2008 Natural Resources Clean Water Act Section 106 Fiscal Year 2009 Grant Workplan and Application Forms 06/16/2008

GC-015-2015 Treatment-In-Same-Manner-As-A-State Application Clean Water Act Authorities 05/09/2015

Resolutions related to the Forestry program include: GC-036-99 Adopted the FCPC Forest Management Plan (and FONSI) 12/27/1999

EC-021-03 Approve of contracting with the Natural Resources Conservation Service in accordance with P.L. 93-638 to perform forest road improvement and critical area planting. 08/14/2003

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Important laws, regulations and executive orders that affect the Forest Services’ responsibilities to manage traditionally used areas and resources by American Indians in the National Forest include the following:

 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended, (16 U.S.C.470)  Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 as amended (ARPA) (16 U.S.C. 470aa et seq)  American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) of 1978, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1996)  Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) (25 U.S.C.3001)  Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) (43 U.S.C. 1701)  National Forest Management Act of 1976 (NFMA) (16 U.S.C.1701)  National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)  Food, Conservation & Energy Act of 2008 (2008 Farm Bill) (Public Law 110-246, 122 Stat. 1651) Title VIII-Forestry, Subtitle B  Tribal Forest Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-278)  Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RIFRA) (42 U.S.C.2000 bb)  Executive Memorandum (April 29, 1994) Government-to Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments (59 Fed. Reg.22951)  Executive Order 12898 Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (1994)  Executive Order 13007, Indian Sacred Sites (24 May 1996)  Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (November 2000)  43 CFR 10 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation act Regulations  36 CFR 60 National register of Historic Places  36 CFR 63 Determinations of Eligibility for Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places  36 CFR 296 Protection of Archeological Resources  36 CFR 800 Protection of Historic Properties

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CHAPTER V.

RESOURCES OF THE PEOPLE

LEGAL AND POLITICAL ASSETS

SOCIAL ASSETS

FINANCIAL ASSETS

PHYSICAL ASSETS

INSTITUTIONAL ASSETS

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LEGAL AND POLITICAL ASSETS “We protect and

preserve our land, our traditional The legal rights and claims that our community has, that supports the values, and our ownership and control of our assets. cultural heritage in such a manner as to leave a legacy for future generations.”

(Land Use Committee)

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Value

Our “Political” assets, such as sovereign status, tax immunity, and “The Great decision-making power can create economic opportunities for us and Spirit is powerful. He should be treated with honor and integrity. A legitimate governing favors people institution is foundational to self-governance. who are honest and brave and trustworthy.” Legal and Political Vision

(Ned Daniels Sr.) We uphold our unique sovereign powers as an Indian Nation by exercising full legal rights to manage our own affairs, govern ourselves internally, and engage in legal and political relationships. In order to strengthen sovereignty in a responsible manner, we strive to provide sufficient due process and equal protection.

Assets Asset Managers

SOVEREIGNTY Legal Department JURISDICTION Administration Executive Council CONSTITUTION Tribal Court TREATIES Ordinance Department GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE General Council INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

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Community Preferences 29

92% Want increased communication between Leaders and Tribal Members

Self-governance topics of interest.

Tribal housing & land use 121 Elder care/health care 113 Tribal sovereignty 105 Tribal membership/civil rights 100 Language preservation 92 Economic Development (job creation) 81 How reservations deal w/ other… 78 Casino mng. & gaming politics 72 Personnel mng.(hiring,firing) 62 Public budgeting 61 Cultural resource mng./NAGPRA 59 Environmental compliance &… 51 Other 10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

29 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 107

Legal and Political Capacity Building

The principles identified for the legal and political assets in this section will provide a roadmap for an informed and involved citizenry as well as governance. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the legal and political assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Increase communication  Create self-governance education opportunities  Leverage social capital to increase outcomes and desired results  Increase communication about the constitution and the parameters of sovereignty in regards to jurisdiction, access and taxation on ALL Tribal lands.

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

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Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

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Current Conditions

SOVEREIGNTY

“There The first interactions between American Indian nations and the United States followed the pattern set by other European were a lot nations. Indigenous nations were negotiated with as fully, sovereign governments with full jurisdiction over their own of things internal affairs (Satz 1991). As the United States expanded in population and in power, there was increasing pressure for we were more land cessions from indigenous nations for the settlement of European settlers who continued to not immigrate. Indigenous governments began to resist this pressure, and the legal recognition of tribal sovereignty began allowed to to be diminished. From the initial acceptance of indigenous nations as fully sovereign nations, came the decision in do.” Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) that indigenous nations were semi-sovereign, domestic nations with jurisdiction over internal affairs, but in a guardian-ward type relationship with the United States government. (LaVera “Dolly” As the United States grew more powerful and indigenous nations more uncompromising, the federal recognition of tribal Phillips) sovereignty and jurisdiction evolved into a much more narrowly defined right. Moreover, state sovereignty was almost uniformly supported when in conflict with tribal sovereignty (Barsh and Henderson1980).

In 1871, the federal government officially stopped negotiating treaties with indigenous nations for land cessions but instead switched to executive orders. The federal recognition of the right to self-govern was all but extinguished and the Congressional sanction of plenary power on reservation overrode tribal jurisdictional claims. The coercive assimilation policies of the late 1880s and early twentieth century, including the dissolving of tribal governments, the outlawing of spiritual practices, and forcible removal of children to off-reservation boarding schools represented a complete denial of any legal or spiritual standing other than as a conquered people to be uplifted as individuals into the superior cultural and economic practices of the United States (Churchill 1995).

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“Despite our differences, tribal, JURISDICTION state and federal ARTICLE I - TERRITORY AND JURISDICTION (FCPC Constitution) courts share the mission of The territory and jurisdiction of the Forest County Potawatomi Community shall embrace lands purchased by delivering justice. the United States for the occupancy and use of the Wisconsin Potawatomies residing in Wisconsin, and any Justice comes in additional lands acquired by the Federal Government or the Community under any law of the United States, different forms except as otherwise provided by law.

depending on one’s value and culture. Therefore, we must strive to learn from each other and respect the sovereignty and culture of different justice systems. Only in this manner can we achieve peace and harmony for the people we serve.”

(Eugene Whitefish-Chief Judge, FCP Tribal Court)

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CONSTITUTION Eventual re-instatement of tribal governments (in a standard form imposed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs) in 1934 with the Indian Reorganization Act, the recognition of native peoples as legally sovereign with all of its implications “I always was not expanded again until the 1970s, and then, only as a result of concerted tribal advocacy. talked to my grandfathers The constitution of the Forest County Potawatomi Community is made up of thirteen articles: Article I-Territory and Jurisdiction; Article II-Membership; Article III-Governing Body; Article IV-Powers of the General Council; Article V- about things. Powers of the Executive Council; Article VI-Elections; Article VII-Referendum; Article VIII-Vacancies, Removal and They would Recall from Office; Article IX-Duties of Officers; Article X-Executive Council Meetings; Article XI-Rescission of Former tell us Documents; Article XII Amendments and Article XIII-Adoption. anything we wanted to FOREST COUNTY POTAWATOMI TREATIES hear, anything we Year Treaty/Legislation, Executive Effect Notes wanted to Order/Legal Opinion know.” 1789 Treaty with the Wyandot, etc. Agreed to peace & friendship. Also Treaty was made at Ft. Harmar for removing established boundary lines between the all causes of controversy, regulating trade, territory of the United States & lands of the and setting boundaries with the Indian Wa sa geshik Tribes Nations in the Northern Department and meaning “first Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, light” Deleware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Pattawatimia (Herb Daniels Sr.) and Sac Nations. 1795 Treaty at Greenville Treaty of peace, Established boundary lines, Treaty of peace between the United States of August 3, 1795 Relinquished certain tracts of land, Annual and the tribes of Indians called the allowances to tribes established, Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoes, Ottawas, Hunting/gathering allowed in ceded areas, Chippewas, Putawatimis, Miamis, Eel River, Weeas, Kickappos, Piankashawas, and Kashashias. 1803 Treaty of Fort Wayne, Clarified boundaries of tract reserved for Treaty was made with the Delawares, June 7, 1803 United States & the great salt springs of Shawanoes, Putawatimies, Miamies, Eel Saline Creek were ceded to United States. river, Weeas, Kickapoos, Piankashawa, and Kaskaskias nation of Indians. 1805 Treaty of Fort Industry, Further clarified boundary lines established, Treaty was made between the United States July 4, 1803 cession of lands made, annuity stipulated to and the Wyandot, Ottawa, Chippewa, be paid by United States, hunting & fishing Munsee, Deleware, Shawanee and allowed in ceded territories. Pottawatima Nations. 1805 Treaty of Grouseland, Tribes agreed to cede to the United States Treaty was made between the United States, August 21, 1805 land in southern Indiana Delewares, and Pottawatimies. 1807 Treaty of Detroit, Tribes agreed to cede to the United States Treaty was made at Detroit between the November 17, 1807 lands in Michigan and northwestern Ohio. United States, Ottaway, Cheppeway, Annuity payments were established with the Wyandotte, and Pottawatamie Nations. The Tribes, reservations were set aside for Chiefs Pottawatamie now resided on the Huron & Headmen, hunting & fishing rights were River of Lake Erie, the River Raisin, and in agreed upon. the vicinity of said rivers. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 112

1808 Treaty at Brownstown, November 25, Tribes ceded a strip of land for a road from Treaty concluded at Brownstown in the 1808 the foot of the rapids of the Miami River on Territory of Michigan between the United “Do good. Lake Erie, to the western line of the States and Chippewa, Ottawa, Pottawatamie, Astonish Connecticut reserve, and from a point called Wyandot and Shawanoese Nations. Lower Sandusky south to the boundary line the world.” established by the Treaty of Greenville. Hunting/fishing privileges were given on the (Rosalind ceded lands. Kendrick) 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, September 30, Tribes ceded two areas of land in western & Treaty was made between the United States 1809 eastern Indiana. Permanent annuity and the Delawares, Putawatimies, Miamies payments were agreed upon and Eel River Miamies. 1814 Treaty of July 22, 1814 Peace was reestablished with the United Treaty of peace and friendship between the States. This treaty did not contain any United States and the Wyandots, Delawares, provision for a cession of land. Shawanoese, Senecas, and Miamies. 1815 Treaty of July 18, 1815 Peace was reestablished with the United Treaty was made at Portage des States. This treaty did not contain any between the United States and the provisions for a cession of land. Poutawatamie Tribes 1815 Treaty of September 8, 1815 Peace was reestablished with the United Treaty was made at Spring Wells between States. This treaty did not contain any the United States and the Wyandot, provisions for a cession of land. By article 4 Delaware, Seneca, Shawanoe, Miami, of both 1815 treaties, the parties re- Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatimie Tribes. established and confirmed all prior treaties between them. 1816 Treaty of August 24, 1816 Tribes ceded their interest in lands located in Treaty was made between the United States western & northeastern Illinois, annuities and the Ottawa, Chippewa and were paid in goods over a period of twelve Pottowotomees. years and hunting & fishing were permitted in ceded lands 1817 Treaty of September 29, 1817 Treaty was made with the Tribes to acquire The treaty was made and concluded at the the remaining lands in northwestern Ohio & foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, south-central Michigan. Annuities in silver between the United States and the Wyandot, were agreed upon for fifteen years and the Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese, lands were not to be taxed as long as it was Potawatomees, Ottawa and Chippeway held by the Indians. The land was used for Tribes. the University of Michigan. In 1980 some Potawatomi brought suit to establish their rights under this treaty for a free education, but Michigan courts rejected their claim. 1818 Treaty with the Potawatomi of October The Potawatomi ceded approximately 1,550 Treaty was made at St. Mary’s in Eastern 2, 1818 miles of land in the Wabash Valley in western Ohio between the United States and the Indiana and eastern Illinois to the United Potawatomie Nation. States. Perpetual annuities were promised to the Potawatomi. 1821 Treaty of August 29, 1821 The Potawatomi entered into an agreement Treaty was made and concluded at Chicago which they ceded to the United States all between the United States and the Ottawa, their lands in southwestern Michigan & a Chippewa and Pottawatamie Nations. small strip in northern Indiana and that certain tracts were to be used for Indian villages, annuity payments were agreed upon and hunting privileges were given upon ceded

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land. 1825 Treaty of Prairie des Chien, August 19, This treaty sought to establish peace and Treaty with the Sioux, Chippewa, Sacs and 1825 friendship between the United States and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago, and a Tribes. Boundaries between the respective portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and “My Tribes territories were set. It did not result in Potawattomie Tribes. The boundaries a sale or cession of land. defined in this treaty were to a certain extent mother a basis on which the Tribes subsequently established that the United States had would tell recognized the Tribe’s title to certain lands. me ‘you 1826 Treaty with the Potawatomi, The Potawatomi ceded two tracts of land in Treaty was made near the mouth of the October 16, 1826 Indiana to the United States and two strips of Mississinewa, upon the Wabash, in the State ain’t gonna land to be used for a road commencing from of Indiana between the United States and get nothing Lake Michigan to the Wabash River and the Potawatamie Tribe. through Indiana to the Ohio River. It also done in agreed upon annuity payments in money, bed.” goods, and services. It further provided that money paid under this treaty would be paid to persons having claims against the Tribe. Osh bok The treaty also provided for grants of land to meaning individuals named in a schedule attached to “mountain” the treaty. Hunting rights were provided on (Sarah Pemma the ceded land. Jessepe) 1827 Treaty with the Potawatomi September Purpose of this treaty was to consolidate Treaty was made between the United States 19, 1827 some of the dispersed bands of the and the Potawatamie Tribe. In exchange for Potawatomi Tribe in the Territory of Michigan the lands ceded, the United States agreed to and move them as far away as practicable reserve for the use of the Tribe “to be held from the settlements of the whites. The upon the same terms on which Indian treaty then provides for a cession of lands reservations are usually held” specifically which had previously been reserved to the identified parcels of land, to form a Potawatomi by the Treaties of 1807 and continuous reservation and contain 99 1821. sections. 1828 Treaty with the Potawatomi, September Specifically by the treaty of September 20, Treaty was made and concluded at the 20, 1828 1828, the Potawatomi ceded to the United Missionary Establishments upon the St. States land in southwestern Michigan and Joseph of Lake Michigan between the United northern Indiana. Additional annuities were States and the Potowatami Tribe. agreed upon to purchase domestic animals. Education for the Tribe, laborers, tobacco, iron and steel were promised. 1828 Treaty of August 25, 1828 Provisional boundaries between the United Article of agreement between the Winnebago States and Tribes were set, a ferry was Tribe and the United Tribes of Potawatamie, established over Rock River and payments Chippewa, and Ottawa Indians. It was were agreed upon to the Indians for further recognized, in this treaty that the trespasses on their mines. United States would, within the year, seek to acquire a cession of lands from the Tribes having interest in it. 1829 Treaty of July 29, 1829 Under this treaty a substantial area of land in Treaty was made and concluded at Prairie du Illinois and Wisconsin was ceded to the Chien, in the territory of Michigan between United States. The Tribes ceded lands the United States and the United Nations of valuable for lead ore. Annual annuities were the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie agreed upon. United States were to pay Indians.

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claims against the Tribes, survey boundary lines and reserved the Tribes the right to “When the hunt & fish on ceded lands. elders 1832 Treaty of October 20, 1832 United States made land cessions; of this, Treaty was made and concluded at Camp tracts of land for reserves were set aside for Tippecanoe, in the state of Indiana between spoke, we the tribe. Annuities were given. Payment the United States and the Potawatamie listened. If claims against the tribe were held by United Tribe. States. Payments were made for stolen we were horses & permission to hunt/fish on ceded told to do land was granted. 1832 Treaty of October 26, 1832 Chiefs and warriors of the Potawatomi Tribe Treaty was made and concluded on the something, ceded their title and interest of lands in Tippecanoe River in the state of Indiana we did it Indiana, Illinois, and in Territories of Michigan between the United States and the south of the Grand River. Reserves/tracts of Pottawatimie Indians. and didn’t land were given out of the cession. Annuities were agreed upon in goods and education; ask horses were also purchased out of the questions. “ annuities. 1832 Treaty of October 27, 1832 The Potawatomi ceded lands in northern Treaty was made at Chicago in the state of Indiana in exchange for the lands ceded; the Illinois between the Chippewa, Ottawa & Gigyagos United States agreed to establish a series of Potawatomi. meaning reservations in Michigan and Indiana for “little girl” specifically identified chiefs and villages. (Marie Gilligan) Annuities were to be paid in goods and education. 1833 , September 26, 1833 Lands were ceded to the United States and Treaty was made and concluded at Chicago lands west of the Mississippi were established between the United States and the United as reservations for the Potawatomi. Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Annuities were agreed upon and claims Potawatamie Indians. against the Potawatomi were too paid. 1833 Supplemental Article to the Treaty of In supplemental articles to the Treaty of Treaty was made at Chicago between the Chicago, September 27, 1833 Chicago, the Potawatomi agreed to cede United States and the United Nations of lands that had been formerly reserved to the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie Potawatomi of Michigan. The tribes residing Nations. on the reservations ceded agreed to remove from those reservations within three years. 1834 Treaty of December 4, 1834 United States entered into fourteen separate Treaty made and concluded at a camp on treaties with various bands of Potawatomi to Lake Max-ee-nie-kue-kee, in the state of reacquire from them the reservations of land Indiana between the United States and Com- that had been established for those bands in o-za, a Chief of the Potawattimie Tribe and Indiana under the Treaties made on October his band. 20, 26, and 27, 1832. The bands of Potawatomi were given three years to move to new reservation land and annuities were agreed upon. 1834 Treaty of December 10, 1834 Six sections of land were ceded to the United Treaty was made and concluded at a camp States that was reserved to them by the on the Tippecanoe river in the state of second article of the treaty between the Indiana between the United States and Muck United States and the Pottawattamie Indians Rose, a Chief of the Potawattamie Tribe and on the Tippecanoe river. his band.

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1834 Treaty of December 16, 1834 Two sections of land that included their mill Treaty was made and concluded at the on the Tippecanoe river were ceded, Potawattimie mills in the state of Indiana annuities were agreed upon and the Miller between the United States and the was to be discontinued to the tribe. Potawattimie Indians. 1834 Treaty of December 17, 1834 Cessions of land were made by the United Treaty was made and concluded at the States from Chief Mota. His band was given Indian Agency in Logansport, Indiana “Those that three years to move to new reservation land. between the United States and Chief Mota Annuities were agreed upon and to be paid in and his band of Potawattimie. pray goods. 1836 Treaty of March 26, 1836 In a four year period from 1834-1837, the Treaty was made and concluded at a camp in together, United States entered into fourteen treaties Turkey Creek Prairie in the state of Indiana, stay with the various bands of Potawatomi. between the United States and Mes-quaw- Cessions of land were made by the United buck a Chief of the Pottawatamy and his together. States from Chief Mes-quaw-buck. His band band. There’s a lot was given two years to move to new reservation land and annuities were agreed of truth in upon for the move. that!” 1836 Treaty of March 29, 1836 Cessions of land were made by the United Treaty was made and concluded on the States from Wau-ke-wa, Che-cose’s only son Tippecanoe River in the state of Indiana. ,a Pottawatamy chief, and his band. His band Bēmsadek was given two years to move and annuities meaning were agreed upon for the move. “something 1836 Treaty of April 11, 1836 Cessions of land were made by the United Treaty was made and concluded on the States from Pau-koo-shuck and the headman Tippecanoe River in the state of Indiana. flew by” of Aub-ba-naub-ba’s band. They were given (Harry Shawano) two years to move to new reservation land and annuities were agreed for the move. 1836 Treaty of April 22, 1836 United States made land cessions, agreed to Treaty was made and concluded at the annuities and gave the headsman and their Indian Agency in the state of Indiana, bands two years to relocate to new between the United States and headsman of reservation lands. the Potawattimie as follows: O-kah-mause, Kee-waw-nay, Nee-boash, and Mat-chis-jaw. A second treaty of the same content was also made with Nas-waw-kee and Quash- quaw. 1836 Treaty of August 5, 1836 United States made land cessions, agreed to Treaty was made and concluded at a camp annuities and gave the bands two years to near Yellow River, in the state of Illinois, relocate to new reservation land. between the United States and Pe-pin-a- waw, No-taw-kah & Mac-kah-tah-mo-ah, Chiefs and Headsman of the Potawattimie Tribe. 1836 Treaty of September 20, 1836 United States made land cessions, agreed to Treaty was made and concluded at annuities and gave the bands two years to Chippewanaung in the state of Indiana relocate to new reservation lands. between the United States and To-i-sa’s brother Me-mat-way and Che-quaw-ka-ko, Chiefs and Headsman of the Potawattimie Tribe. 1836 Treaty of September 22, 1836 United States made land cession, agreed to Treaty was made and concluded at annuities and gave the bands two years to Chippewanaung in the state of Indiana relocate to new reservation lands. between the United States and Chief Mo-

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sack and his band of Pottawattimie Indians. 1836 Treaty of September 23, 1836 United States made land cessions, agreed to Treaty was made and concluded at annuities and gave the bands two years to Chippewanaung between the United States “My mother relocate to new reservation lands. and the Chief and Headsman of the Pottwattimie Indians of the Wabash. instilled in 1837 Treaty of February 11, 1837 The last of the fourteen treaties was signed in Articles of a treaty concluded in the city of us to try to Washington DC. The Potawatomi signing it Washington DC between the United States gave their assent to the cession of lands and Chee-chaw-kose, Ash-kum Wee-saw or get along made under the treaties of August 5 and Louison, Muck-kose and Qui-qui-to, Chiefs of September 23, 1836 and agreed to a further Potawatomie Tribe of Indians. with people cession of the last of the reservations in around us.” Indiana-that which had been reserved to Qui- qui-to under the Treaty of October 20, 1832. The Potawatomi objected to the Sa-wtthi-gwe reservation established under the amended meaning 1833 Treaty of Chicago. The United States, “yellow in the 1837 treaty, offered the Potawatomi a thunder” different reservation along the Osage River in Kansas. The Potawatomi accepted the offer. (Arnol 1846 Treaty with the Potawatomi Nation, By this treaty the Potawatomi bands agreed Treaty was made and concluded at an Wensaut) June 5th and 17th, 1846 to unify as one nation and reaffirm their agency on the Missouri river, near Council friendship and peace with the United States. Bluffs, between the United States and Lands were ceded from them under prior Pottawatomie on June 5, 1846 and at treaties made with the United States in Pottawatomie Creek, near the Osage River Illinois and Kansas. Annuities were agreed on June 17, 1846. upon and the bands were given two years to relocate. 1861 Treaty with the Potawatomi, November This was an allotment treaty entered into by Articles of a treaty made and concluded at 16, 1861 the Pottawatomie Nation with the United the agency on the Kansas River between the States allotting lands on the reserve set aside United States and Pottawatomie Nation. for the Prairie Band of Potawatomi. The treaty also provided for a census of all members of the Tribe. It also allowed those Potawatomi wishing to hold lands communally to do so. 320 acres was set aside for a Catholic mission school and 320 acres for the Baptist mission. 1864 Treaty with the Chippewa, October 18, This treaty was entered into by the Chippewa The Potawatomi were not a signatory to this 1864 of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River with treaty, but it applied to some Potawatomi (as the United States. It provided for the well as Ottawa and Chippewa) who belonged allotment of Chippewa lands in severalty, the to the bands of which Matayomeig, May-me- purchase of Chippewa lands by a railroad she-gaw-day, Keche-kebe-me-mo-say, and company, the reservation of Chippewa lands Waw-be-maw-ing-gun, who with the communally, the reservation of lands for permission of the Chippewa had moved or missions, schools and a blacksmith, and would relocate to the Isabella Reservation in annual appropriations. the next year. The treaty provided that these Potawatomi shall be entitled to the same rights and privileges to select and hold lands as are contained in the third article of this agreement.

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“There 1866 Treaty with the Potawatomi, 1866 This treaty amended the Treaty with the Articles of agreement concluded at Potawatomi of 1861. It removed the Washington DC. were a lot limitations placed by article 3 of the Treaty of of good 1861, allowing members of the Tribe to elect to become United States citizens and exercise times while full control over their allotted lands. growing 1867 Treaty with the Potawatomi, This treaty was made with the United States Articles of agreement concluded at February 27, 1867 and the Potawatomi Tribe of Indians. It Washington DC. The treaty included a up, but one provided for the purchase of lands in Indian provision stating “all provisions of former territory (now Oklahoma) for the use of the treaties inconsistent with the provisions of that I Potawatomi who chose allotments under the this treaty shall be hereafter null and void. enjoyed 1861 Treaty. It also provided for the creation of a commission to visit Indian territory and the most select lands for the Potawatomi. was the 1890 Agreement of 1890, ratified by Act of The reservation established for the freedom, March 3, 1891 Potawatomi of Oklahoma by the 1867 Treaty freedom to was subsequently allotted and the unalloted lands were sold under an agreement made walk in the with the Potawatomi in 1890, ratified by the Act of March 3, 1891. woods or Late Late 1800’s through 1988 – federal Congress undertook to address the Similar appropriations were made in 1865, to town.” 1800- recognition of the rights of Potawatomi circumstances of the Potawatomi of Wisconsin 1866, and 1867. 1988 in Wisconsin. by statute beginning in the mid 1860’s. Specifically, beginning in 1864, Congress (Elaine appropriated monies to enable the Secretary Shepard) of the Interior to take charge of stray bands of Winnebagos and Potawatomi residing in Wisconsin. 1903 The Wisconsin Potawatomi submitted a memorial to Congress petitioning Congress to pay the Wisconsin Potawatomi their share of the annuities due under the treaties between the Potawatomi and the United States and requesting authorization to purchase land in Wisconsin. 1906 Act of June 6, 1906 Congress directed the Secretary of the The statute further directed the Secretary to Interior to conduct an investigation into the make an enrollment of these Potawatomi status of the Potawatomi Indians of Indians. Wisconsin, as set forth in their 1903 memorial to Congress including a report on their numbers, their proportionate shares of annuities, trust funds, and other monies paid to or expended for the tribe to which they belong, and in which the claimant Indians have not shared, the amount of such money retained in the Treasury to credit of such Indians as required by the 1864 Act, and if such funds have not been so retained, the amount that should be to their credit.

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1908 H.R Doc. No. 830, 60th Cong. The Secretary completed his report and submitted it to Congress in 1908. The “Democracy Secretary provided Congress with information regarding the population of the Potawatomi does not Indians in Wisconsin, as well as information on the annuities due under the Potawatomi stop on treaties. Election 1909 Adjustment of Claims of the Potawatomi A hearing was held before House Committee Congress agreed that the Potawatomi of Indians in Wisconsin on Indian Affairs, with legal and factual Wisconsin were entitled to share in the Day. For a arguments on the reasons why the Wisconsin annuities due under the Potawatomis’ real Potawatomi should be paid their share of treaties with the United States, and further annuities due under the treaties authorized those funds to be used to acquire democracy land for the Wisconsin Potawatomi in to work, and Wisconsin. 1913 Act of June 30, 1913 Congress appropriated monies for the for a society purchase of allotments for the individual members of that portion of the Wisconsin to thrive Band of Potawatomi Indians now residing in and the states of Wisconsin and Michigan 1934 The Forest County Potawatomi Community continually incorporated under the Indian Reorganization improve, it Act. requires that people continue to GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE participate. And there General Council-The General Council is the governing body of the Forest County Potawatomi, comprised of all have to be qualified voters of the Community. Qualified voters are enrolled members of the Community who are at least ¼ degree Potawatomi Indian blood and are eighteen years of age or over. The General Council shall determine the laws in number of qualified voters constituting fifteen percent of the qualified voters of the Community. The number of place to qualified voters so determined shall constitute a quorum for the next annual meeting and all intervening regular and protect that special meetings. The General Council meets on the second Saturday of February, May, August and November of each space and year. Its annual meeting is held at the November meeting. The General Council shall exercise the powers, subject to facilitate any limitation imposed by Federal Law, the Constitution of the United States or by the provisions of the Forest County people’s Potawatomi Constitution. The General Council elects the Executive Council, creates ordinances, adopts resolutions, ability to employs legal counsel, manages property, etc. participate.” (President Barack Obama)

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Executive Council The Executive Council is a constitutionally created body composed of the tribe’s elected officers: chairman, vice-

chairman, secretary, treasurer, and two council members. The duties of the Executive Council are stated in Article V, “The Section 1 of the FCP Constitution of 1982. The duties of council members are enumerated in Article IX of the Constitution. The council’s duties include handling any and all agreements with federal, state, and local governments, opportunities businesses, and individuals. They advise the Secretary of the Interior on all projects that benefit the FCP community. that are here The annual election of those three (3) officers whose terms expire at the Executive Council meeting in November shall now are so be held on the Saturday prior to the regular Executive Council meeting in November. Officers and members of the much greater Executive Council shall be elected for a term of two (2) years or until his or her successor is duly elected and installed. than they The council is charged with managing the economy of the tribe and the administration of all funds from all sources. have ever They develop ordinances and resolutions for the General Council. They develop policies, formulate plans, and set been in the objectives for the betterment of the tribe. They encourage preservation of Potawatomi arts, crafts, traditions, and past and we culture. should use those Administration- The office of our tribal administrator was created by the FCP Executive Council as a means of carrying out their constitutional duty to administer the resources of the tribe. Historically, the tribal chairman opportunities functioned as the tribal administrator. As the resources of the tribe increased and as the enterprises and departments wisely.” became more complex, the administrator's position was created. Was mo gishek The administration department consists of the Tribal Administrator, Assistant to the Administrator, Executive meaning Assistant, and an Administrative Assistant. The administrator reports to the Executive Council and is charged with the “lightening sky” (Clarice Ritchie) day-to-day operation of the departments and the tribal government. The foundational intent of Administration is to insure that the interactions between the departments are guided by best practices in communication, coordination and cooperation in the delivery of services to the Tribal members and customers of the Forest County Potawatomi Community

1.5 Civic Engagement

1 # Eligible Voters 0.5 # Who Voted

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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30 Organization Chart Tribal Court Executive Council

Gaming Enterprises Tribal - PBC Legal Administrator -PCC Executive Assistant

Assistant Tribal Administrative Assistant I Administrator

Financial Health & Wellness Family Services Administrative Enterprise Natural Resources Education & Cultural Services Division Director Division Director Division Director Preservation Director CFO

Deer Ranch Emergency Elderly/Assisted C Store Education Accounting Mgmt. Living Child Support Forestry Early Education Enrollment Natural Health Center Insurance Resources Domestic Purchasing & Violence Warehouse Language Foundation Land

Traveling Economic Museum Grants Times GIS Support Human Resources Solid Waste Recreation ICW Finance/ Investment Maintenance Utilities Child Care

Ordinance Planning Day Care

Housing Security Walking 4 Directions

30 Executive Council approved organization chart (email communication from Administration Department, 2014). FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 121

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

Ultimately, this plan will serve as a guide, recognized as an established and respected planning effort that brings “Cooperation … credibility and formality to the suggestions, requests, and demands of the tribe. it may seem out of reach, This section strives to assess current intergovernmental relationships between the tribe and a variety of local, but with state, and federal entities. Following is a summary of current intergovernmental relationships, plans, and cooperation agreements. and School District determination The Forest County Potawatomi lands are in the school districts of Crandon and Wabeno. The Nicolet Technical we will College, located in Rhinelander, also serves the Potawatomi tribal lands. The tribe has little participation in issues succeed.” pertaining to administration or siting of new facilities. All school and college board meetings are open to the public. Gigyagos meaning “little girl” In 2010, the Forest County Potawatomi entered into a Memorandum of Understanding and Mutual Support with (Marie Gilligan- the Crandon School District and the Sokaogon Chippewa Community. This MOU establishes a framework for Quoted from Native regular meetings and communication, a plan to address disparities in special education placement, growth of Reflections) Native American curriculum and staff training, and additional provisions for issues including funding, discrimination reporting, and recruitment of native teachers.

Towns of Lincoln, Wabeno and Blackwell The Forest County Potawatomi tribal lands lie primarily within the Towns of Lincoln, Wabeno and Blackwell. The towns have a good working relationship with the tribe, frequently partnering on road projects, grants, and so on. These towns are bordered by the City of Crandon; the towns of Crandon, Nashville, Armstrong Creek, and Laona in Forest County; the Town of Townsend in Oconto County; and the Town of Silver Cliff in Marinette County.

Forest County Forest County directly and indirectly provides a number of services to the Forest County Potawatomi. The tribe enjoys a good working relationship with many county departments, including Finance, Highways, Sheriff, Parks, and Zoning.

The County Highway Department maintains and plows the county, state and federal highways within the area. The County Sheriff provides protective services through periodic patrols. The Sheriff also manages the 911- dispatch center, not only for police protection, but also for ambulance/EMS response. The Forestry Department maintains a county park and forest system. The County also provides land records and land and water conservation services.

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In many cases where state and federal agencies require area-wide planning for various programs or regulations, the County sponsors a county-wide planning effort to complete these plans and includes each discrete local unit in the process and resulting final plan. Examples of this include the County Outdoor Recreation plan which maintains the “If you eligibility for WisDNR-administered park and recreation development funding of each local unit that adopts it, and All have a Hazard Mitigation Plans, which are required by FEMA in order for individual local units of government to qualify for belief in certain types of disaster assistance funding. what you want to do, North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission it shall be The North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (NCWRPC) was formed under §60.0309 Wis. Stats. as a voluntary association of governments within a ten-county area. Forest County is a member of the NCWRPC, which fulfilled.” qualifies the Forest County Potawatomi for local planning assistance. Typical functions of the NCWRPC include land use, (Ned Daniels transportation, economic development, intergovernmental, and geographic information systems (GIS) planning and Sr.) services.

State and Federal Government The primary state agencies the tribe deals with regarding resource management include the Department of Natural Resources (WisDNR) and the Department of Transportation (WisDOT). The former is concerned with air, land and water resources, while the latter is involved with transportation and roadway issues. State agencies make a number of grant and aid programs available to local units of government and tribes. As a sovereign government, the Forest County Potawatomi has a very different relationship to the state than most communities. Rather than a hierarchy of agencies where the state has authority to regulate (as it would with a town), the tribe approaches the state as an equal, on a government-to-government basis.

Federal government agencies that the tribe interacts with in its resource management include the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) regarding certain land holdings, and numerous authorities involved with environmental issues, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Management of the tribe’s historic and cultural resources involves collaboration with the National Park Service (NPS). Many of the goals and objectives of this plan will require continued cooperation and coordination with these agencies.

Intergovernmental Programs Wisconsin Statute §66.0301 “Intergovernmental Cooperation” permits local agreements between the state, cities, villages, towns, counties, regional planning commissions, and certain special districts, including school districts, public library systems, public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts, sanitary districts, farm drainage districts, metropolitan sewerage districts, sewer utility districts, Indian tribes or bands, and others.

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Intergovernmental agreements prepared in accordance with §66.0301, formerly §66.30, are the most common forms of agreement and have been used by communities for years, often in the context of sharing public services such as police, fire, or rescue. This type of agreement can also be used to provide for revenue sharing, determine future land use within a subject area, and to set temporary municipal boundaries. However, the statute does not require planning as a component of any agreement, and boundary changes have to be accomplished through the normal annexation process. The tribe operates with the goal of seeking mutually beneficial cooperation with all levels of government.

Areas of Responsibility General Council-The General Council is the governing body of the Forest Executive Council- The Executive Council is a constitutionally created County Potawatomi, comprised of all qualified voters of the Community. The body composed of the tribe’s elected officers: chairman, vice-chairman, General Council elects the Executive Council, creates ordinances, adopts secretary, treasurer, and two council members. The council’s duties include resolutions, employs legal counsel, manages property, etc. handling any and all agreements with federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and individuals. They advise the Secretary of the Interior on all projects that benefit the FCP community. The council is charged with managing the economy of the tribe and the administration of all funds from all sources. They develop ordinances and resolutions for the General Council. They develop policies, formulate plans, and set objectives for the betterment of the tribe. They encourage preservation of Potawatomi arts, crafts, traditions, and culture. Administration Department- The administration department consists of Legal Department- The Legal Department provides in-house legal the Tribal Administrator, Assistant to the Administrator, Executive Assistant, advice and representation to the FCP Community, our executive council, and an Administrative Assistant. The administrator reports to the Executive departments and enterprises created by the tribe. Some of the vast services Council and is charged with the day-to-day operation of the departments and and responsibilities of our in-house attorneys are governmental affairs, the tribal government. The foundational intent of Administration is to insure project development and contract review for the purpose of protecting the that the interactions between the departments are guided by best practices in tribe’s interest in making sure the terms are favorable to the tribe. We also communication, coordination and cooperation in the delivery of services to ensure that there are no waivers of sovereign immunity, environment the Tribal members and customers of the Forest County Potawatomi issues, budgets and compliance. Community Tribal Court-The FCP Tribal Court was established by the FCP General Ordinance Department- The mission of the Ordinance Department is to Council pursuant to the tribe’s constitution in 1994. They serve all FCP tribal research, draft, and amend ordinances that will strengthen your Tribal members and the general public. The court hears cases on a wide variety of sovereignty. The objectives of the Ordinance Department include: topics including small claims, child in need of protective services (CHIPS),  Providing assistance to the Forest County Potawatomi Community guardianships, wage garnishments, child support, employment, and name and departments when an Ordinance is needed changes. Mission- To provide a fair and efficient resolution to all matters in  Holding Public Hearings on all ordinances to seek the Forest County Potawatomi Tribal Members voiced opinions accordance with law, without regard for the status of the parties and  Sending public notifications to inform all Forest County Potawatomi consistent with tribal culture. Tribal court judges and staff will treat all Tribal Members of the pending ordinances individuals with respect and preserve and protect all documents, filings, and  Providing assistance with the Referendum Process pursuant to the other materials entrusted to their care. Election Ordinance  Creating presentations for General Council for agenda topics.

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Regulatory

General Council Resolutions relating to the authority of the Tribal Court include:

GC-007-93 Adoption of FCPC Tribal Court Code, 05/28/1993

American Indian and Alaska Native Policy

Updated January 2012. This Policy was issued in 1998 by then Secretary Cohen and asserts the principles for DoD interacting and working with federally-recognized tribes on a government.-to-government. basis. These principles establish the Department of Defense’s American Indian and Alaska Native Policy for interacting and working with federally-recognized American Indian and Alaska Native governments (a). These principles are based on tribal input, federal policy, treaties, and federal statutes. The DoD policy supports tribal self-governance and government-to-government relations between the federal government and tribes. Although these principles are intended to provide general guidance to DoD Components on issues affecting tribes (b), DoD personnel must consider the unique qualities of individual tribes when applying these principles, particularly at the installation level. These principles recognize the importance of increasing understanding and addressing tribal concerns, past, present, and future. These concerns should be addressed prior to reaching decisions on matters that may have the potential to significantly affect protected tribal resources, tribal rights, or Indian lands.

Executive Order 13175 Executive Order 13175 of November 6, 2000: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments, establishes regular and meaningful consultation and collaboration with tribal officials in the development of Federal policies that have tribal implications, to strengthen the United States government-to-government relationships with Indian tribes, and to reduce the imposition of unfunded mandates upon Indian tribes. November 5, 2009 President Barack Obama issued a presidential memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies reaffirming the importance of Executive Order 13175 and directing each agency head to submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget a detailed plan of actions the agency will take to implement the policies and directives of Executive Order 13175.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934-The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, encourages self- governance and self -determination. In addition to restoring the right to Native Americans to manage their land and resources, the act also authorizes funds to be used in aiding the organization of a tribal government and to provide education assistance to reservation inhabitants (25 U.S.C.461)

Resolutions relating to the Tribal organizational chart: EC-046-88 Officially adopting the Tribal Organizational Chart 09/26/1988

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SOCIAL ASSETS “We protect and preserve our land, our traditional values, and our Our social assets are the shared meaning and understanding that cultural heritage in individuals or groups have with one another that result in a collective such a manner as to mental disposition close to the spirit of a community. The relationships in leave a legacy for a community are best characterized through trust of others and their future generations.” cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network.31 (Land Use Committee)

31 Hazleton and Kennan FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 126

Value My grandmother Chuck Ke A breakdown in relations can result in the destruction of a system of osh, raised her thumb in the air, and told me “See this living. Communication is needed to access and use our social capital finger, how big it is, this is through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, people that will come, they and managing conflict. We care for one another. have big heads, they know

everything. And see this finger?” She pointed at me. Social Vision “They will point at you and Our social system is an intricate fabric webbed together to maintain tell you to - give me the survival of our cultural identity through social, economic, everything.” She grabbed physical and mental health. her middle finger and said “They will take our land and our children.” Then she grabbed her next finger.

“Then they will take our Assets Asset Managers ways.” Last, she raised her

pinky finger and said “See POPULATION Family Resource Dept. Child Support Dept. this little finger, that’s you, FAMILY (ELDERS, CHILDREN) Elderly Dept. the Indian. Then we will ENROLLMENT Indian Child Welfare Dept. have to show them how to EMPLOYMENT Child Care Dept. live.” EDUCATION Enrollment Dept. Human Resource Dept. Monge quote meaning “coming cloud” (Hazel George) Education Dept.

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Community Preferences32

 97% Increase support for a quality education  95% Increase opportunities for college education  94% Increase graduation rates  92% Support an educational program that monitors success of each student  92% Provide more financial education opportunities  87% Feel that small business education is needed.  82% Local agricultural related businesses (e.g., agritourism, apple cider, pumpkin patch, berries)  71% Want to develop the legal infrastructure for small business development. Social Capacity Building

The principles identified for the social assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that build the capacity to ensure individual, family and Tribal survival. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the social assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Increase small business education  Leverage small business development  Leverage small business legal infrastructure development  Retain student monitoring leading up to graduation  Increase support for a quality education  Create opportunities for financial education  Increase opportunities for college education

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.

32 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 128

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

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Current Conditions 2012 Population POPULATION Forest County 9,206 “We are Wisconsin 5,726,398 Reviewing the socio-economic trends is important to understand what has United States 313,914,040 common, occurred, and what is likely to occur in the future. Currently, there are 1,439 33 ordinary enrolled Forest County Potawatomi Tribal Members.

people trying to have a 34 good life.” Population Trends 1990 2000 2010 % Change % Change % Change 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2010 Bẽ Nẽswan Kwot Potawatomi 486 1186 1450 144.0% 22.3% 198.3% (Henry Pemma) Town of Lincoln 630 1,005 1,062 59.5% 5.7% 68.6% Town of Laona 1,387 1,367 1,431 -1.4% 4.7% 3.2% Town of Wabeno 1,012 1,264 1,322 24.9% 4.6% 30.6% Town of Blackwell 384 347 388 -9.6% 11.8% 1.0% Town of Freedom 296 376 412 27.0% 9.6% 39.2% Forest County 8,776 10,024 9,304 14.2% 5.1% 20.1%** Wisconsin 4,891,769 5,363,675 5,686,986 9.6% 4.0% 14.1%**

Population Forecasts to 203035 Estimate Projection 2015 Projection 2020 Projection 2025 Projection 2030 2010 Potawatomi 1,450 1,468 1,486 1,505 1,524 Town of Lincoln 1,062 1,145 1,195 1,234 1,261 Town of Laona 1,431 1,315 1,279 1,238 1,189 Town of Wabeno 1,322 1,335 1,348 1,351 1,343 Town of Blackwell 388 305 290 273 255 Town of Freedom 412 416 426 433 436 Forest County 10,213 10,420 10,463 10,433 10,323 Wisconsin 5,695,950 5,988,420 6,202,810 6,390,900 6,541,180

33 Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department (2013) 34 US Census and WDOA Demographic Services Center and Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department, as cited in Forest County Potawatomi Community Planning Department and North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Potawatomi Comprehensive Plan (draft manuscript, 2010) 35 WDOA Demographic Services Center and Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 130

“One of Mary’s FAMILY-DEPENDENT POPULATIONS favorite memories of Two age groups are examined here: 5 to 17 years old, people 65 years and older. These two age groups are often the past is of referred to as dependent populations and have specific needs as the younger group requires schools, and the older her group is retiring from the workforce. Population distribution by age is important in the planning process. As the grandparents Forest County Potawatomi Community reviews and prioritizes its resource management and planning, its numbers of dependent populations are an important consideration. The elders and the youth are a priority population. who raised her. They were her teachers and who she looked up to. Her Age Distribution, 1990 to 2000 and 201036 grandfather Percent of Population Year <5 5-17 18-64 65+ Median Age could speak 1990 n/a 47.3% 50.2% 2.5% N/A some English, Potawatomi 2000 12.1% 42.2% 41.0% 4.7% 20.6 2010 3.8% 24.6% 67.2% 4.4% N/A but he wrote 1990 7.3% 19.5% 53.3% 19.9% 36.9 his own Town of Laona 2000 6.5% 19.6% 55.1% 18.8% 39.7 2010 6.5% 18.2% 58.7% 16.6% N/A Potawatomi 1990 9.2% 21.8% 51.8% 17.2% 33.5 language. Her Town of Wabeno 2000 7.8% 23.8% 53.6% 14.8% 35.7 2010 5.6% 17.2% 59.1% 18.1% N/A grandparents 1990 2.9% 22.7% 56.0% 18.5% 20.6 Town of Blackwell advised her on 2000 2.0% 18.4% 59.4% 20.2% 20.9 1990 7.6% 19.5% 54.0% 18.9% 35.7 many things. Forest County 2000 5.7% 19.6% 55.4% 19.3% 39.9 They taught her 2010 5.4% 17.3% 57.7% 13.7% N/A 1990 7.4% 19.0% 60.3% 13.3% 32.9 to concentrate Wisconsin 2000 6.4% 19.1% 61.4% 13.1% 36.0 on her own self 2010 6.3% 17.3% 62.8% 13.7% N/A when ill.”

Mskwa Nkwot meaning “red cloud” (Mary Wensaut)

36 US Census Bureau and Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 131

200 Children 180 189 “Parents need The emotional, spiritual, and financial support of the Potawatomi 160 children and their care and safety are important elements of 165 to know that 140 Potawatomi culture, tradition, and custom. The children are the whatever 120 community’s future, and parents have the moral and legal obligation you’re doing, 100 to provide health, welfare, and safety for their children. The following 80 your children chart identifies the number of enrolled FCP children per age group.37 are watching. 60 Even the very 40 54 small ones are 20 0 learning and 0-5 yrs. 6-11 yrs. 12-17 yrs. watching. You Elders 2013 Age of Enrolled Children need to watch what you teach The Potawatomi believe in respecting, caring for, and honoring their elders. Elders want to teach and pass down your kids their stories to younger generations. Forest County Potawatomi Community provides services for tribal elders age because this is 55 and over, other Native Americans, and non-tribal elders age 60 and over; they also offer support for family members who care for an elder. where your kids are learning to be adults and parents.” 2013 Age of Enrolled Elders (Elaine Shepard) 120 100 103 80 60 64 40 20 0 55-64 Over 65

37 Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department 2013 FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 132

38ENROLLMENT

The FCPC constitution and ordinances address tribal membership and requirements for membership into the tribe. Enrollment considerations take into account the Forest County Potawatomi Constitution, the 1934 Census Roll, and Ordinance 0001. “We are very adaptable people. We FCPC Enrolled Tribal Members

1600 have had to 1439 adapt in this 1400 1186 environment.” 1200

Monge quote 1000 meaning “coming 800 cloud” (Hazel George) 600 486 400

200 2013 FCPC Enrolled Members 0 1000 1990 2000 2013 900 864 800 700 600 500 400 354 300 200 103 100 54 64 0 0-5 yrs. 6-17 yrs. 18-54 yrs.55-64 yrs. 65-100 yrs.

38 Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Department 2013 FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 133

EMPLOYMENT “Remember as you talk to Economic activities that characterize an area generally include the 2013 FCP Employees yourselves. businesses or institutions operating there and the employment associated with them. The Forest County Potawatomi Community 4000 God has given 3095 me a particular employs approximately 3,412 people in Forest and Milwaukee County. 3000 task as he 2000 wants me to 1000 accomplish for 84 233 0 his glory. So FCP Enrolled Other Tribal Non-Tribal whatever job

he has called 2013 Employment by Forest County Potawatomi Government Sector 39 me to do, whether big or Sector 1990 2000 Current Casino, Gaming Commission and Support 2946 small I must Tribal Government and Administration 14 stick to it. Construction (Construction Project Manager, 3 Remember, my Coordinator, Assistant) greatest ability Family Services (Child Care, Child Support, Daycare) 21 is my Retail Trade (C-Stores) 27 dependability. Natural Resources, Agriculture and Forestry 18 Success is not Education and Cultural Services (Tutors, Education, 44 judged by what Pre-School, New Direction) Financial and Insurance Services 44 we start but by (Insurance, Grants, Purchasing, Accounting) what we finish. Health Services 159 He lived it. Transportation and Utilities 12

(Ike George) Information, Professional and Other Services 124 (Emergency Management, Ordinance, Security, Traveling Times, IT) Total 3412

39 FCP Human Resources Dept. (Linda Skallerud) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 134

2013 Employment by Forest County Potawatomi Private Sector 40 “There are (Tribal Member Owned Businesses in Forest County) Sector 1990 2000 Current some times in Construction everyone’s Family Services career when Retail Trade 4 Natural Resources, Agriculture and Forestry 2 you not only Education and Cultural Services 2 see an Financial and Insurance Services Health Services 1 opportunity for Transportation and Utilities yourself, but Information, Professional and Other Services 4 Total 13 for those

around you,” Occupation Forecasts to 2030

(Jeff Crawford) Occupation Current Estimate Projection Projection Projection 2013 2015 2020 2025 2030 Casino, Gaming Commission and Support 2946 Tribal Government and Administration 14 Construction 3 Family Services 21 Retail Trade 27 Natural Resources, Agriculture and Forestry 18

Education and Cultural Services 44 Financial and Insurance Services 44 Health Services 159 Transportation and Utilities 12 Information, Professional and Other Services 124 3412

Forest County Top 5 Employers (Ranked)

1. Forest County Potawatomi Community 2. Potawatomi Carter Casino Hotel 3. School District of Crandon 4. County of Forest 5. Grand Royale and Regency Resort

40 Forest County Potawatomi Visitor & Business Guide (2013) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 135

Top Industries by Employment-3rd. Quarter 2013 “Elders are extremely  Executive Legislative & General Gov important. You  Edu Services can learn from  Wood Product Mfg. them. They  Food Services & Drinking Places give you  Nursing & Residential Care Facilities wisdom in their

way, but it is March 2014 Unemployment Rate up to you to (non-adjusted) grasp it and Forest County 10.9% apply the Wisconsin 6.7% values in your United States 6.8% life and respect around you.” Top Paying Hourly Occupations-2012 Sa-wtthi-gwe meaning “yellow General and Operations Managers $38.44 thunder” Management Occupations $29.28 (Arnol Wensaut) Financial Managers $29.23 Registered Nurses $27.68

Healthcare and Practitioners and Technical Occupations $25.74

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EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

The educational attainment level of persons within a community is often an indicator of the overall income, job “No matter availability and wellbeing of a community. Education of tribal members is a key component to help the tribe sustain its how tough resources into the future. The tribe’s concept of planning for the future reiterates the importance of a strong education things program. By providing an opportunity to obtain a meaningful education to all members of the community—children, seem to be, teens, adults, and elders—the community increases the capacity for each tribal member to contribute to a strong you will future. always need Education Attainment Levels 41 education to survive” Potawatomi Forest County State of Wisconsin 1990 2000 2009 1990 2000 2009 1990 2000 2009 42 Less than 9th Grade - 12 - 846 428 276 294,862 186,125 131,681 (Viola 9-12 Grade / No - 75 - 1,166 1,011 722 367,210 332,292 242,454 Sakiestewa) Diploma High School Diploma - 51 - 2,177 2,859 2977 1,147,697 1,201,813 1,258,948 College / No Degree - 43 - 658 1,403 1525 515,310 715,664 808,111 Associate Degree - 15 - 332 322 506 220,177 260,711 355,884 Bachelor Degree - 15 - 303 478 459 375,603 530,268 663,920 Graduate/Professional - 3 - 126 193 286 173,367 249,005 339,293 Degree Total Persons 25 & - 214 - 5,608 6,694 6,751 3,094,226 3,475,878 3,800,291 Over Percent high school - 59.3% - 64.1% 78.5% 85.2% 78.6% 85.1% 90.2% graduate or higher Percent with bachelor’s - 8.4% - 7.6% 10% 11% 17.7% 22.4% 26.4% degree or higher

41 US Census Bureau persons 25 and over 42 US Census Bureau, 2008-2012 American Community Survey-5 year estimates FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 137

Areas of Responsibility Child Care- The Child Care Program offers services to low income Child Support- The Forest County Potawatomi Community Tribal Child families and or Native American families who reside in Forest County. These Support Agency (FCPC-TCSA) was established to provide for the health, services are to help eligible families maintain employment, pursue an welfare and safety of their children. The FCPC-TCSA currently works with education or be enrolled in educational or training opportunities. They work child support and paternity cases in which the payer is an enrolled tribal to ensure a safe and protected environment for the children involved. member. They accept all child support applications but will refer cases for Mission- To assist parents who are Potawatomi Tribal Members, Native those outside of tribal jurisdiction. FCPC-TCSA processes all income American who live on or within 10 miles of the Forest County Potawatomi withholding orders for Tribal employees, provides location services for reservation with childcare, so parents may seek employment , be employed parents and provides paternity testing in the agency at a reduced fee. and attend education or training. Indian Child Welfare -The main goal of the Indian Child Welfare (ICW) Family Resource Center: The main objective is to collaborate and Department is to protect the best interest of FCP enrolled or eligible for implement a one stop, family resource center that will offer a wide array of enrollment, Indian children and promote the stability and security of the FCP services for tribal families in order to enhance, engage and strengthen Tribe and families by implementing the requirements established in the families. The center’s core approach uses sensory techniques, such as a Indian Child Welfare Act, and the appropriate tribal customs, codes, law and Music Garden and Play Shoppe, and materializes the Strengthening Families policy. All ICW personnel are required to protect personal information curriculum along with a series of interactive child development and concerning child victims and witnesses received by them. The ICW parenting sessions. department identifies children and youth who are in need of protection Mission- Family Services Team (FST) is a partnership that serves as a because of neglect, abuse, abandonment, lack of sufficient parental concern bridge to strengthen and build foundations for FCP families through unified or support. Provide services in a manner designed to promote personal and services by sharing and exchanging data collection resources and reporting family unity and economic and social stability, working towards the mechanisms while ensuring and preserving FCP culture attainment of self-sufficiency.

Elderly Department- The Elderly Department strives to be a “One Stop Enrollment Department- The enrollment staff goes over each enrollment Shop” for the needs of the elder community. It works to assist directly with application using the FCP Constitution, the 1934 Census Roll and Ordinance services instead of referring elders elsewhere unless necessary and it 0001. The applications are then reviewed by the Enrollment Committee, operates with the mission to provide the best quality care and services for giving their recommendation on each applicant. The Executive Council goes tribal elders and program participants within the service area. over each enrollment file and the names are presented to the General Council for their approval. The Enrollment staff does verification for tribal Services include information and referral, outreach, transportation, in-home members on and off the reservation. The department issues tribal care, visiting and telephoning, advocacy, assessment, counseling, escort identification cards. All name changes and addresses are kept in the service, evaluation, letter writing and reading, personal care, recreation, enrollment department. The enrollment department works with other shopping, supervision, congregate meals, and home-delivered meals. agencies such as the BIA, other tribal departments, probate Court, Vital Statistics in Madison, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife and other ICW departments.

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Human Resources-The Human Resource Department handles a wide-range Education Department- The Education Department provides support to of personnel issues, from the initial employment application to our membership by offering tutoring, guidance, and financial assistance for unemployment and worker’s compensation issues. They post all job higher levels of education. The Education Department focuses on social vacancies, schedule interviews, contact employers/references, and monitor development, academic development, college readiness and college the interviewing process. They also do the background and liability review to support. safeguard the tribe as a whole. Human Resources assure that the applicant is selected by legal standards and that the requirements of the job are met. The department receives and disburses all incoming mail. The Human Resource Department prepares payroll for all tribal government employees. All time clock information is received, reviewed, corrected and retained by our department, and then forwarded to the Accounting Department for payroll processing. All toll-free calls and/or main phone calls to the Forest County Potawatomi are answered and forwarded to the correct party through the department.

Economic Support Dept.- The Forest County Potawatomi Economic Support department offers many programs to the tribal community. The Tribal Employment Skills Program enables tribal members to engage in work-related activities to develop necessary skills to obtain full-time employment with the tribe. This can be done by assessing any barriers and providing some job training in the career field of interest.

Other resources that are offered to help support individuals are Badger Care Plus, Food Share Employment and Training (FSET), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), General Assistance (GA), Native Employment Works (NEW), Resource Room, Basic Education Classes, Judicare, Parenting, Emergency Assistance, Food Pantry, and the Wisconsin Home Energy Assistance Program. Economic Support will do their best to provide resources and information on tribal, city, county or other entities to encourage individuals to become self-reliant. Mission-To provide assistance to tribal community members while respecting individual dignity, self-worth and cultural considerations. This mission will be achieved by assessing each individual’s situation and working with the individual to help the tribal family to obtain a desirable outcome of financial independence.

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Regulatory Council resolutions relating to the authority of the Indian Child Welfare Department include: GC-005-93 Adoption of Children’s Code of the FCPC, 05/28/1993 GC-006-93 Adoption of the FCPC Foster Home Ordinance, 05/28/1993 GC-008-93 Adoption of the FCPC Foster Home Ordinance Establishing Standards for Placement, 12/04/1993 GC - -027-95-Creation of the FCPC Child Protection Team, 06/14/1995 EC-025-95-Creation of the FCPC Child Protection Team 06/14/1995

Council resolutions relating to the Education Department include: EC-006-94 Approving and recognizing Bode-wad-mi Mno Keno Maw Dso Wen as the advisory committee for the Even Start Program (Potawatomi Good Teaching) 02/10/1994 EC-033-95 Establishing the FCPC Even Start Program and naming it “Bode wadmi Mno-Keno-Magewen Education Program” 07/20/1995. Indian Education Act of 1972- policy of the United States to fulfill the Federal Government’s unique and continuing trust relationship with and and responsibility to the Indian people for the education of Indian children.

Indian Self Determination and Education Assitance Act of 1975-Provides Native American tribes with greater autonomy and the opportunity to manage the programs and services provided by the U.S. federal government. The act gives tribes control over schools operated by the BIA and it creates advisory boards composed of parents of the Native American students attending schools that receive federal funds(Public Law 93-638;U.S. Department of the Interior , BIA,2013b)

Education Amendment Acts of 1978-Address the accreditation and academic standards for BIA schools and school facilities.

Executive Order 13,096-President Clinton issued on August of 1998 to create a long-term comprehensive Federal Indian education policy designed to improve educational achievement and academic progress for American Indian and Alaska Native populations.

Executive Order 13,336-April 2004, spurred the devlelopment of a number of federally funded studies to identify essential components and effective strategies for culturally based education.

Executive Order 13,592-President Obama issued on December 2,2011 for improving American Indian and Alaska Native educational opportunities and strengthening tribal colleges and universities.

General Council resolutions relating to the Human Resource Department include: GC003-97 that it is “in the best interests of the tribe to further employment opportunities for all tribal members and other individuals of American Indian descent.”

General Council resolutions relating to the authority of the Economic Support Department include:  GC-015-95 Statement of intent and desire to administer all available social welfare programs. 03/14/1995  General Council Resolution #GC003-97 (and by FCP Executive Council on Feb. 11, 2009) Tribal Employment Skills Program was developed and approved.

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We protect and preserve our land, our FINANCIAL ASSETS

traditional values, and our cultural heritage in such Financial Assets are the most common form of wealth. They contribute to our a manner as to overall economic stability as individuals and the community as a whole. leave a legacy

for future generations.

(Land Use Committee)

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Value

“The money is Our financial assets are the most liquid form of assets and can be good and bad, readily used or exchanged to acquire other assets and provide for the mostly it is getting wellbeing of individuals and the community. Our services and wealth bad. I worked all my life. I started are integral and fair. when I was very young….I just wish things would go back but they Financial Vision never will. The Our economy thrives because we encourage a business enabling peaceful era is gone and I don’t environment by creating economic linkages with other communities see it coming back. and institutions. We re-generate the local economy from within. There are a few trying to keep it alive, trying to keep our Indian Asset Asset Managers ways alive but I

see it Gaming Commission disappearing-that’s INDIVIDUAL WEALTH Accounting Department what bothers me. Grants Department That’s what hurts COMMUNITY WEALTH Housing Department me.” Potawatomi Business Development Corporation TRIBAL BUSINESS C-Store Wa sa geshik meaning “first light” (Herb Daniels Sr.)

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Community Preferences 43

 96% Increase opportunities for job/trade training for Tribal and community members  72% Develop housing neighborhoods  72% Support the development of new, small-scale, retail (e.g. Drugstore, clothing, etc.)  72% New, light industry (Clothing, shoes, furniture, food processing)  71% Support the development of a financial institution  69% Promote tourism  69% Support local economic development  68% Support the development of plant and gardening retail  67% New apartment complex  52% Support new, large scale destination retail development  50% Support housing for regional workforce development (off-reservation)  41% Clustered housing/ conservation design  34% Support the development of new, heavy, industry (Automobiles, Steel, Mining, Heavy Equipment)

Financial Capacity Building

The principles identified for the financial assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that encourage and cultivate hardworking people and helps them to keep living here. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the financial assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Create job/trade training opportunities  Encourage the development of quality housing in a desirable environment.  Create a variety of housing options.  Create tourism opportunities.  Leverage local economic endeavors by establishing a financial institution.  Increase business enabling environment so that individuals can develop light industry, retail, entertainment, high-tech, and other business entities.

43 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 143

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.  Create a strategic and marketing tourism plan that identifies the unique attributes of the Tribal community and businesses and establishes a coordinated theme.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.  Explore a feasibility study for a financial institution.

FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 144

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 145

“…When you are a child everything is big and there Current Conditions is plenty of it, so I was happy. Happy because I was INDIVIDUAL WEALTH sitting next to my Grandma eating fresh fry bread with a This information serves as a measurement of the stability of the economy over time. bowl of blue berry puree. She was putting the It is not known if Per Capita gaming revenue distributions are the main source of income for Tribal finishing touches on my new Members or supplemental income for Tribal Members as a collective group. The chart does not represent moccasins; yesterday she the statistics for all Tribal Members as a collective group as census data is geographic. made us a shirt. My little brother already got his Income Levels dirty. Potawatomi Forest County Wisconsin Some church people came Household 1990 - $16,907 $29,442 Income 2000 $62,250 $32,023 $43,791 by and gave us some clothes we could not fit, but 2010 $54,444* $38,176 $52,374 *The information presented is median household income and was collected from the U.S Census Grandma gave them some Bureau. No tribal data is available to verify the accuracy of the information provided. tea and lunch. We are going to have Porcupine tonight, because Grandpa and I clubbed one on the trail when we went after water. Per Capita Act-P.L.98-64 Effective August 2, 1983, per capita distributions of all funds held in trust by the Secretary of the Interior to members of an Indian tribe are excluded from income and resources. I also remember the big NOTE: Any local tribal funds that a tribe distributes to individuals on a per capita basis, but which have gardens, picking berries, not been held in trust by the Secretary of the Interior (e.g., tribally managed gaming revenues) are not looking for medicines and excluded from income and resources under this chasing rabbits. Everything provision. came from the woods, lakes, and rivers.

I never thought my memories would be colored green, but today is another time, a different color and tomorrow is Per Cap Day…Ahoo.

(Bob Daniels -Bull Head)

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“I don’t COMMUNITY WEALTH consider “Gambling myself Gaming has been wealthy Gaming is one of the means for generating revenue and encouraging economic development for the Tribe. The with because of Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988 established the jurisdictional framework that governs gaming. The humans the dollars; IGRA also established an independent federal regulatory authority for gaming on Indian lands, federal standards for since the gaming on Indian lands, and the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). it’s how I feel beginning, in here, Potawatomi Bingo Casino- in Milwaukee serves over 5 million guests, tourists and groups annually. The casino and as inside my employs over 2500 multicultural workers. The casino is committed to raising awareness of the risks of problem long as heart. It was gambling, and supports numerous local charities and community organizations.44 there is a my chance of The Potawatomi Carter Casino and Hotel- is a premier gaming destination in northern Wisconsin. The Carter Casino grandfathers hitting the donates to local charities, organizations and programs including FCP Health and Wellness Center, Forest County that made me big Health Department, Breast Cancer Awareness and local Diabetes Programs. The gaming facilities are dedicated to rich. They jackpot, I giving back to the local communities. made me rich Amount Potawtomi Bingo Casino think it is Awarded to Charities and in turn I here to try to pass Gaming Commission- The Gaming 2013 $1,074,391.00 stay.” that on to my Commission was created to protect its 2012 $981,273.00 gaming assets. It does this by ensuring that 2011 $989,239.00 Nawchildren.” Bwet the tribe’s gaming facilities are operating in 2010 $997,426.07 meaning “someoneWa sa geshik compliance with the state compact and 2009 $1,004,651.82 overseeing”meaning “first federal regulations. The Gaming Commission 2008 $1,097,761.00 (Louislight” “BigZ” oversees the management, security and 2007 $1,011,711.40 (HerbShepard) Daniels Sr.) financial auditing of the gaming operations. 2006 $1,024,022.00

The gaming commission is responsible for the 2005 $1,001,931.80 issuance of gaming licenses for all who work 2004 $750,965.85 at either casino. There are five gaming 2003 $773,653.60 commissioners, who are appointed by the Executive Council.

44 http://paysbig.com/business/miracle-on-canal-street/past-charities/ FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 147

The Internal Investigations Department reports directly to the FCP Gaming Commission and conducts all internal investigations related to gaming as well as providing assistance to the Potawatomi Bingo & Northern Lights Casino. “Economic The Investigation Department also provides information and assistance to local, state, and federal agencies. Some, development just to name a few, would be the Secret Service Department and Divisions of Criminal Investigations. is important to our Accounting- The Accounting Department is responsible for financial planning, budgeting, internal controls, communities compliance and audit, and the analysis and reporting of financial results. They maintain the general ledger, prepare to better our journal entries, reconcile accounts and bank statements, receipt and deposit all funds; maintain records for all living assets; administer the 401K plan; create, maintain, and send reports for both the 401K and HCE plans; deposit conditions taxes, prepare and file quarterly reports, prepare W-2’s; maintain grant and contract fund records; process the and create payroll on a weekly basis and per cap on a bi-weekly basis; pay all bills; maintain the property and liability jobs for insurance; prepare journal entries; maintain vendor files, prepare 1099s; prepare necessary reports to file with the economic grant or contract agency, enter and maintain the budgets for all Tribal programs. growth to FCP Grants strengthen Grants-The Grants Department assists the FCP Community in securing 45Grant Success Rate 93.3% our external sources of funding while preserving standards for tribal self- community sufficiency and self-governance. The Grants Department utilizes communication and preparedness to ensure: Total Funding Secured $608,175 but, by doing so, look for • Requests for external funding are directed by needs and priorities Total Pending $459,154 the long-term identified by the tribal community outcome of • Potawatomi values, culture and tradition are accurately reflected and Total $1,067,329 well-represented to external entities our future.” • High standards in proposal writing and grants management

(Anonymous- Services include: proposal development and preparation in full or to the extent needed; research related to potential Community funding opportunities (including a synopsis outlining each potential grant); electronic submission of applications and Survey) reports; editing/proofing grants; assistance preparing or editing other formal documents; and technical assistance with reporting and compliance.

45 Grants Data provided by FCP Grants Department as of July, 22, 2010. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 148

Housing

Housing is one of the largest investments an individual will ever make; it also increases the overall value and quality of “A long life for the community. The Forest County Potawatomi Community has overseen tribal housing since 1965 through its time ago own housing departments. my grandpa On May 14, 2011 the Potawatomi Housing Authority (PHA) was dissolved. The functions of the PHA were now to be said carried out by the Tribal Housing Department. The Tribe became its own “tribally-designated housing entity” by General Council Resolution#GC003-2011. things are going By 2011, the Potawatomi community had increased to 203 total housing units located on the reservation. Total to households are projected to increase to 245 by 2025. change.”

Wa bmi ko Housing Projections46 meaning

“four spirits

looking Total 2000 Projection Projection Projection Projection Projection down on us” 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 (Mary Jane Potawatomi 170 185 200 215 230 245 Thunder) Town of Lincoln 404 449 502 548 587 624

Town of Laona 564 568 580 583 579 573 Town of Wabeno 497 526 562 591 612 631

Town of Blackwell 45 34 31 32 29 18 Town of Freedom 158 168 180 190 198 205

Forest County 4,043 4,206 4,434 4,613 4,729 4,811 Wisconsin 2,084,556 2,190,210 2,303,238 2,406,789 2,506,932 2,592,462

Economic gains spurred by gaming activities have resulted in more tribal members moving back to the reservation, thus creating continual housing demand.

The table indicates the age of housing stock for the Potawatomi community based on the year the structures were built as reported in the 2000 Census. The overwhelming majority (over 80%) of structures were built from 1990-2000. As of 2000, the community included 170 on-reservation housing units for 524 residents.

46 Source: US Census and WDOA Demographic Services Center, Forest County Potawatomi Enrollment Dept.

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47 “I feel Year Housing Structures Built (2010) pretty good about the 1939 or 1940- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 2000-2010 earlier 1959 1969 1979 1989 2000 growth the Forest County Potawatomi 6 4 2 7 5 142 38 Tribe has Town of Lincoln 38 165 75 158 172 405 n/a Town of Laona 186 190 78 160 85 134 n/a gone City of Crandon 321 134 70 214 112 108 n/a through in Forest County 1,524 1,608 820 1,425 994 1,951 n/a the last few Wisconsin 543,164 470,862 276,188 391,349 249,789 389,792 n/a years…when you are young your Households on the reservation in 2000 had an average size of 3.23 persons. The majority of households consist of mind is families (approximately 73 percent), while the remaining households were evenly split between male and female single fresh yet, householders. The following table breaks down the occupancy status of housing units on tribal lands. About 57 percent of housing units are owner occupied, with 38 percent renter occupied you can be anything 48 you want to Total Residential Occupancy Status (2000)

be.” Total Housing Seasonal Owner Occupied Renter Occupied Vacant Units (Part of Vacant Units) Nem Ki Kwe Forest County Potawatomi 170 96 66 8 0 meaning “lady Town of Lincoln 998 338 66 594 574 thunder” Town of Laona 850 437 127 286 225 (Mary Daniels) City of Crandon 803 504 299 158 100 Forest County 8,322 3,188 855 4,279 3,856 Wisconsin 2,321,144 1,426,361 658,183 236,600 142,313

47 US Census Bureau, as cited in Forest County Potawatomi Planning Department and North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Potawatomi Comprehensive Plan (draft manuscript, 2010) as cited by the FCP Housing department 48 US Census Bureau, as cited in Forest County Potawatomi Planning Department and North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Potawatomi Comprehensive Plan (draft manuscript, 2010) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 150

Subsidiary Companies:49

Potawatomi Business Development Corporation  Advancia “…it’s nice  Advancia Aeronautics now that The Potawatomi Business Development Corporation (PBDC) formed in  Greenfire Management Services, LLC  Potawatomi Training they don’t 2002, headquartered in Milwaukee, is the economic development and income diversification business of the Forest County Potawatomi  Securio Group have to  Advancia Technologies, LLC Community. It is guided by a board of directors. With a goal of worry about  One Prospect Technologies profitability and sustainable economic development, the PBDC such hard  Data Holdings,LLC oversees subsidiary companies and investments for its shareholders times but Joint Ventures: and investment partners. The entity also employs hundreds of people also states across the country.  Four Fires-Marriott Residence Inn- that …the Hospitality (33.7%) money’s As set forth in the PBDC’s mission statement, its goal is to help grow Limited Partnerships/Investments: there but the wealth of the tribe and improve the quality of life for tribal members by making investments, acquisitions, and prudent asset  Commercial Real Estate: someday it management decisions. o Haley Associates might go, o Bradley Associates you just The PBDC has a portfolio that contains passive investments in real  Hospitality: don’t know.” estate and other holdings, and another portfolio that contains wholly o Summit Hotel Properties owned subsidiary companies. Currently there are nine subsidiary Ē shta sek companies that employ more than 300 people. More recently, PBDC  Diversified Private Equity Funds: o Blue Stem Growth and Income meaning “blue had been instructed by the tribe to create a company that can manage sky that doesn’t Funds II & III property, manage construction, and give the tribe more control of its go away” properties and capital projects. That company has been, and will  Software Development: (Ken George Sr.) continue to be, directly involved in managing various aspects of the o Brendan Technologies o Embedded Control Systems Concordia Trust Property (CTP) that has recently been reacquired by the tribe, as well as other projects on tribal lands.  Manufacturing: o Waukesha Metal Products Resources generated by PBDC and its holdings will help DIVERSIFY the o Milwaukee Composites, Inc. tribal economy that supports Forest County Potawatomi’s tribal government and helps improve the lives of tribal members. Through  Residential Real Estate: o trust, support, integrity, and mutual respect, PBDC is committed to Native American Housing

building an economic engine that supports the Tribe for generations to come.

49 http://potawatomibdc.com/ FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 151

TRIBAL BUSINESS “The tribe needs educated people C-Store50 to come back The Forest County Potawatomi constructed convenience store gas stations on the reservation to service Tribal home and work Members and the community and serve as a visible representation of the modern and aggressive progress of the here. And you tribe to surrounding communities. The facilities would introduce the as individuals diverse entrepreneurial opportunities available on the reservation. Carter C-Store Number of Transactions will become

more self- The Potawatomi Convenience Store / Smoke Shop in Carter were 2013 193628 sufficient if you established in 1994. The store has grown steadily since its inception, become better with a 600sf addition in 1998 creating space for the Smoke Shop, the 2012 202350 creation of a central food court that same year, and external renovations educated. You in 2001 including the installation of additional fueling points, a larger 2011 216161 will be better island canopy, additional parking, a stand-alone diesel island, and paving people simply and technological upgrades. In the spring of 2012, the store interior 2010 221577 because you will received a face lift consisting of new cabinetry, flooring and a paint job throughout. 2009 207807 understand yourselves *On September 1, 2011, the 170000 190000 210000 230000 better.” Stone Lake C-Store second store was opened on Number of Transactions the corner of Highway 8 and Fire Keeper Road three miles east of Was mo gishek Crandon and is known as the Stone Lake Convenience Store. The store meaning “lightening sky” offers 24 hour pay at the pump service, self-serve smoke shop and (Clarice Ritchie) 2013 153588 deli that has daily specials on hot and cold foods. The deli has started to expand its market by offering catering services. The catering

2012 142148 service is limited at this time due to the size of the deli kitchen.

The convenience stores provide local jobs, have a positive impact to *2011 36876 the Tribe, keep money circulating within the community, encourage skill development and training opportunities, provide quality products 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 at competitive prices and preserve the natural environment as much as possible.

Mission -To provide the customer with quality products and services in a pleasant and inviting environment.

50 FCP C-Store (Debbra Johnson) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 152

Areas of Responsibility Housing Dept.- The Housing Department assists tribal members in Accounting Dept. - The Accounting Department is responsible for obtaining home ownership by providing tribal-funded mortgage loans for the financial planning, budgeting, internal controls, compliance and audit, construction of a new home, the purchase of an existing home, refinancing and the analysis and reporting of financial results. They maintain the existing mortgages, and technical assistance required in real estate general ledger, prepare journal entries, reconcile accounts and bank transactions. The Housing Department provides home improvement loans, statements, receipt and deposit all funds; maintain records for all rental units, construction crews for small home improvement projects, in- assets; administer the 401K plan; create, maintain, and send reports for house inspectors for contract/proposal review, construction monitoring, home both the 401K and HCE plans; deposit taxes, prepare and file quarterly design, and contractor technical assistance in order to ensure building code reports, prepare W-2’s; maintain grant and contract fund records; compliance. process the payroll on a weekly basis and per cap on a bi-weekly basis; In addition to providing resources, the Housing Department offers pay all bills; maintain the property and liability insurance; prepare educational opportunities with its Building Trades Program. The coursework is journal entries; maintain vendor files, prepare 1099s; prepare necessary a one-year state-certified Wisconsin Technical College diploma program reports to file with the grant or contract agency, enter and maintain the where students perform all aspects of construction. Students work on an budgets for all Tribal programs. empty site with inspectors, subcontractors, and housing officials to build a house for a homeowner. Mission- To provide quality, affordable housing opportunities to the Forest County Potawatomi Community through homeownership and rental housing.

Gaming Commission- The Gaming Commission was created to protect its Grants Dept. - The Grants Department assists the FCP Community in gaming assets. It does this by ensuring that the tribe’s gaming facilities are securing external sources of funding while preserving standards for operating in compliance with the state compact and federal regulations. The tribal self-sufficiency and self-governance. The Grants Department Gaming Commission oversees the management, security and financial utilizes communication and preparedness to ensure: auditing of the gaming operations. The gaming commission is responsible for • Requests for external funding are directed by needs and priorities the issuance of gaming licenses for all who work at either casino. There are identified by the tribal community five gaming commissioners, who are appointed by the Executive Council. • Potawatomi values, culture and tradition are accurately reflected and The Internal Investigations Department reports directly to the FCP Gaming well-represented to external entities Commission and conducts all internal investigations related to gaming as well • High standards in proposal writing and grants management as providing assistance to the Potawatomi Bingo & Northern Lights Casino. Services include: proposal development and preparation in full or to the The Investigation Department also provides information and assistance to extent needed; research related to potential funding opportunities local, state, and federal agencies. Some, just to name a few, would be the (including a synopsis outlining each potential grant); electronic Secret Service Department and Divisions of Criminal Investigations. submission of applications and reports; editing/proofing grants; assistance preparing or editing other formal documents; and technical assistance with reporting and compliance.

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Regulatory

General Council resolutions related to Accounting include:  General Council resolution number 003-03, the Tribal Administrator will bring forth any line item changes not to exceed 10% of the said approved department budget before Executive Council and Finance Committee for approval.

Resolutions related to Housing include:  Resolution No. 234 Establishes a public body known as the Potawatomi Housing Authority 06/07/1982  GC004-94 Tribal Housing Policies and Guidelines are adopted 07/09/1994  General Council Resolution #GC 003-2011 Dissolving the Potawatomi Housing Authority 05/14/2011  Executive Council Resolution #051-2013 Approval of Housing Area Designation, Design and Implementation Process 07/03/2013

Ordinance related to Community Wealth:  Ordinance #263 GC approved on 2/27/88 Establishing the business arm of the Tribe, operating as Potawatomi Enterprises.

Executive Council resolution related to Establishment of a Business Entity:  EC Resolution# 011-2013 “Authorization to Adopt the Approval Policy for the Establishment of a Business Entity “ be adopted and applied to all future requests for the establishment of a business entity by the Tribe.

General Council resolution related to Gaming:  GC006-93 To approve and adopt the FCPC Gaming Commission.

General Council resolutions relating to Individual/Community Wealth:  GC032-99 Adopting the Ordinance for the Garnishment of Earnings. 11/20/99  GC033-99 Adopting the Foreign Judgement Enforcement Ordinance 11/20/99  GC007-2000 Minor’s Trust Distribution Ordinance  GC008-2000 Adopting Child Support and Tribal Debt Amendment to the Gaming Revenue Allocation Ordinance 08/12/00  GC009-2000 Adopting the Child Support Ordinance 08/12/00  GC010-2000 Adopting Ordinance to Establish Debts Owed to the Forest County Potawatomi Community 08/12/00  GC009-2003 Rescinding GC024-99 and setting forth a mechanism for the continuation of the FCPC Budget  GC001-2007 Reaffirm Resolution for the Finance Committee 02/03/2007

Tribal General Welfare Act of 2014 (H.R.3043)-To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to clarify the treatment of general welfare benefits provided by Indian Tribes 09/26/14

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PHYSICAL ASSETS “We protect and preserve our land, our traditional values, and our cultural heritage Physical Assets are the physical infrastructure within the community such as in such a manner transportation, utilities and technological systems. They are critical for as to leave a economic activity and primarily important as a means to enhance the legacy for future generations.” productivity of other assets.

(Land Use Committee)

Photo of Data Holdings Center in Milwaukee

FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Photo of Data Holdings Center in Milwaukee Page 155

Value “Life is a learning Our physical assets are the tools and services that increase our access to process…you information, expand communication and can generate income streams for must change daily. I would us. No matter what we want to do or become, it requires more knowledge advise and access to people and places. anybody not to be stagnant because you Physical Vision will not grow.” We encourage community development to meet our social, physical, and spiritual needs. We make informed decisions by requiring high project Sa-wtthi-gwe meaning “yellow standards, from which to pick and choose among, that best fit the thunder” (Arnol Wensaut) community vision. We pay attention to where development is put, how it is arranged and what it will look like.

Assets Asset Managers

TRANSPORTATION Public Works (Utility) UTILITIES Solid Waste Program IT Department SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING (PTT) Potawatomi Traveling Times COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGIES Sustainability Program ENERGY Security Department Maintenance Department Construction Department

FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 156

Community Preferences51 Current Heat Source  92% Develop walking/biking routes on the reservation lands Other Oil  80% Network of multi user trails Wood 3% 1%  63% Public transit system 8%  57% Pay as you go public transit system LP Gas 40% What should be done to alter the present road system on Tribal lands? Electric 16%

3% 1%

Improve the condition 18% of exisiting roads Natural Gas Build more roads 32%

59% Close roads after timber sales Permanently close 19% roads Undecided

 84% Create Renewable Energy (Wind, Solar, Etc.)  83% Utilize Green Energy Manufacturer (e.g. solar panels)  88% Increase protection against crime

51 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 157

Percentage that feels the following is important/very important to have in place for the Tribe.

Recreational Safety Class… 94% 94% Emg. Med. Response Team 89% Gang task force Fire Dept. 88%

Community Emg. Mng. 85%

Wild Fire Crew 85% 82% FCPC Police Dept. Dog Catcher 72%

Conservation Officers 71%

Trail Safety Patrol Officers 66%

0% 50% 100%

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Physical Capacity Building

The principles identified for the physical assets in this section will provide a roadmap for more sustainable outcomes in planning, design, construction and operations wherever feasible. They should encourage a strong sense of place and community, improve quality of life, community connectivity, and be pedestrian oriented. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the physical assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Create a healthy community  Increase safe route of travel on the reservation by improving existing roads  Create a network of multi-user trails  Create walking/biking trails  Create a public transit system  Increase visibility of renewable energy sources  Increase visibility of physical characteristics that contribute to the uniqueness of the community  Control roads on tribal lands where feasible.  Utilize water from non-pervious surfaces such as roofs.  Control trail system and eliminate hazardous segments in conjunction with users.  Utilize road maintenance practices that reduce soil and water resource impacts.  Encourage people to dispose of their litter properly.  Increase responsibility and attentiveness in ensuring that children have adequate knowledge, training and protective gear.  Increase awareness of the most prudent practices for safety and responsibly using these ATVs.  Create a safe place to live  Control crime  Increase emergency services, education and training  Create safety protocols to ensure quality of life

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.

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 Create and implement storm water management practices

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.  Create opportunities for community to participate and partner with county ATV association including safety classes.  Increase participation for community clean up initiatives.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.  Utilize existing laws and regulations governing recreational motorized vehicle use on federal, state and local lands and create educational material for users to access and become more aware.  Create sanctions to enforce the reduction of erosion and storm water runoff at any construction site.

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Current Conditions

“Her TRANSPORTATION favorite The transportation system of the Forest County Potawatomi is currently made up of state, county, town, BIA, and memory other federal and tribally owned routes. These routes range from major US highways to private earth roads and trails. growing up Because of the diversity of ownership and road types, managing the transportation system is a complex task. is being with her The table below shows the classifications and their application to FCP roadways. mom and Rural Highway Functional Classification System52 dad. She remembers Classification Description FCP Roadways Principal Serve interstate and interregional trips. These routes generally serve to connect all US Highway 8 her dad one Arterials urban areas with populations of 5,000 or more. The rural principal arterials are time further subdivided into 1) interstate highways and 2) other principal arterials. Minor Arterials In conjunction with the principal arterials, these connect cities, large communities, None identified walking and other major traffic generators providing intra-regional and inter-area traffic eight miles movements. Major Collectors Provide service to moderately sized communities and other inter-area traffic State Highway 32 in the snow generators and link those generators to nearby larger population centers or higher County Highway W to get food function routes. County Highway T County Highway H so they E Lake View Street Minor Collectors Collect traffic from local roads and provide links to all remaining smaller Pine Road (portions) wouldn’t go communities, locally important traffic generators, and higher function roads. All Lake Lucerne Drive hungry. developed areas should be within a reasonable distance of a collector road. Goodman Park Road Michigan Creek Road They really Peshtigo River Road took care of County Highway C Local Roads Provide access to adjacent land and provide for travel over relatively short All remaining FCP us.” distances. All roads not classified as arterials or collectors are local function roads. roadways

(Lillian Kelty) The tribe’s Long-Range Transportation Plan, most recently updated in January 2011, and is intended to provide transportation users and transportation providers with information for achieving a shared vision for transportation. It also serves as a reference for the planning and management of the overall transportation system. The Long-Range Transportation Plan also covers management plans for traffic controls, drainage, and public transportation. Each year the Long-Range Transportation Plan is reviewed and updated as needed and the Transportation Improvement

Program (TIP) is completed and submitted to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

52 Wisconsin Department of Transportation, as cited in Forest County Potawatomi Planning Department and North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Forest County Potawatomi Comprehensive Plan (draft manuscript, 2010) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 161

Other Types of Transportation Transit Facility There is no intercity bus service within Forest County.

Cycling and Walking All roads are available for bicycle and pedestrian travel. Roads that do not have sidewalks may not provide much gravel shoulder to walk on outside of the traffic lanes. “First of all, do not Railroad There is no local access to rail service for tribal lands. make Air Transportation The Rhinelander/Oneida County Airport (RHI) in Rhinelander is the closest passenger airport to the tribe’s lands. The Crandon Municipal Airport in Nashville is a basic utility airport. quick Water No harbors or ports exist within Forest County. decisions Transportation because Recreational Extensive through routes for ATVs and snowmobiles are designated in Forest County. Vehicles Importantly, the tribe has identified that many community members regularly use that is alternative/recreational transportation, and alternative transportation is the main

where transportation method for a significant portion of the population. people make According to WisDOT, which records average daily traffic volumes (number of vehicles) for major state roadways, mistakes. traffic in areas with tribal lands have seen little growth in the last ten years. The two roads that experienced a (Louie significant increase in traffic are County Highway W located in the Town of Lincoln and State Highway 32 located in Shepard Sr.) Wabeno.

The FCP Utility Department is responsible for maintaining Vehicles Per Day tribal and BIA roads in the area. This includes snow and ice 4000 control, drainage, surface maintenance, signage, lighting, 3500 and many other aspects. This consists of 28 BIA routes 3000 3500 3600 3200 that total 9.2 miles and 8 tribal routes that total 5.1 miles. 2500 These routes are spread over three distinct townships that 2000 2000 span over 50 miles. This also includes regular road audits 1500 2009 that are recorded and included in the information 1000 1200 500 submitted to BIA when updating the tribal IRR inventory. 0 County Highway W State Highway 32

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2012 County (Forest)Crashes by 2012 County(Forest)Crashes Severity by Highway Class Fatal 120 2% Injury 19% 100 103 80 60 40 47 20 24 Property 0 Damage Local County State 79% Street/Road Highway Highway

2012 Bicycle, Work Zone, Deer, Hit & Run, Motorcycle, Pedestrian, and School Bus Crashes in Forest County 60 48 50

40

30

20 8 10 3 0 0 1 1 0 Bicycle Work Zone Deer Hit & Run Motorcycle Pedestrian School Bus

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UTILITIES

Forest County Potawatomi Community established their own utility department

in 1994 and originally provided only water and sewer services to a small area. “We had no Through the years the department and services have grown and now offers a electricity variety of services in water, wastewater, sewer, roads, vehicle fleet, grounds or running water. We keeping and other services on FCPC reservation lands. used to Services that are provided include, but are not limited to: have to haul water, wash  Safe drinking water our clothes  Wastewater management and disposal by hand,  Roadway development, access and maintenance and use a  Tribal vehicle repair, reservation, use and maintenance flat head  Upkeep of public tribal parks, playgrounds, and burial locations iron to iron  Transportation services our  24-hour on-call availability  Public safety (street lighting, emergency assistance, and so on) clothes.”  Elder plowing

 Building, facility, and/or project planning and involvement (Elaine Shepard)

Vehicle Fleet In 2009, a new area was incorporated into the Utility Department tribal 2013 Fleet Hybrid Vehicles fleet. All tribal-owned vehicles and equipment are stored at the Utility Department, and all maintenance is coordinated through the fleet manager 100 and mechanics. By having all vehicle activities funneling through one department and performing maintenance and repair in-house, 80 87 transportation services are improved and more efficient. 60

40 On May 29, 2013 a motion was made by the Executive Council: “… to require that all newly purchased fleet cars are hybrids as recommended by 20 the Energy Working Group.” There are several advantages to Hybrid cars. 0 0  Lower emissions and better mileage Tribal Vehicles Hybrid  Much cleaner and less CO and other greenhouse gas emissions  Battery’s need not be charged by an external source  Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directly affects fuel prices

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The FCP Utility currently maintains and operates three public water supply systems, two complete sewage collection systems with a wastewater treatment facility. The Utility Department is also responsible for all individual water and “The sewer systems within the community. underground flow of water Two community wastewater systems exist on the reservation and are maintained by the department: a recirculating make up the sand filter in Stone Lake and an aerated lagoon in Carter. Residents in other areas of the reservation are served by “blood veins” individual mounds or drain fields. The Utility Department ensures that every septic tank is pumped a minimum of of Mother every three years and that each system is working properly. Earth. Thus

when groundwater becomes FCPC Utility Data53 contaminated, Water Tower 150,000 Gallon Storage Capacity (75,000 gallons Stone Lake South and 75,000 gallons Stone Lake North) Mother Earth Wastewater All of the gray water is sent to the Stone Lake treatment plant. becomes Stone Lake Septic Tanks Every tribal home and business in Stone Lake has its own septic tank. sick.” Residential tanks are emptied once every two years and commercial business tanks are emptied twice per year. Ka Kēw Sē Water Tower 75,000 Gallon Storage Capacity meaning Wastewater Designed for 70,000 gallons per day and currently at 20,000 gallons per “forever going” day. (Billy Daniels) Carter Septic Tanks Scattered sites have individual wells and septic systems.

Carter Lagoon Designed for 40,000 gallons per day and currently close to this usage. Currently, all solids are taken to the lagoon. Water Tower 75,000 Gallon Storage Capacity Blackwell Drain fields and Mound Systems Drain fields are located throughout the area. Mound systems have their own tank and mound, primarily located along Chief Wabeka, with a life expectancy of 15 years.

53 FCP Utility Department (Kelly Lamere) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 165

Other Utility Providers Although the Public Works Department offers water, waste water Electric Electrical and gas service for the Forest County Potawatomi is provided by “They made and sewer services other providers and Gas Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. are utilized by the community for use of mother electric, gas, and propane services. Propane Local suppliers provide propane to community members.

nature for treatment. They also SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING made use of The Solid Waste Program was established in 1992. In 2000, the Tribe built the Solid Waste/Recycling facility to everything provide office and storage space for the program’s staff and equipment. The facility also has a household hazardous around the waste storage room used for storing the waste until house. it can be disposed of properly. Nothing ever Solid Waste and Recycling Tonnages got thrown The Solid Waste Program conducts curbside away!” collection of solid waste and recyclables. They 450 service approximately 200 residences located on the 400 380 386 Mskwa Nkwot reservation in the Stone Lake, Carter, and Blackwell 357 358 meaning “red areas. That number is increasing at a rate of 2-3 350 336 cloud” 322 households per year. The solid waste disposal and (Mary Wensaut) 300 recycling for the community is contracted out to a private contractor. Dumpsters of recyclable material 250 Solid Waste are collected on a regularly scheduled basis. 200 Recycling 150 150 134 133 132 133 The collection, disposal, and processing of solid 119 waste and recyclable material for all government 100

buildings is also coordinated. The contractor 50 provides variously sized smaller dumpsters at government buildings and for numerous special 0 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 events.

The prevention of illegal open dumping and the cleanup of existing open dumps on Tribal lands is also a priority.

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Additionally, special wastes, including fluorescent lamps, mercury-containing items, electronic scrap, white goods, “Always batteries, used motor oil, oil filters, used oil absorbents, waste vehicle antifreeze, and household hazardous waste speak in are collected for proper recycling or disposal. wisdom and knowledge. COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY That way you don’t offend The Forest County Potawatomi Community’s use of technology is Communication Technologies anybody. I progressive and it is recognized as a leader among tribes in the FCP # Serviced love my country. The Information Technology Department enables Tribal Intranet Indian departments to be more productive and efficient with the use of FCP # Serviced people. I computers, networks, and telecommunications systems, as well as Extranet 54 don’t want to many business software applications. PTT 2,500 Distributed per Publication hurt them. I always Through technology, FCPC has been able to increase communication among employees, FCPC businesses, FCPC managed to enterprises, administration, tribal government and Tribal Members. The development of the FCP intranet (within help them in FCPC Departments) and FCP extranet (Tribal Members) has provided another important communication platform. some way if they needed Potawatomi Traveling Times (PTT) is an important informational hub for the entire area. The Potawatomi Traveling help. If I Times is a twice monthly publication dedicated to providing a means of communication regarding culture, language, couldn’t I’d health and other relevant happenings. tell them and The FCP Visitor and Business Guide was developed to inform FCP Tribal members and surrounding they’d communities of available FCP services, businesses, events and opportunities complete with contact understand. I information. The guide also promotes FCP tribal departments and businesses, along with never had to privately-owned FCP tribal member businesses by giving them a voice to connect with FCP tribal use harsh members and surrounding communities. In its fourth year of publication, the guide is printed words. But I twice a year. Other providers are utilized by the community for telephone, internet and cable. always spoke

in love. Other Communication Providers

Ne gon sa kwe Telephone Telephone service is provided by CenturyTel and Frontier. meaning “leading woman” Internet One Prospect Technologies, which is a Tribally owned business, (Arlene Alloway) provides high speed internet to the tribe. Cable Cable television service is provided by Charter Communications.

54 Potawatomi Traveling Times (Winda Collins) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 167

ENERGY

“Consistent “Consistent with its long-standing goal of reducing its energy use and carbon footprint, the Community has undertaken significant energy efficiency and carbon reduction initiatives, many through its Project Greenfire with its long- program. Quarterly assessments of the Community's energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions show the standing goal of success of these efforts. In the twelve month period ending December 31, 2013, the Community's major energy- reducing its using facilities consumed 13.9% less energy per gross square foot and had 22.25% less associated carbon energy use and emissions per gross square foot compared to the baseline year of 2007. carbon footprint, the Also, the Community is seeking to become energy independent by using only renewable carbon-neutral or Community has carbon-free resources. The Community installed solar panels on a Milwaukee administration building, has developed and is operating (through its subsidiary FCPC Renewable Generation, undertaken LLC) a bio digester and 2 MW biogas generation facility in Milwaukee, and is significant planning additional renewable energy projects, including a community-wide rooftop energy solar project, a biomass project on the reservation, and a sewage waste heat efficiency and recovery project. Not yet energy independent, the Community acquires renewable carbon energy certificates (RECs) from certified wind energy resources to more than match reduction its electricity use.”55 initiatives, Photo of Bio digester 13.9% Less Energy Usage many through 22.25% Less Carbon Emissions at major energy-using facilities per gross sq. ft. its Project Greenfire program.”

2007 2013 2007 2013

To reduce the risks of climate change, the Forest County Potawatomi Community has embarked on ambitious energy efficient tasks to try and reduce their carbon footprint.

55 http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/partners/partners/forestcountypotawatomicommunity.htm FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 168

2000  The first energy audit was completed in 2000, which established the baseline of energy consumption and “We breathe the carbon footprint.  Project Greenfire identified the “List of 100” facilities for energy efficiency improvements. air, and we 2007 Executive Council authorized the following actions: are made of  Baseline energy/carbon analysis  Energy/carbon reduction feasibility analysis; and or earth, and  Green energy production analysis we are given November 20, A motion was made by Executive Council: 2008  To direct FCPC Legal and Tribal EPA to have quarterly energy usage and carbon reports for the tribe’s life by water. operations and prepare and provide to Executive Council two weeks prior to each quarterly General Council meeting. Water, earth  To approve the FCPC Environmental Mission Statement. and wind are  To direct FCPC Legal and Tribal energy consultants to pursue site assessments for on-reservation and Milwaukee potential renewable energy projects. what we are  To direct FCPC Legal to identify potential renewable energy projects for the Tribe to develop or invest in made of. The and report regularly on those opportunities to the Executive Council. February 18, A motion was made by Executive Council: moving 2010  To direct Legal and Core Planning to submit energy management plan and report back to Council.

ocean is the March 3, 2010 A motion was made by Executive Council: beating  To direct the Core Planning Team to meet with FCPC Legal and its advisors regarding the Community Renewable Energy Project and to work with the FCPC Legal in the development of the project. heart of our 2010  FCP received a competitive Community Renewable Energy Deployment Grant; as one of only five grandmother communities nationwide to receive this grant, the tribe will be in the position of being a “showcase” renewable community. , the Earth,  Potawatomi Bingo Casino completed a lighting upgrade, which created significant savings to the Casino. Approximately 1,760 light fixtures have been completed as part of the relighting project to this date. the wind is January 20, A motion was made by Executive Council: her breath.” 2011  To notify the Facility Managers for the Health & Wellness Center, Executive Administration Building, Recreation Center, Museum, and Cultural Center, Old Tribal Center, and Housing Authority working with the Utilities Department, the Legal Department, the Tribe’s Energy Consultant, and Wisconsin Focus on (Skinner 1924) Energy to update the list of energy efficiency projects identified in the Focus on Energy audits for each facility, identifying whether each project is complete, in progress or not yet initiated, and to develop an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy for each facility consistent with Activity #1 in the Tribe’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Application submitted to the Department of Energy in June, 2009 and following the template used by PBC. January 20, 2011  To direct Tribal Administration to notify the Facility Managers for the Health & Wellness Center, Executive Administration Building, Recreation Center, Museum and Cultural Center, Old Tribal Center, and Housing Authority to submit recommendations for Capital Projects for energy efficiency measures to be included in current and future budgets.

 To direct the Tribal Chairman to notify the Gaming General Manager for the PCCH, working with the Legal Department and the Tribe’s Energy Consultant, to develop an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy for the PCCH following the template used by PBC and to submit recommendations for Capital Projects for energy efficiency measures to be included in current and future budgets. Spring 2012  FCP applied for and received assistance from the Strategic Technical Assistance Response Team (START) Program through the Department of Energy’s Office of Indian Energy (DOE-IE) The START program was created to assist in the development of tribal renewable energy projects. Once approved for the START program, the DOE-IE assigned experts to evaluate potential energy projects for development. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 169

The FCPC Executive Council has provided strong leadership and support of the energy/carbon reduction strategy “I remember and empowered facility managers to work with building users to balance comfort with conservation. There are every quarterly reports that document the energy/carbon baselines. The FCPC energy/carbon reduction strategy morning, activities include: early in the  Goals-incorporate goals for energy efficient building operation into the strategic business plan and mission morning, he statement. would get us  Planning-require an energy management plan with energy efficient operation as a primary component. out of bed  Energy Accounting-use an energy accounting system to locate savings opportunities and to track and and shoo us measure the success of energy efficient strategies. outside. The  Responsibility-each facility director appoint an Energy Manager and monitor facility’s monthly sun would conservation efforts and achievements. just be  Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Assessments- assessments and redefine preventative maintenance to include activities critical to energy-efficient building operation. coming up  Training, Awareness and Education Programs- train building operators in energy-efficient O&M and we would activities and occupants to influence energy conservation behavior. have to go  Scheduling and Automation- scheduling occupancy and systems to operate equipment and building outside…Now systems only when needed. I know we  Renewable and Recycling Resources- maximize use of alternative resources where technically feasible were sent out and cost effective. there to pray A Strategic Energy Planning Workshop was held in December 2012, as a part of the Department of Energy award, and greet the and was attended by FCP staff, FCP Land Use Committee Members, and FCP Executive Council. Many positive day.” things evolved from this workshop, including an energy development vision statement and strategies on how to

(LaVera “Dolly” implement the energy vision. Phillips) The vision has three parts:  Respectful use of the land and its resources for the community  Living our lives in accordance with our beliefs  The capability to achieve our goals

In 2013, the Forest County Potawatomi Energy Working group was formed at the request of Executive Council to champion energy efficiency and independence. The overall goal is to reduce the Tribe’s carbon footprint to zero and obtain carbon-free energy, self-sufficiency and potentially green energy sales to others. The Energy working group has been meeting monthly, researching and exploring ways to accomplish this goal and uphold the FCPC Environmental Mission Statement.

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Although they are always adding new members, this group primarily consists of FCP department and division directors, FCP Attorney General, and Potawatomi Carter Casino and Hotel and Potawatomi Bingo Casino facilities managers. In addition, the Executive Council approved the Energy Working Group to create a job description for an “Native Energy Specialist, which then became the position of the Sustainability Coordinator. The position is located in Land peoples are and Natural Resources and is under the supervision of the Director. The sustainability coordinator has been recently usually hired to champion the tribal movement toward sustainability and energy independence. grounded to With all of the new development and construction, the energy working group focused their attention on the current the earth and building practices for new construction. protectors of it” On May 29, 2013, a motion was made by the Executive Council: “…to require that all new buildings on Tribal trust and fee lands be, at a minimum, constructed in accordance with (Anonymous- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED) Certified Community Survey) standards, as recommended by the Energy Working Group.”

LEED-certified buildings are designed to:

 Lower operating costs and increase asset value  Reduce waste sent to landfills  Conserve energy and water  Be healthier and safer for occupants  Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions

The Energy working group also focused on other ways that Forest Photo of Solar Panels on Milwaukee Administration Building County Potawatomi Community (FCPC) could be more energy efficient. Possibilities are currently being explored to see which energy projects would be beneficial for the tribe. The energy working group will continue to meet on a regular basis to further their goals of renewable energy and energy independence.

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Areas of Responsibility Public Works Dept. (Utility Dept.)- The Public Works department, formally Solid Waste Program-The Solid Waste Program provides sanitary known as Forest County Potawatomi Utility Department, offers a variety of disposal of waste generated by tribal residences and government buildings services in water, sewer, roads, vehicle fleet, grounds keeping and other on the reservation. It is responsible for the curbside pickup of municipal services to FCP Tribal Members and departments. solid waste and recyclables. The program also collects and disposes of furniture, old appliances (white goods), electronic scrap (old computers and electronics), fluorescent light bulbs, used motor oil and antifreeze, household hazardous waste and waste tires. Additionally, the Solid Waste Program is responsible for the demolition and disposal of old homes and trailers, the coordination of the spring, fall and community cleanups, support at tribal events, and the mitigation of open dumps on the reservation. IT Dept. - The Information Technology Department provides leading-edge PTT (Traveling Times)- The Potawatomi Traveling Times is a twice- business strategy and IT knowledge to develop efficient and effective monthly publication dedicated to providing a means of communication to solutions that will define FCPC as a world class Sovereign Nation. The the FCP Community regarding culture, language, health and other relevant Technology department consists of a help desk support center, applications, happenings. The newspaper is also offered to the general public. systems and networking. Display and classified ads are available to FCP tribal members for a reasonable rate, and personal ads celebrating birthdays, holidays, anniversaries, etc., are free of charge. Our graphic artists create print media such as forms, brochures, posters, advertisements, business cards, logos, billboards, FCP Visitor & Business Guide, etc., for FCP departments and outside businesses. Security Dept. - E-KWA-BTTHEK- The Security Department serves the Maintenance Dept. - The Maintenance Departments purpose is to keep Blackwell, Stone Lake and Carter communities by performing duties with tribal buildings and grounds well-maintained and well-kept. The buildings integrity, fairness and timeliness, and by displaying high moral and ethical maintained by the department include: Executive, Recreation Center, conduct. The officers protect the FCP Community people, property, lands and Natural Resources, Family Resource Center, Family Services, Even Start, buildings with concerns of fire, vandalism, accidents and illegal We Care, Ordinance, Red Deer Ranch, Utilities and Solid Waste. The incidences/behaviors of wrong-doings. At times, the trained officers are first services provided include: plumbing, minor electrical work, heating and on the scene to assist in all emergency situations as the staff provides a full cooling, general repairs, lawn maintenance, snow removal, interior range of prevention, safety and/or detection of criminal activity on the tribal remodeling and housekeeping. Larger, more complicated jobs are land. Due to some areas being relatively remote and having situations occur, contracted. They also set up for funerals and general council as requested. the patrol services are looking after the lands where lakes, streams, They also provide spirit houses for FCP tribal members. campgrounds, hunting, fishing and culturally-sensitive areas are frequently patrolled — no matter the time of day — to provide quality service for the membership.

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Construction Department- The Construction Department was created by Sustainability Program- Coordinates the tribal movement toward the FCP Executive Council to oversee all tribal capital projects. As the sustainability - including climate change mitigation and adaptation - acting enterprises and departments of the Tribe continue to expand, so does the through a collaborative process involving staff and the community in need to have an in-house project management team. This will enhance the making Forest County Potawatomi a more ecologically and economically Tribe’s ability to make sure projects adhere to budgets, timelines, policies sustainable community. This includes minimizing the Tribe’s contributions and procedures, and are of sound quality. The department includes a to climate change and incorporating climate change adaptation efforts into Construction Project Manager, a Construction Project Coordinator and an development projects. Administrative Assistant. The Construction Project Manager reports directly to the Tribal Administrator and is charged with managing all tribal capital construction projects and operations.

Regulatory

General Council resolutions related to Solid Waste include:

#GC007-88, The Forest County Potawatomi Tribal Tire Dump Ordinance 05/14/1988

#GC-009-93, Outlines the rules and regulations that provide standards for solid waste disposal facilities. Adoption of Solid Waste Ordinance. 12/04/1993

#EC013-93, Establishment of a FCPC Tribal Waste Tire Recovery Program and apply for state Waste Tire Recovery Program funds. 02/18/1993

#EC-056-95 Solid Waste Recycling Program Grant 12/26/1995

#EC-003-04 Open Dumps Cleanup Project 08/11/2004

#EC-025-2008 Department of Natural Resources Recycling Grant. 03/26/2008

#EC-025-2010 Solid Waste Equipment to prevent and address open dumps on the reservation. 04/15/2010

Executive Council Motions relating to Energy:

November 20, 2008- To direct FCPC Legal and Tribal EPA to have quarterly energy usage and carbon reports for the tribe’s operations and prepare and provide to Executive Council two weeks prior to each quarterly General Council meeting.

November 20, 2008- To approve the FCPC Environmental Mission Statement.

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November 20, 2008- To direct FCPC Legal and Tribal energy consultants to pursue site assessments for on-reservation and Milwaukee potential renewable energy projects.

November 20, 2008- To direct FCPC Legal to identify potential renewable energy projects for the Tribe to develop or invest in and report regularly on those opportunities to the Executive Council. “Due Diligence Policy – Energy Projects,” this was adopted by Executive Council Resolution 045-2012 and helps to implement the last two motions.

EC-031-2009-Application for Grant Funding from the U.S. EPA Climate Showcase Communities Grant Program 07/20/2009

Executive Council Resolution #041-2009 Application for Grant Funding to Develop and Construct a Comprehensive Community Renewable Energy Plan 9/01/2009

February 18, 2010- To direct Legal and Core Planning to submit energy management plan and report back to Executive Council.

January 20, 2011- To notify the Facility Managers for the Health & Wellness Center, Executive Administration Building, Recreation Center, Museum, and Cultural Center, Old Tribal Center, and Housing Authority working with the Utilities Department, the Legal Department, the Tribe’s Energy Consultant, and Wisconsin Focus on Energy to update the list of energy efficiency projects identified in the Focus on Energy audits for each facility, identifying whether each project is complete, in progress or not yet initiated, and to develop an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy for each facility consistent with Activity #1 in the Tribe’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Application submitted to the Department of Energy in June, 2009 and following the template used by PBC.

January 20, 2011- To direct Tribal Administration to notify the Facility Managers for the Health & Wellness Center, Executive Administration Building, Recreation Center, Museum and Cultural Center, Old Tribal Center, and Housing Authority to submit recommendations for Capital Projects for energy efficiency measures to be included in current and future budgets.

January 20, 2011- To direct the Tribal Chairman to notify the Gaming General Manager for the PCCH, working with the Legal Department and the Tribe’s Energy Consultant, to develop an Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy for the PCCH following the template used by PBC and to submit recommendations for Capital Projects for energy efficiency measures to be included in current and future budgets.

January 08, 2013- Motion to request reports from the Energy Working Group meetings.

January 03, 2013- Motion to direct the Energy Working Group to create a job description for an Energy Specialist.

January 03, 2013- Motion to appoint an Energy Working Group…

April 23, 2014-Motion was made by the Executive Council to have the EPA Department create a Development of an Energy Strategic Plan.

April 23, 2014-Motion was made by the Executive Council to authorize and approve Chairman Frank to sign the 2014 Tribal Cooperative Landscape Conservation Grant Program.

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April 23, 2014-Motion was made by the Executive Council to the Development of a Climate Change Adaptation Plan.

April 23, 2014-Motion was made by the Executive Council to move forward with the feasibility study for a water supply and wastewater systems to heat and cool buildings.

September 01, 2014-Motion was made by the Executive Council to approve and authorize Chairman Frank to execute an amendment to the agreement with Innovative Business Engineering for additional services related to the quarterly Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions reports and energy consumption investigation as recommended by the Sustainability Coordinator, reviewed by Legal, and submitted by Tribal Administration.

General Council Resolution relating to the Security, Enforcement and Protection Services: #GC-035-2006 Approval of application and addendum to be made to the State of Wisconsin for aid as provided for in Wisconsin Statute 203.455 (2) (dq), and Wisconsin Statute 165.90 to defray anticipated expenses of performing additional law enforcement duties to the FCPC 11/15/2006

#GC-018-2006 Approval of the 2006 Town of Lincoln Basic Fire and Rescue Services Agreement 07/11/2005

Executive Council Resolution#034-2010 Weapons Prohibition in any building owned or leased by the FCP Community 06/02/2010

Executive Council Resolution relating to Capital Construction Projects: Executive Council Resolution #066-2013 Authorization to Adopt the Approval Policy for Capital Construction Projects 09/11/2013

May 29, 2013 Motion was made by Executive Council “to require that all new buildings on Tribal trust and fee lands be, at a minimum, constructed in accordance with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certified standards, as recommended by the Energy Working Group.

Partnership agreement relating to Transportation: Oct. 26, 2010 Partnership agreement between Wisconsin's eleven federally recognized tribes, Bad River Band of Indians, Forest County Potawatomi Community, Ho-Chunk Nation, Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Lac Du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin, Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Sokaogon Chippewa Community, St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians, Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians; and Wisconsin Division-Federal Highway Administration; and Wisconsin Department of Transportation

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INSTITUTIONAL ASSETS

“We protect and The institutions and organizations within our community can attract preserve our land, resources to the community, retain or recycle them here. Such institutions our traditional may include the creation of tribal colleges, financial intermediaries, values, and our nonprofit organizations, and philanthropic institutions. cultural heritage in such a manner as to leave a legacy

for future generations.”

(Land Use Committee)

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“I want to see Value everyone graduate from Our institutional assets attract resources to the community that may high school and provide necessary services we are unable to accomplish on our own. We go on to college to learn a trade. are not afraid to seek assistance when it will help us to create a viable Then they’ll community in which to live. have better jobs when they get older. It would be nice to have Institutional Vision them come back after graduation We are well served by a good range of accessible, quality services. to use their education to benefit the Assets Asset Managers Tribe. Eventually

the young ones today will be EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Gte Ga Nes taking over and N.E.W (Walking 4) Directions carrying on the CHILD CARE duties of the Child Care Dept. HEALTH INSURANCE current Insurance Dept. members.” PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS Health and Wellness Dept. Gawtagizhek meaning HEALTH CLINIC “all around the sky” AODA (Sidney Steven Daniels COMMUNITY FACILITY Sr.) Domestic Violence PHYSICAL FITNESS FACILITY Recreation Dept.

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Community Preferences 56

 94% Develop more activities for the youth  89% Education or Training Facilities (Community College, etc.)  89% Develop a better support system for Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery  88% New facility and services for Elders  86% Large sports/recreation center  83% Halfway home facility for at risk youth or other targeted group  78% AODA Treatment Center  72% Age specific recreation programming  72% A school (K-12)  58% Support new office development for dilapidated existing buildings  56% Small satellite sports/recreation center Institutional Capacity Building

The principles identified for the institutional assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that will help create institutional capacity functions that support quality of life endeavors. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the institutional assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Increase quality of life opportunities by improving service capacity.  Encourage the development of health facilities and support services for under serviced areas.  Create education and training facilities  Leverage the support system for alcohol, drug and other addiction recovery by coordinating closely with other jurisdictions and agencies for needed services.  Increase activities and age specific programming for the youth and elders

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plan.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.

56 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 178

 Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and other Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.  Identify and explore feasibility of dilapidated buildings and homes to assist decision making resolutions.  Explore feasibility studies for a large sports recreation center, small satellite recreation center, AODA treatment center, halfway home facility for at risk youth or other targeted groups.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

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Current Conditions

“Life is a EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS school. You Gte Ga Nes Preschool never The Gte-Ga-Nes Preschool, operating since 1993, provides a developmentally graduate. Native American Students K-12 appropriate program to prepare children for kindergarten. The school serves Change is approximately 50 students, ages 3 to 6, in its three classrooms. The preschool 350 there and it 300 has had over 540 children attend the preschool. The curriculum follows 317 250 brings out the Wisconsin Early Learning Standards and Federal Performance Standards in a 200 new you. You clean and safe environment designed to help children enjoy the learning 150 process. The school is family-focused and is proud of its high level of parental are renewed 100 132 every day involvement. Special services are offered through a speech therapist, language 50 with your and culture worker, and a tribal nutritionist. Parent meetings occur once a 0 month. Two buses provide transportation to the majority of the children. There Crandon School Wabeno School thoughts, District District is usually a waiting list for children to enter the program. Most of the preschool feelings and staff has associate’s degrees in Early Childhood Education. emotions. I Crandon Student Body look at life as Basic Education (K-12) Elementary, Middle, and High School Education spiritual, Potawatomi youth are educated in two primary school districts: Crandon and Wabeno. The community values a quality education for the youth and recognizes how beneficial All Native mental, and American physical.” this will be in the future. 31% Students

Sa-wtthi-gwe Vocational Training 69% Other meaning “yellow There are no vocational training facilities or programs located on the reservation. Nationality thunder” (Arnol Wensaut) Higher Education

It is important to instill in the Forest County Potawatomi youth a desire for higher Wabeno Student Body education. There are no higher education facilities or programs located on the reservation. All Native 21.80 American N.E.W (Walking 4) Directions % Students N.E.W Directions is an outreach/education/prevention/intervention program that 78.20 Other % provides services in a culturally relevant manner to Native American youth and their Nationality families residing on the FCP Stone Lake/Carter/Blackwell reservation and surrounding area. Programming, in part, consists of hands-on outreach services, and provides

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factual/clear and positive messages. Educational opportunities occur as a result of appropriate mentoring and role modeling examples. Our intent is to influence choices and decision-making that support healthy life skills for the

Potawatomi community and its youth. “Don’t take CHILD CARE health and life for Rising Sun Daycare57 granted, The Rising Sun Daycare is a tribally operated licensed day care facility that was originally established in December of enjoy your 1995. The facility was closed and then reopened due to the increased demand for licensed child care for working life and families. A new facility was constructed and completed in 2014. The facility can accommodate different age groups your family. ranging from infants to 12-year-olds. Rising Sun Daycare believes that children learn through play. Developmentally Be good to appropriate learning materials will provide opportunities for intellectual, physical, social, emotional and cultural your family, growth in a manner appropriate to his/her age and stage of development. It is staffed with child care teachers. Rising Sun Day Care accepts tribal members and tribally affiliated children. friends and neighbors. Do things Children Serviced by the with your Rising Sun Daycare family and 70 be happy.” 60 61 (LaVera “Dolly” 50 58 Phillips) 40 30 39 37

20 10 0 2013 2012 2011 2010

57FCP Child Care Department (Billie Jo Leach) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 181

350000 Number of Insurance Claims HEALTH INSURANCE 300000 “Respect Having access to affordable health care one 250000 another; contributes to the well-being of the community show great and promotes preventative care. Without good respect for health, achievements in economic well-being are 200000 one hollow. another.” 150000 The Forest County Potawatomi Insurance

Mskwa Nkwot Department administers benefit plans for tribal meaning “red members and employees of FCP. The Insurance 100000 cloud” Department has been processing tribal member (Mary Wensaut) health care claims since September 2002 and 50000 employee claims since June 2003. This includes medical, dental, vision, and hospital. They also 0 provide insurance coverage for prescriptions and Medical Dental Vision Flex life insurance. 2009 222898 10889 3495 6656 2010 254364 11942 4670 6852 The plans administered through the department 2011 268325 13909 4535 6534 include FCP Tribal Member Benefit Plan, FCP 2012 275482 14005 4506 7060 Government Benefit Plan, Potawatomi Carter 2013 302725 17530 5094 6055 Casino Hotel Benefit Plan and the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Benefit Plan.

FCPID offers tribes a cost containment service which has saved our clients more than 20 million dollars in 2013. Other services include: benefits consulting for employee and Contract Health Service plans, customized health plans designs and personalized solutions for tribal benefit challenges. FCPID has access to multiple stop loss markets and multiple preferred provider networks. As of Oct. 1, 2013, FCPID provides assistance to the general public with enrolling in the Health Insurance Marketplace. Certified Application Counselors (CAC) are available to assist in person or via telephone. The CAC team can also provide enrollment assistance at community events. The data provided shows the number of medical, dental, vision and flex claims per year that the Forest County Potawatomi Insurance has processed.58 The utilization of the insurance is contributing to the well-being of the people and health of the community.

58 FCP Insurance Department (Natalyn Gardner) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 182

PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS

“Families used Forest County Potawatomi Foundation to work The Foundation is a result of the rich history and beliefs of the Potawatomi tribe. The cornerstone of those beliefs is the Circle of Life. Paralleling the together, help seasons of nature, the Circle of Life is a demonstration of the Potawatomi each other, you reverence for all living things and nurtures the belief that they are a self- don’t see that reliant and self-determined nation of people. anymore, people helping Difficult times have sometimes made that self-reliance seem impossible to achieve. The Potawatomi people have witnessed both young and old each other and struggle against the oppression of poverty. They have learned much in sharing.” their past struggles, and the Circle of Life guides them to use the fruits of Wa bmi ko meaning these lessons to help others overcome their obstacles. “four spirits looking down on us” A major effort of the Foundation (Mary Jane Thunder) Areas of Giving by Percentage and its funds is to assist charitable organizations that help those Other people who are faced with Equal Opportunity economic challenges. As a result, the Foundation targets its Veterans & Elderly resources to those areas with a Environmental high percentage of individuals with Youth Development low and very low incomes. 2009 59 Native American Mission-To fight poverty, 2010 promote economic opportunity and Health & Human Services 2011 equality in Milwaukee, strengthen Economic Development communities and provide an Education example of responsible citizenship by assisting charitable Civic & Community organizations. Arts & Culture

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

59 http://www.fcpotawatomi.com/about-foundation/potawatomi-foundation-annual-reports/ FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 183

“Years ago, my HEALTH CLINIC grandpa told me 60 things weren’t Health and Wellness going to go right, The Health and Wellness Center’s mission is to promote quality health care in a professional and traditional because of the way for Native Americans, their families, and the surrounding community. The health care team offers services alcohol things in these areas: family practice, women’s health and OB-GYN, pediatric, internal medicine, nephrology, and wouldn’t go right. podiatry. Patient medical needs are supported through state-of-the-art lab and radiology services. Additional My dad used to sing offerings include: general dentistry, dental hygiene, optical services, rehab services, behavioral health, and these medicine AODA (Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse) treatment. The center also provides limited pharmacy services and a dance songs to me variety of community health services, including in-home nursing, domestic violence support and counseling, and I wondered immunizations, WIC (Women, Infants, and Children), formula program, and elder services. A diabetes why he sang the program provides education and management. Newer services include electronic health records, the songs to me. Improving Patient Care (IPC) model, and psychiatric telemedicine. The Center holds AAAHC accreditation from Someday, he told the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care. me, you’re going to Number of Patients Treated The Health and Wellness Center’s vision statement is “to May 2010-May 2011 need them. I don’t provide quality patient care and customer service that remember them, Medical reflects the needs of the community, empowers patients, 2454 but sometimes they Dental and emphasizes cultural sensitivity while promoting a 1516 come back to me Optical healthy community through integrated outreach services 1301 and I know every Pharmacy and programs. A caring and high performing competent 1085 word, that’s when I Community Health staff will meet this vision through collaboration and 1043 need them and I Lab partnering with our community and patients.” It strives to 524 know that is what Mental Health/AODA achieve this mission and vision through these core 350 he meant.” Radiology strategies of focus: 312 Wa bmi ko meaning Physical/Speech Therapy 293 . Community outreach and partnering with “four spirits looking Prevention 189 down on us” external resources 0 1000 2000 3000 (Mary Jane Thunder) . Patient-centeredness . Staff development . Collaboration and communication with stakeholders . Quality culture

60 The majority of information in this section was provided by the Forest County Potawatomi Community Health & Wellness Center (Linda Helmick), communication to JW Johnson & Associates, (June 21, 2011). FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 184

H & W Patients Treated In 2011, the Health and Wellness Department conducted a May 2010-May 2011 Community Health Opinion Survey. This survey was distributed throughout the FCP community, and included both adult and youth FCP Tribal “…parents have versions. Preliminary findings of significance include: 31% Other a lot to do with  Higher-than-average rates of smoking (more than three times Tribal 58% teaching their the national average), children to take  High school dropout (nearly five times the national rate), care of  Abuse  Diabetes with below-average rates reported for daily intake of Non-FCP themselves, fruits and vegetables. Tribal 11% especially when it comes to A FCP Community Health Assessment was completed in 2012. The alcohol and report contains information about the overall health of the Forest County Potawatomi Community. The data is used to identify health challenges and to develop a health improvement plan that addresses these health factors. drugs” The Community Health Improvement Plan of 2013-2018 has three Bēmsadek meaning “something flew by” main focus areas. Reports of Physical Activity Levels (Harry Shawano)  Focus Area 1: Obesity Prevention at Clinic Visits by Forest County Potawatomi Ages 5+ o Nutrition (2009-2010) o Physical Activity Inactive 240  Focus Area 2: Injury Prevention Some Active 278  Focus Area 3: AODA and Mental Health Active 202 Very Active 380

FCP Tribal Members with a BMI ≥ 30 Forest County Potawatomi 2010 Adult Opinion Survey Data: May 2009-May 2012 74%  57% (85 out of 150) indicated 80% 62% 63% 60% that they exercise less than 3 60% 48% 46% 40% times per week. 40% * FCP 2010 Adult Opinion Survey represents 24% of 20% adult FCP Tribal Members that reside on or near the reservation 0% 2-4 5-14 15-19 20-24 25-44 45-64 65-74 Ages

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FCP Tribal Member Injury Surveilance May 2009- May 2012 1 Undetermined 1 0 1 Suicide Attempts 1 0 54 Stings & Venoms 38 16 2 Sports Injury 1 1 33 Other Causes 17 16 28 Motor Vehicle 15 13 Cut Piercing 13 9 Object 4 14 Assaults 11 Total 3 23 Animal Related 16 20-100 yrs 7 24 0-19 yrs Accidental Falls 13 11

Combined Mental Health Diagnoses and Depression Prevelance of FCP Tribal Members May 2009-May 2012

600 460 261 400 202 135 65 104 65 Mental Health 200 35 4 22 54 35 Patients 0 Depression 0-10 11-17 18-25 26-54 55-120 Total Ages

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COMMUNITY FACILITY

Ka Kēw Sē Gathering Grounds “My mother and The Forest County Potawatomi Community constructed a permanent pow wow grounds just down the hill from the Potawatomi Carter Casino and Hotel and father spoke the the Potawatomi Carter C-Store. The site was the old home of the Carter ball language to us field and the location of the last nineteen (19) Mno Keno Ma Ge Wen Pow all the time wows since the decommission of the Devil’s Lake Dance Bowl the same while growing number of years ago. The grounds offer a permanent location for cultural events and activities within the community. A ribbon cutting and naming up and taught ceremony was held on August 15th, 2013 and kicked off the annual Meno us the Keno Ma Ge Wen Pow wow weekend. The grounds were named after Billy traditional Daniels and will be known as “Ka Kēw Sē Gathering Grounds” which means “Forever Going”. The grounds ways” include:

Gawtagizhek meaning A main dance arbor equipped with a state of the art sound system and MC booth. The area encircling the arbor “all around the sky” includes water spigots and electrical hook-ups. (Sidney Stevens Daniels Sr.) The bathroom building provides six individual shower rooms, flushing toilets and running water. All restrooms

and one shower are handicap accessible.

The kitchen, concession and storage arbor houses a full service commercial kitchen.

The campgrounds provide spacious level grass sites for tent or RV camping equipped with electrical hook-ups and access to potable water.

Vendor stations are equipped with electric hook-ups and water Number in Attendance at New access for large scale events. Facility 2000 1500 1500 1000

500 500 0 Pow wow 2013 Family Fun Day 2013

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PHYSICAL FITNESS FACILITY

Recreation Center “Growing up on The recreation center coordinates an abundance of recreational activities such as football, basketball, softball, the reservation, volleyball, camping, fishing, canoeing, weight training and skiing. They host several family events, such as Elizabeth Brewers’ and Bucks’ games, Ice Capades, Green Bay Gamblers’ Hockey games and more. They also host the remembers yearly community holiday parties (Halloween, Christmas and Easter), and the annual FCP Winter’s End Pow

making tree Wow, held the third weekend of March. 1.2 Number of Healthy Activities houses in the The Recreation Center has a basketball and volleyball court, woods and mud 1 a game room, an art room, a weight training room, and a pies. She played kitchen that can be used by FCP tribal members, community a lot with her members, as well as employees of the FCP enterprises. 0.8 brothers and Family sisters.” During the summer, the youth employee program and 0.6 Entertainment summer youth feeding program run through the facility. Organized Sports Ga ges nok meaning 0.4 “lightening that lasts a The Recreation Center is a member of the Wisconsin Inter- Fitness long time” tribal Athletic Association (WIAA) and participates in sports (Elizabeth Daniels) against 10 other Wisconsin Native American tribes. 0.2

Youth participate in the North American Indigenous Games 0 (NAIG), a Native American-only Olympics, between the 50 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 states and Canada. The games are hosted between countries every three years.

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Areas of Responsibility

Gte Ga Nes- Gte-Ga-Nes is a family-focused program. The family is N.E.W (Walking 4) Directions-N.E.W Directions is an viewed as the most important influence in a child’s life. Parents are outreach/education/prevention/intervention program that provides services in a invited to become integrally involved in the development of the culturally relevant manner to Native American youth and their families residing on program’s curriculum and are encouraged and welcomed in the the FCP Stone Lake/Carter/Blackwell reservation and surrounding area. classroom at any time. Programming, in part, consists of hands-on outreach services, and provides factual/clear and positive messages. Educational opportunities occur as a result of appropriate mentoring and role modeling examples. Our intent is to influence choices and decision-making that support healthy life skills for the Potawatomi community and its youth. Child Care Program: The Child Care Program assists FCP tribal Insurance Dept. - The Insurance Department provides benefits administration families, Native American families, and low income families who reside services for our FCP tribal members, employees and their families. FCPID has in Forest County in finding and funding quality child care. The parents been providing administration services for 11 years, and we also provide services are then able to seek employment, maintain employment or attend to many other Tribal Nations. FCPID offers tribes a cost containment service educational classes. The program will also certify individuals who are which has saved our clients more than 20 million dollars in 2013. Other services interested in becoming regulated child care providers. They hold a include: benefits consulting for employee and Contract Health Service plans, child care certification class twice a year, which offers all state customized health plans designs and personalized solutions for tribal benefit required trainings to become regulated. They promote child safety in challenges. FCPID has access to multiple stop loss markets and multiple preferred the homes where care is being provided and activities which involve provider networks. As of Oct. 1, 2013, FCPID provides assistance to the general parents, providers and children. The Rising Sun Child Care is overseen public with enrolling in the Health Insurance Marketplace. Certified Application by the Child Care Program, and is a tribally operated licensed day care Counselors (CAC) are available to assist in person or via telephone. The CAC team facility can also provide enrollment assistance at community events. Mission- The Forest County Potawatomi Insurance Department is dedicated to providing superior customer service and innovative administrative services, primarily but not limited to Tribal Nations. Our knowledge and experience allows us to advocate for our customers in a professional and traditional manner. Health & Wellness Dept.-The Health and Wellness staff operates the Domestic Violence-The FCP Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault Program offers accredited FCP Health and Wellness Center which provides a wide advocacy and support in the following areas: variety of health-related services to Tribal Members as well as others in the surrounding area. Prior to February 2005, the FCPC operated  24/7 Hotline: (715) 478-7201 under a Title 1 contract with the Indian Health Service dating back to  Legal advocacy the 1970’s. Currently, FCPC has a self-governance (Title V) compact  Medical advocacy and referral with the United States Secretary of the Health and Human Services  Emotional support whether abuse was current or in the past that defines the Tribe’s health programs. This compact was entered  Crime victim compensation into as of February 2005, and an updated version became effective  Restraining orders October 1, 2007. Mission-To promote quality health care in a professional and  Referrals to domestic abuse shelters  Support groups

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traditional way for Native Americans, their families and surrounding  School presentations customized to fit the needs of the classroom community, in a trusting, respectful, and confidential manner for the  Community presentations and trainings wellness and the future of the community. Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault Program Mission- Promoting Change and Empowering the Forest County Potawatomi Community through Advocacy, Education and Healing. AODA (alcohol and Other Drug Abuse)-AODA offers a community Recreation Dept.-The Recreation Department coordinates and hosts activities to based model. The services include assessment/counseling, a peer encourage active, healthy lifestyles. support program, and case management.

Regulatory

Council Resolutions relating to the authority of the Health and Wellness Center include:

EC-008-92 Support and Submit FCPC Health and Services Planning Proposal to Indian Health Services (IHS) 04/15/1992

Council Resolution relating to the authority of the Recreation Department include:

EC-008-91 Approve proposal for Summer Food Service Program for Children 05/07/1991

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CHAPTER VI.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

MONITORING AND EVALUATION ASSETS

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MONITORING AND EVALUATION ASSETS

The ability to control the probability of impacts through monitoring and inventory. It also secures, protects and maintains assets. Mitigating risks mandates us to predict, plan and prepare for efficiency and effectiveness through change.

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Value

Everyone has an important role and responsibility to ensure we are moving toward our vision for the future. Our monitoring and evaluation assets “We need to remind provide information, processes and tools that aid decision-making actions our people and behaviors to assure our resilience. how and what our ancestors went Monitoring and Evaluation Vision through.” We are resilient and adaptive. (Anonymous from Community Survey)

Asset Measurements Asset Managers MONITORING Purchasing EVALUATION Property Management Planning RESILIENCE GIS ADAPTABILITY Land Info. (Realty) Emergency Management Sustainability Coordinator Talent Administrator

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Community Preferences

 93% Want to ensure sustainability of history, culture and language programs  91% Want to increase history, culture, and language presence in all resource areas.  92% Want increased communication between Leaders and Tribal Members

Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity Building

The principles identified for the monitoring and evaluation assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that will guide sustainable measuring, monitoring and evaluation strategies to guide decision-making. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the monitoring and evaluation assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Promote processes that increase communication before specific projects are embarked on in order to promote systematic thinking and actions that consider the broader implications and accomplish multiple goals rather than default to short-term piecemeal efforts.  Instill resiliency by retaining a strong capacity to respond, prepare and help residents and institutions prepare for disruptions swiftly, creatively and effectively.  Retain an innovative environment that enables risk-taking inherent in innovation and one that cultivates the spirit of proactive problem solving and provides access to futures otherwise unobtainable.  Increase capacity by offering training opportunities implementing monitoring as a continuous function of data collection, indicators, story collection and other creative methods for tracking progress and evaluating effectiveness.  Utilize impact evaluation as a communication and empowerment tool that gives community members assurance that they are taken into account and listened to.  Leverage and strengthen activities that build capacity and infrastructure for a comprehensive impact evaluation framework that is harmonized, maintained and accessible and that measures progress in quality of life for the health and wellbeing of the people.  Increase tracking performance and outcomes in all areas and recommend strategies to modify results.  Promote responsible citizenship and informative decision making by encouraging resource assessments, impact tracking, and responsible record keeping so that corrective actions that need to be made still meet the needs of today yet do not deplete what is available for future generations.  Increase opportunities in your work for all facets of community to work together for the benefit of the whole.  Eliminate barriers to equity and work to encourage full participation in community life and work.

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 Recognize opportunities to lead and effect change by encouraging diversity and multiple approaches to accomplish a goal.

Program Planning

 Draft and implement a program management plans.  Assess the needs for capital improvements plan.  Develop an operations and maintenance plan for equipment and facilities.  Continue to integrate department plans with other Tribal programs and over Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update program plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.

Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget to fund the Tribal program that allows the program to grow and evolve.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover programs costs.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the program management structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary for the program.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help the program make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear position descriptions and program policies  Establish staff training plans  Evaluate current staffing needs and allow for future growth and development.  Maintain the stability of the current programs workforce.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to promote program development and growth.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other program needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding services, issues and program plans.

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Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for program planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.

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Current Conditions “Louie was taught that MONITORING if someone needed Monitoring is a continuous function that uses data of specific indicators to provide management and stakeholders of an help, then ongoing intervention (programs, projects or policies) with indications of the extent of achievement of objectives and help progress in the use of allocated funds and efforts. them.” EVALUATION (Louie Shepard, Sr.) Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of ongoing and/or completed interventions (programs, projects or policies). Evaluation examines a variety of results or measures that provide a picture of how well we are utilizing resources. The results provide a basis for impact evaluation for effectiveness and efficiency. They determine if the

needs are effectively being met and if the interventions (programs, projects, or policies) are positive, negative, intended and unintended, direct and indirect, or primary and secondary.

Effectiveness Effectiveness may be increased by:  improving the quality of policy (by better understanding needs)  improving the implementation of programs(by having management systems that attract and retain talent)

Efficiency Efficiency may be increased by:  aligning organizational structure (to reduce overlapping roles and responsibilities)  streamlining processes  improving the policy process

RESILIENCE

Resiliency results in stability. Stability is accomplished through the implementation of good practices and norms to mitigate risks.

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Implementation “Our Possible interventions that may promote good practices include: relatives  documentation of processes and publication  alignment of processes, requirements and performance management (hiring the right people, having them do that were the right things, and rewarding them for doing it well) here  development of knowledge sharing before us took care Risk Mitigation to Risks should be identified, analyzed and managed. Common risks include forms of corruption, lack of public participation, high staff turnover, low morale, lack of data for informed decision making, and natural threats or preserve disruptions. Risks limit the ability to sustain performance levels over time. the land so Programmatic responses can be targeted at vulnerable spots by: that we  designing and putting in place participation mechanisms; could  drafting and implementing best management policies and practices; enjoy it,  developing information management systems to ensure fact-based decision-making. the time ADAPTABILITY has come to realize Adaptability results in sustainability and is the ability to perform in future conditions and meet future needs. Everything that we is constantly changing and it is necessary to anticipate, adapt, and respond to an ever changing environment. must do the same Innovation Investments in innovation seek changes in policies, processes, practices and behavior that will lead to better for those sustainable performance. who will roam Change Mother The design and implementation of continuous improvement mechanisms redefined and realigned continuously in Earth long response to changing realities. after we’re gone.”

(Anonymous- Community Survey)

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Areas of Responsibility Purchasing Dept. - The Purchasing Department handles all ordering of Property Management Dept. - The Property Management Department materials, supplies and services for all tribal government programs. They was established in 1999 to ensure a more accurate account of all FCP negotiate goods and services at the lowest reasonable cost. They prepare, property and tribal capital assets, and to be in compliance of the federal process and maintain all purchase orders using an accounting system. They regulations. The department follows the Government Accounting Standard monitor the obligation of tribal funds when a purchase order has been used. Board (GASB) guidelines. By federal law, all purchases over $5,000 are to They make, track and communicate all travel arrangements (airfare, car be maintained in an auditing/inventory control system. Tribal resolution rental, meetings, registration, hotel, etc.) for FCP employees. requires that all purchases over $1,000 be tracked in the same fashion. Mission- Purchasing will provide the highest level of quality, value, and Once Purchasing has placed an order, a copy of the purchase order is given satisfaction to our internal customers while servicing their needs; to Property Management. When orders arrive, they verify the information on maintaining the optimum level of professionalism, integrity, and ethics in the purchase order to ensure that all items ordered have been received and are in good condition. Items over $1,000 are then tagged and entered into support of the Forest County Potawatomi Community’s goals and objectives. their tracking system prior to being delivered to the requesting department. The department also calculates depreciation for each tribal asset.

Planning Dept.-The Planning Departments mission is to assist the FCP Land Information Dept. (Realty Dept.)- The Land Information community in project development and a Comprehensive Land Use plan of Departments main purpose is to research, verify, record and file all land social, economic, physical, cultural and natural resource management which records. The department will assist any FCP community member in the reflect the vision of the tribe. The Planning Department services all FCP purchasing of fee land. The department will also aid other FCP departments Tribal Members, all FCP tribal employees and programs. with questions in regards to land title, easements, right-of- ways, land Objectives: surveys, property boundaries and any other issues regarding land. • Seek FCP community member input and involvement on projects and Mission- To ensure that the FCPC lands are protected, managed, accurately plans. accounted for, developed, and appropriately utilized, under the direction of • Document issues and explore meaningful and creative strategies that the FCPC. address these issues by soliciting ideas from tribal members, employees and other resources. • Provide assistance with projects and infrastructure planning and development for future growth through development briefs and assisting the Land Use Committee and Core Planning Team with relevant decision-making information. • Initiate appropriate partnerships that enhance the tribe's capacity • Report on plan implementation progress and project progress. • Develop better-defined planning boundaries of responsibility and lines of communication. • Encourage community-based planning processes. Mission- To assist the FCP community in project development and a Comprehensive Land Use plan of social, economic, physical, cultural and natural resource management which reflects the vision of the tribe.

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GIS- KE GE KIN DEK (LAND KNOWLEDGE)-The Geographic Information Emergency Management Dept. - The Emergency Management System (GIS) Program provides support and assistance with geographical Department was established on April 1, 2005, and is designed to help aid information for a variety of the tribe’s needs. The program utilizes GIS to the FCP Community during emergency situations. They have developed improve analysis and subsequent decisions aimed at improving services to emergency plans for just about every situation, from power outages to the community by collecting, storing and analyzing information about FCP hazardous spills, and they also help make home plans (evacuation, tornado lands and surrounding lands. GIS can assist decision-makers and programs sheltering, etc.) for FCP tribal members. They set up drills and exercises to by answering questions like where the best spot to place a new facility is or help prepare the FCP Community team members to respond to emergency how this project will affect water resources. Data is managed for land incidents. We also assist FCP departments and businesses to create and ownership, building and home locations, tribal and BIA roads, water sampling implement their own emergency plans for both man-made and natural sites, underground utility locations and more. Data such as lakes and rivers, disasters. Outreach and recruitment of tribal members for the Tribal roads, contour lines, electric and gas lines, vegetation types and digital air Emergency Response Team is an ongoing process and highly encouraged. photos are also stored in the GIS system. Mapping support for many departments is provided along with creating land base and fire number maps. The FCP Land Atlas is produced by this program using this data. The information in the GIS includes all eight counties that the tribe has land in: Forest, Oconto, Oneida, Marinette, Shawano, Fond du Lac, Walworth, and Milwaukee. Sustainability Coordinator- The Sustainability Coordinator manages the Talent Administrator- Serving as a strategic partner to the leadership tribal movement toward sustainability- including climate change mitigation team in all areas of recruitment, talent management processes including and adaptation-acting through a collaborative process involving staff and the performance management, succession planning, and training and community in making Forest County Potawatomi a more ecologically and development. Provides professional consultation and support to economically sustainable community. The coordinator will be responsible for management and employees on a broad range of projects, talent the development, implementation and maintenance of the sustainability management, and employee issues. Responsible for and implementation of program, which will encompass various areas of the tribal organization and policies and legal compliance for the Tribe. Participates in the development its environment. In addition, the coordinator will ensure the tribal of Tribal employee Policies and Procedures and services to existing and sustainability effort enhances the development and supports the long-term potential members. Interacts with all Tribal Management and personnel. environmental and energy goals of the Forest County Potawatomi Performs investigations and monitors compliance of regulatory issues. Plans, Community. directs and coordinates activities of the Tribe to assure compliance with ethical, regulatory standards and policies and procedures. Develop appropriate metrics and tracking mechanisms to build accountability, measure results, and optimize the impact of the strategic talent management function. Streamline processes and ensures compliance with regulatory and tribal requirements. Assure Tribal policies/procedure are accurate, current and in compliance with Tribal Government, as appropriate federal government and other regulatory agencies. Develop, review, and revise policies, laws, regulations, motions, and policies/procedures as necessary. Communicate all essential information to appropriate individuals. Verifies that all departmental and regulatory policies/procedures have been documented, implemented and communicated. Assists organization with changes and performance expectations.

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Regulatory

General Council resolutions related to Emergency Management include: EC-004-91 Town of Lincoln and Town of Wabeno to maintain fire protection services for the communities 02/26/1991

EC-022-93 Establishment of FCP Injury Prevention Committee 04/23/1993

GC-027-2005 Adoption of NIMS (National Incident Management System) concept of emergency planning and unified command, 09/29/2005

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CHAPTER VII.

LAND ASSETS

LANDSCAPE

LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND COVER

LAND COVER

LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR CURRENT LAND USE

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LAND ASSETS

A cultural landscape is “a concrete and characteristic product of the interplay between a given human community, embodying certain cultural We protect and preferences and potentials and a particular set of natural circumstances. It preserve our is a heritage of many eras of natural evolution and of many generations of land, our 61 human effort.” traditional values, and our cultural heritage in such a manner as to leave a legacy for future generations.

(Land Use Committee)

61 Wagner and Miskell, quoted in Fowler, 1999, p.56. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A handbook for Conservation and Management

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The Value of Land “We use water in different The Forest County Potawatomi Community choose to base their land ways, cultural use management on protection of their water resources and cultural ways, our ceremonies and sites by not allowing development along the shorelines of their water spiritual ways. resource. (GC012-93) It is important to us.”

Ka Kēw Sē meaning Land Vision “forever going” (Billy Daniels) We are secure in our homelands and have effective control over the use

and development of our resources.

Assets

LANDSCAPE

LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND COVER LAND COVER

LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR CURRENTLAND USE

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Community Preferences 62

 92% Support setting aside natural areas for preservation and traditional use  88% Support the improvement of parks and playgrounds  84% Support making information on Tribal lands available  80% Support setting aside natural wilderness areas prohibiting development and logging  80% Support the development of Commercial campgrounds to promote the casino and c-store open to the public.  75% Hold open meetings on Land Use management topics  74% Support setting aside areas for development  74% Accessibility to land records  71% Support the development of land use designations  60% Develop Private Tribal campgrounds for Tribal members only  57% Want to limit the land available for development (by not permitting development in prime farm areas)  44% Agree with mineral extraction (gravel, quarries, rocks), 39% disagree and 17% undecided

If there were a reservation Village/Town Center, then which of the following do you think should be part of it?

Pleasant place to go 136 Restaurant/café 136 Benches to sit on 129 Outdoor pavilion 124 Retail Shops 114 Pedestrian friendly 108 Farmers Market 101 Public Wi-Fi 97 Architectural landscaping 95 Kiosk/bulletin board 86 Coffee House 82 Tree lined streets 77 Central meeting place 75 Professional offices 50 Housing integrated w/business 44 Other 18 0 50 100 150

62 Results from 2013 Community Survey of adult Tribal Members residing in Forest County. FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 205

Land Capacity Building

The principles identified for the land use assets in this section will provide a roadmap for actions that result in long term availability and protection of water resources, retain rural character, promote connectivity and encourage consistent and active interactions with the natural environment, while at the same time protecting natural and cultural features. Investing and implementing in these strategies will increase the capacity to deal with uncertainty and change while ensuring that the land use assets of the Tribe are maintained for future generations to come.

Community Priorities

 Increase natural areas for preservation and traditional use.  Create improvements to the connectivity of parks and playgrounds in neighborhoods.  Retain natural wilderness areas prohibiting development and logging.  Increase recreational opportunities.  Create new land designations from a future land use map that supersedes all past designations.  Create a new land designation process for all future acquisitions.  Create well-planned business districts that provide a balanced mix of desired retail infrastructure and social connection opportunities.  Create designated hunting areas including fee lands with the greatest biodiversity.  Control and plan access that is appropriate and in conjunction with habitat restoration initiatives, forest management, and land use designations.  Provide for a safe balanced transportation system to achieve convenient access.  Plan for access to and movement of people, goods and services.  Create allotment resource management plans in conjunction with owners.  Create designated fire wood cutting areas  Control and direct the use of off-road by designating “specific areas and trails” which are open or closed to ORVs and close lands to such use if use will or is causing considerable adverse effects on the soil, vegetation, wildlife, wildlife habitat or cultural or historic resources.  Control and direct the use of off-road vehicles to deal specifically with noise by indicating that areas and trails for off- road vehicle use “shall be located to minimize conflicts” with other recreational uses and “to ensure compatibility… with existing conditions in populated areas taking into account noise and other factors.”  Create growth boundaries to control growth sprawl and minimize forest fragmentation.  Create walkable neighborhoods.  Foster communities with a strong sense of place.  Preserve open space, natural beauty and critical environmental areas.  Provide a variety of transportation choices.

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 Create a range of housing opportunities and choices.  Direct development toward existing communities.  Encourage land use and transportation infrastructure that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality.  Encourage the design of projects that minimize environmental impacts, maximize financial efficiency, optimize social equity and improve public health.  Avoid incompatible land uses.  Promote the development of land with existing infrastructure.  Utilize soil conservation methods.  Retain the pristine air quality.  Control our water resources, increase fish and water quality.  Control and regulate pesticide use to reduce negative affects to biodiversity and the environment.  Retain plants with cultural and medicinal value.  Protect wetlands.  Increase populations of all types of wildlife including endangered and non-hunted species.  Create a large scale well connected sustainable system of protected areas across the reservation in cooperation with surrounding jurisdictions where possible.  Expand conservation efforts by advancing the understanding of how ecosystems are affected by human-caused change, including habitat loss and fragmentation.

Land Use Planning

 Draft and implement a current and future land use plan.  Continue to integrate plans with other Tribal programs and other Tribal Plans.  Continue to utilize, revisit and update plans for decision-making.  Create a plan that attempts to mitigate adapt to and minimize the effects of climate change and other threats on FCPC resources.  Create commercial campgrounds to promote the casino and c-store open to the public  Create private Tribal campgrounds for Tribal members only  Create a central location on the reservation which offers a pleasant, pedestrian friendly place to go with benches, retail shops, café, outdoor pavilion, farmers market, and coffee house equipped with public Wi-Fi, kiosk, tree lined streets and architectural landscaping.

Program Planning

 Provide a long-range vision for future growth and development that addresses economic, environmental and social problems and opportunities within the community.

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Financial Viability

 Continue to establish an annual operating budget that allows maintenance and evolution of land use planning.  Examine the possibilities for generating a source of income to cover program costs.  Seek reliable, secure, grant funding to contribute to or cover costs.  Promote land development patterns that support a diverse economy and employment close to where people live.

Management

 Clearly document and identify the decision making structure.  Direct, evaluate performance and take corrective actions when necessary.  Utilize existing boards or committees to help make decisions.

Staffing

 Create a staffing plan with clear responsibilities in regards to land use planning.  Contribute to staff training plans.  Maintain the stability of land use endeavors and importance.  Obtain outside assistance when needed.

Coordination and Participation

 Improve coordination between programs, departments and management in order to accomplish land use goals.  Coordinate with other jurisdictions for services and other needs.  Encourage community participation and contribute at various community events.  Effectively communicate and outreach with tribal membership regarding plans, issues and services.  Increase the availability of Tribal land information to community members.  Identify and explore feasibility of dilapidated buildings and homes to assist decision making resolutions.  Provide regular, meaningful opportunities for Tribal members to shape the future of their community.

Compliance, Enforcement and Monitoring

 Develop laws, ordinances and penalties in order to enforce the protection of resources.  Establish an effective Tribal enforcement program  Collect relevant data on a regular basis for planning and sustainability purposes and identify missing data needed.  Control the land available for development  Prohibit development in prime farm areas  Utilize Bureau of Indian Affairs protocols for trespass issues.  Develop a process for newly acquired land to be immediately inventoried and designated.

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“You can Current Conditions never reclaim the THE LANDSCAPE

land to be “It is the belief of the Forest County Potawatomi Tribe that our natural and cultural environment must be managed like it was in a manner consistent with Potawatomi tradition, custom, culture and values in order to ensure cultural when the perseverance for tribal members and descendants, as to secure the Tribe’s power to exercise the inherent rights of creator self-governance and sovereignty.”63 made it. The landscape of the Forest County Potawatomi Community currently consists of approximately 17,500 acres. That’s what These lands are located throughout Wisconsin within eight counties and sixteen different townships. The life is about. checkerboard landscape creates an obvious challenge with non-contiguous parcels of land. Cities, towns, villages, It’s about municipalities and districts have structured political boundaries, zoning and regulations that are definite. Since this the land. We is not applicable on FCP lands and in order to need to comprehensively plan for the future, the lands must protect the be grouped into some contiguous form of area that is land. If we manageable in size and geographic location for don’t have further analysis. the land, we The waterways and watersheds are natural ecological have boundaries. Water ways flow from one place to nothing.” another and form a connected backdrop for the land. The watersheds can be heavily impacted by human Was mo gishek meaning presence and development. Surrounding “lightening sky” communities can play a large role in directly impacting the waterways and affect the strategic (Clarice Ritchie) decisions and conservation measures that are utilized on Tribal lands. Next, the major transportation corridors were examined since their presence and condition directly relate to development, land accessibility and provide connecting infrastructure. Utilizing this information as a guide, eight (8) vernacular region boundaries are identified. The vernacular regions are Stone Lake Region, Blackwell

63 FCP Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (Melissa Cook) FCPC Planning Dept. Draft April 2016 Page 209

Region, Carter Region, Metonga Lake Region, US Highway 8 Region, Argonne Region, Outlying Region and A vernacular Milwaukee Region. region is a distinctive Vernacular Regions A vernacular region is a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider themselves interconnected by a area where shared history, mutual interest and a common identity. Vernacular regions reflect a “sense of place”, but rarely the coincide with established jurisdictional borders. Stone Lake, Blackwell and Carter collectively make up the Forest inhabitants County Potawatomi Community collectively and the boundaries of such cannot consider be found written in any single themselves political boundary. interconnected In order to delineate these by a shared vernacular regions, boundaries history, were established by following the mutual major waterways and interest and a transportation corridors. This common regional perspective can help guide identity. our decisions and make us better stewards of our environment.

By placing our homes and organizations into a regional landscape picture, we can begin to make informed decisions that consider not only our goals and actions, but our neighbors’ as well. This sets the ground for intergovernmental communications and agreements based on common conservation and development goals.

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The outlying region is made up of a group of smaller and isolated management areas. Despite their distance The outlying constraints from the homelands, the management of these areas must still be considered in the context of the region is overall land management plan. They were acquired for a variety of purposes, including economic, historical, trade made up of a and forestry potential. The boundaries of these areas and geological characteristics vary according to their unique group of locations. There are six (6) management areas in this region; Williams Bay, Ashford, Underhill and Washington, smaller and Townsend, Silver Cliff and Alvin. isolated management areas.

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The Milwaukee Region is located in the City of Milwaukee in Milwaukee County and consists of tribal trust and tribal fee land. The Milwaukee “I see Region consists of three (3) management areas; firsthand Casino, Milwaukee Administration Building, and the Historic Concordia Wgema Campus. economic miracle The land is currently covered with commercial Indian and governmental/institutional facilities with some other built up land. The parcels are gaming has bordered by private land. This area contains old created for houses to be renovated and the former “Wunder my tribe Hall”. The Potawatomi Bingo Casino, casino and I have administration and the Legal Department are to fight for currently housed on the parcels. There are it.” major transportation lines available with easy access to Interstate 94 and Interstate 43. (Jeff Crawford) Management Areas The biggest influence on future water quality and supply is land use planning. Because of the landscape checkerboard ownership it is difficult to look and plan for land use through an environmental lens that considers ecosystems. Having the land organized into contiguous vernacular regions considers the natural regional context of natural resource inventory, open space planning, watershed planning and general land use planning. We were then able to delineate Management Areas within each of these vernacular regions.

The Management Areas that are within contiguous Vernacular Regions in Forest County are watershed based to encourage water quality and natural landscape planning from the broad conceptual to the specific parcel level. The Management Areas that are in the Outlying and Milwaukee Vernacular Regions have more surrounding jurisdictional and outside planning influences to consider when making land management decisions.

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LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND COVER

LAND COVER

BUILT UP LAND-Urban or built up land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category are cities, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities, and areas such as those occupied by mines and quarries, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that, in some instances, could be isolated from urban areas.

ARABLE LAND-Arable land includes all land under annual crops, temporary meadows for mowing or market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow. Includes land under permanent or perennial crops such as fruit plantations, as well as permanent pastures for grazing of livestock.

FORESTED LAND-A large area of land covered with trees and underbrush; woodland.

WATER- Areas of land that are covered with surface water such as a stream, river, lake, wetland, or marsh.

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LAND COVER-STONE LAKE REGION

The Stone Lake Region is located east of Crandon, northeast of Lake Lucerne, originally named As-in-ig-Ka-ge-mag (Stone Lake) in the Town of Lincoln in Forest County. The Stone Lake area is mainly reservation and tribal fee land with some trust and individual homesteads. The area is surrounded by county land with areas bordering privately owned parcels. The landscape is primarily forest made up of deciduous hardwoods with pristine lakes, rivers and streams. The geology of this region consists of Precambrian crystalline bedrock and overlying glacial sediment. The Precambrian bedrock is part of the Canadian Shield and consists of a wide variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The glacial drift aquifer above the bedrock is the best source of ground water. The terrain has gently rolling hills. Sugar Bush Hill has an elevation of 1,939 feet above sea level, located just off state Highway 32 and Highway 8 and is one of the highest points in Wisconsin. The region is currently being used for government, residential housing, commercial, services and other built up lands. This region is part of three watersheds; the Lily River Watershed, Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watershed, and Upper Peshtigo Watershed. There are two (2) management areas in this region.

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North Highway 8 Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Lincoln in Forest County. The land ownership is proclaimed reservation and tribal trust bordered by county owned land. The area is located primarily in the Upper Peshtigo River Watershed. This section contains a forested wetland and shallow marsh, and also contains the headwaters of Otter Creek. Some of the available land in this area is currently designated for governmental and commercial development. The land is being utilized for forest, residential housing, governmental/institutional and commercial services. A majority of Forest County Potawatomi departments are housed in this management area including Elderly, Assisted Living, Recreation Center, Administration, Family Services, Insurance, Property Management, Museum, Health and Wellness Center, a helipad, Utilities and the Stone Lake C-Store.

South Highway 8 Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Lincoln and Town of Freedom in Forest County. The land ownership is proclaimed reservation, tribal trust, homestead and tribal fee land. The area is surrounded by County owned lands as well as Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. Otter Creek, Devil’s Lake, Lake Lucerne and Sugarbush Hill are located in this area. Designations exist in this region for education and around Devil’s Lake. The land consists of forest, government, residential housing, commercial and other built up land usages. This area is located within the Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watershed.

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LAND COVER-BLACKWELL REGION

The Blackwell Region is located in the townships of Laona, Blackwell and Wabeno in Forest County. The land is tribal trust, tribal in fee and homesteads. The region is bordered by Nicolet National Forest land with some privately owned parcels. The landscape is primarily deciduous forest lands with numerous creeks running through the area. The glacial drift aquifer above the bedrock is the best source of ground water. The Blackwell area contains the Rat River, Cloud Lake, Newman Creek, Otter Creek, Deer Creek, Pemma Creek, Kufner Creek, Swan Creek, Trump Lake and Eugene Lake. This region is part of the Otter Creek and Rat River watershed as well as the Lower North Branch Oconto River watershed. A small portion of the land is currently utilized for rural residential housing, agriculture, forest, government and other built up lands. The Potawatomi Red Deer Ranch is located in this region. The Marinette County line runs along the eastern border and the Oconto County line runs along the southern border. There are five (5) management areas in this region.

Peshtigo River Management Area This management area is located in the townships of Laona and Blackwell in Forest County. The land ownership is tribal trust, tribal in fee and homestead. The area is surrounded by Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest land. Highways 8 and 32 run along the eastern boundary of the area. The land is primarily covered in forest. The land is home to historical sites and a homestead with no established access. This area is located in the Upper Peshtigo River Watershed.

Pemma Creek Management Area This management area is located east of Carter in Forest County. The land is proclaimed reservation and homesteads. This area is surrounded by Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest lands.

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Pemma and Shawano Creeks run through the area. The land consists primarily of forest and residential housing and a historic homestead. This area is located in the Lower North Branch Oconto River Watershed and the Otter Creek and Rat River Watershed.

Rat River Management Area This management area is located in the south western part of the Town of Blackwell and northern Wabeno in Forest County. The land ownership is proclaimed reservation, tribal in fee and tribal trust. The land is surrounded by Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest and privately owned parcels. The land consists of primarily forest with areas of cultural and historic significance. The Rat River, North Branch of the Oconto River and Otter Creek flow through this region. This area is part of the Otter Creek and Rat River watershed.

Otter Creek Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Wabeno in Forest County and is bordered by Marinette County. The land ownership is proclaimed reservation and homestead. The area is bordered by Nicolet National Forest land and privately owned parcels. Cloud Lake, Newman Creek, Otter Creek, Deer Creek, King Lake and Pemma Creek run through the area. The landscape consists of primarily deciduous forests, forested wetlands, shallow marsh and open water. There is rural residential housing and a designation for the campground located on Cloud Lake. Trespass and access issues have been a challenge in this area. The land is located in the Otter Creek and Rat River Watershed.

County Road H Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Blackwell and the northeastern part of the Town of Wabeno in Forest County. The land is proclaimed reservation, tribal in fee and tribal trust land. The area is bordered by Nicolet National Forest land and some privately owned parcels. Kufner Creek, Johnson Creek, Mexico Creek, Otter Creek, Swan Creek, Trump Lake and Eugene Lake are located in this area. Main transportation corridors, County Road T, County Road C and State Highway 32, run along three sides of the area. The land is utilized for forest, government, water, residential housing, agriculture, rangeland and other built up land uses. The region houses a residential duplex in Wabeno, the Red Deer Ranch and the former “Huettl” farm. The area is located within the Otter Creek and Rat River Watershed as well as the Lower North Branch Oconto River Watershed.

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LAND COVER-CARTER REGION

The Carter Region is located south of the Town of Wabeno and contains Carter in Forest County. The ownership consists of proclaimed reservation, tribal trust and tribal in fee land and is bordered by Nicolet National Forest lands and some privately owned parcels. The landscape is primarily deciduous forest, old popple and beautiful cedar swamps with clear lakes and creeks throughout. The glacial drift aquifer above the bedrock is the best source of ground water. Torpee Creek and Shiner Lake are located in this area. This area is part of the Lower North Branch Oconto River Watershed. The vast majority of the surface water flows to the east and southeast and eventually into Green Bay.

Torpee Creek Management Area This management area is predominantly forest land with residential housing, commercial, governmental and other built up lands. Carter is home to the Potawatomi Carter Casino and Hotel, Carter Convenience Store and the Ka Kēw Sē Gathering Grounds. Housing designations exist for this area and also BIA housing leases. The land is home to numerous species of wildlife including documented cases of threatened and endangered species. State Highway 32 is the main transportation corridor in the area running north to south. The southern edge of this region borders the Oconto County line.

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LAND COVER-METONGA LAKE REGION

The Metonga Lake Region is located south of Lake Metonga in the Townships of Nashville, Lincoln and Freedom located in Forest County. The land is tribal in fee. The region is bordered by Forest County, Nicolet National Forest, Mole Lake Fee Land and Reservation and privately owned parcels. The landscape consists of managed forest and arable land. The region contains numerous water bodies and is located within the Lily River and Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watersheds. There are two (2) management areas in this region.

Lily River Management Area This management area is located within three townships in Forest County and is tribal in fee land that is comprised of managed forest land that is currently open for hunting and fishing. The tribal parcel is bordered on all four sides by privately owned land. The Lily River and Bog Brook run through the property. The southern edge of the land borders Langlade County. There is no legal access to this land.

South Metonga Management Area This management area is located in the northeast part of the Town of Nashville and the southern part of the Town of Lincoln located in Forest County. The land ownership is tribal in fee. The property is bordered by Mole Lake Sokaogon Chippewa Community fee land, managed forest land, Forest County land and privately owned parcels. Duck Lake, Skunk Lake, Little Sand Lake, Ground Hemlock Lake, Deep Hole Lake, Otter and Hemlock Creeks are located in this region. The land primarily consists of forest and agricultural land. This area is located within the Lily River, the Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watersheds.

Register of Historic Places Registration Form for FCPC, page two, #7)

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LAND COVER-US HIGHWAY 8 REGION

The US Highway 8 Region is located west of the City of Crandon in the Townships of Crandon and Monico located in Forest and Oneida Counties. The land is tribal in fee. The region is bordered by privately owned parcels. The landscape contains forest with some disturbed areas of land that were previously utilized for horse riding and go carts. The southern border runs along Highway 8, which serves as a major transportation corridor, and a main electrical transmission line is located in the area, creating potential for industrial usage. Natural wetlands are located in the area. The region is located within the Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watershed. There are two (2) management areas in this region.

Leith Lake Corridor Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Monico, Oneida County. The ownership is tribal in fee land. The property was formerly known as the “Campbell Ranch”, utilized for horse boarding and training. The land is primarily covered in forest with areas surrounding the home where trees have been cleared and the land is open. There are some natural wetlands that cover the area around Leith Lake. The property contains a house, outer buildings and a large metal pole building that is currently being utilized for storage. The Town of Monico’s comprehensive plan states that this area is currently utilized for outdoor recreation and residential usage and depicts the future as mixed use. The property is located along Highway 8 and is surrounded by privately owned land and Leith Lake runs along the northeastern border of the property.

Cty Rd. S Corridor Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Crandon, Forest County. The property is tribal in fee land that is bordered on all four sides by privately owned land. The southern edge of the parcel runs along Highway 8. The land consists of forest and commercial use. Bordering the east is the Crandon International Off-road Raceway. This area is located within the Upper Wolf River and Post Lake Watershed. The area has commercial potential because of the location; however, the topography and wetlands provide a challenge for development.

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LAND COVER-ARGONNE REGION

The Argonne Region is located within the townships of Crandon, Argonne, Hiles and Lincoln in Forest County. This area was formally called the Branham land. This region has limited access and consists primarily of wetlands covered in black spruce and cedar swamps and marsh, making the terrain very difficult to navigate even by foot. The region is located in the Upper Peshtigo River Watershed and houses the headwaters of the Peshtigo River.

Middle Branch Peshtigo River This management area is located within four townships in Forest County. The property is tribal in fee land. Part of the western and southern edge of the property is bordered by State of Wisconsin owned land. The rest of the area is surrounded by privately owned parcels. The landscape is primarily covered in forest with natural swamp land. The Middle Branch of the Peshtigo River meanders through the land.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Alvin Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Alvin is an individual homestead that is covered in forest and bordered on three sides by Nicolet National Forest. Along the northern border there is a privately owned parcel of land with the North Branch of the Pine River running through it.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Ashford Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Ashford in Fond du lac County and consists of tribal fee lands that are mostly agricultural, rangeland and forest, in addition to a newer residential home. The area is bordered on all four sides by privately owned lands. A small river runs through the southwestern edge of the parcel. A five acre section has an intertribal repatriation agreement and a lease. Some areas are considered undevelopable.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Townsend Management Area The parcel is in close proximity to a main electrical transmission line which is located along the west side of the land.

This management area is located in the northern part of the Town of Townsend in Oconto County and is proclaimed reservation land that is covered in forest. This parcel contains an old homestead and some hemlock stands. We currently are granted access to the property by Mildred Cole, as the parcel is surrounded by privately owned land on all four sides.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Silver Cliff Management Area This management area is located in the Town of Silver Cliff in Marinette County. It is an individual homestead that is covered in forest and bordered on all four sides by privately owned properties.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Williams Bay Management Area This management area is located in the Village of Williams Bay located in Walworth County and is comprised of tribal in fee land. The land is bordered on all four sides by privately owned land. This parcel contains a historical marker identifying the 1836 burial site of the wife of Chief Big Foot of the Lake Geneva Potawatomi and is registered with the State Historical Society. Due to the location of the parcel, city ordinances apply.

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LAND COVER-OUTLYING REGION

Underhill and Washington Management Area This management area is located in the southern part of the Town of Underhill and the northern part of the Town of Washington located in both Oconto and Shawano Counties. It is tribal in fee land that is bordered by privately owned land. The eastern edge of the land runs along County Highway R and Duchess Creek runs along the western edge of the parcel. The lands are all covered in rangeland and forest consisting of overgrowth, swamp and wetlands. This area is considered “muck” and undevelopable. This was originally part of the Crandon mine lands to be used for their wetland mitigation. Tribal members do hunt on the land; however access and trespass issues do exist.

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LAND COVER-MILWAUKEE REGION

The Milwaukee Region is located in the City of Milwaukee in Milwaukee County and consists of tribal trust and tribal in fee land. The land is currently covered with commercial and governmental/institutional facilities with some other built up land. The parcels are bordered by private land. This area contains old houses to be renovated and the former “Wunder Hall”. The Potawatomi Bingo Casino, casino administration and the Legal Department are currently housed on the parcels. There are major transportation lines available with easy access to Interstate 94 and Interstate 43.

Casino Management Area This management area is set in the heart of Milwaukee. The land consists of tribal fee and trust land that is currently used for commercial enterprise. This area is home to the Potawatomi Bingo Casino. The construction of a twenty story hotel is currently underway and slated for completion in 2014.

Milwaukee Administration Building Management Area This management area is located in the City of Milwaukee. The land is tribal in fee and is currently used to house government offices and is located in an industrial area.

Historic Concordia/ Wgema Campus This management area is located near the west side of the City of Milwaukee. This area was formally known as the Concordia Campus. Executive council passed Resolution 008-86 on December 24, 1986 to take the Concordia property into trust. In 2007, the FCP executive council’s mission for the campus property read “To utilize all or part... to obtain the highest economic return…”. Historic older homes are part of the local scenery. City ordinances are applicable for this historic campus and do need to be considered in future developments. The area consists of commercial and governmental usage. A 45,000 square foot data center has been constructed and leases floor space to businesses to set up data storage consoles. This is just one of many efforts to diversify business interests beyond gaming.

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LAND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND USE

LAND USE RESIDENTIAL-Identifies areas of residential development for human habitation, and for certain private and public facilities or services that are compatible with neighborhood surroundings. Land areas consisting largely of living quarters.

COMMERCIAL AND SERVICES- Identifies areas that sell goods or services to the general public. Areas used predominantly for the sale of products and services.

INDUSTRIAL- Identifies areas that produce goods or services for distribution to commercial outlets. Areas of manufacturing.

TRANSPORTATION- Lands which are transportation links.

GOVERNMENTAL/INSTITUTIONAL- Identifies areas where the main purpose of use is for public good. Including lands that provide services to the community such as water and sanitation systems.

OTHER BUILT UP LAND- Other built up land typically consists of uses such as parks, ball fields, campgrounds, golf courses, zoos and undeveloped land within an urban setting. Open land may be in very intensive use but a use that does not require structures, such as urban playgrounds, botanical gardens, or arboreta.

AGRICULTURE- Identifies areas where the main purpose of use is for farming. Land used primarily for production of food and fiber.

RANGELAND- Lands where the potential natural vegetation is predominantly grasses, grass like plants, forbs or shrubs.

FOREST- Areas of land that are primarily covered with trees.

OPEN WATER-All area within the land mass that are persistently water covered.

WETLANDS-An area where water is at, near, or above the land surface long enough to be capable of supporting aquatic or hydrophytic vegetation and which has soils indicative of wet conditions.

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Please see Volume III-Ke ge ken dek-Land Knowledge for more information on current and future land use.

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