DOCSLIB.ORG

The Views Expressed in This Report Are Those of the Author and Are Not Necessarily Those of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Views Expressed in This Report Are Those of the Author and Are Not Necessarily Those of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada CONQUEST BY LAW APC 8 CA (1994) by Christie Jefferson The views expressed in this report are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada. To Bill and Flora, Bruce and Jennifer for their encouragement, support and patience ______________________ FORWARD The Aboriginal Corrections Unit of the Ministry of the Solicitor General is very pleased to have the opportunity to publish "Conquest by Law" by Ms. Christie Jefferson. This document, which was originally written in 1978, is one of the most comprehensive reports to deal with traditional forms of justice among Aboriginal Peoples across Canada and the impact western settlement had on those systems. It was decided to leave the report as it was originally drafted, ending its story in 1979, for two reasons. First, it was felt that the period between the end of this report and the present deserves, and has received, its own documentation given the rapid advancement Aboriginal Peoples have made in the area of justice and Aboriginal-Government relations. Second, the period in which this report was written, the late 1970's, was a period of history that had a distinct perspective and way of approaching issues. It was felt that by updating this report it would lose some of that flavour. I hope you will enjoy reading "Conquest by Law" and you will wonder, as other readers have in the past, why it has taken so long for this report to see the light of day. Ed Buller Chief, Aboriginal Corrections July 1994 INTRODUCTION This Manuscript is fifteen years old. Since then, land claims are being negotiated, aboriginal self government has become a legitimate demand, constitutional negotiations have come and gone, and aboriginal communities are creating their own answers to conflict, violence and pain in their communities. The book ends in 1979. Ed Buller and I thought it best to view the entire manuscript as an historical document and leave it to another to bring the account up to date. I have left the manuscript much as it was written, with the words used then such as "Indian", "he" or "man" for people, and English names for various nations. I offer the original manuscript in the spirit in which it was written: an account of the original aboriginal justice system and what happened when white men arrived with their laws and guns. It will hopefully serve as a useful reference and an account of a shameful part of Canadian history, the record of the pain and injustice that was suffered by the First Nations. This book does not address the Inuit peoples. There is a unique story to be told that others were in a better position to tell. It is, however, a compilation of written materials by and interviews with aboriginal people, and written records of French and English explorers, traders, missionaries, military, police, Indian Affairs personnel, and anthropologists. The records of the latter are subject to the bias or prejudice of the authors and the political leanings of the day. I attempted to bring a sensitivity to these biases from my own anti-English background of Jacobite Scot and Irish. A number of the elders who entrusted me with information about the history of their people are now dead. It is particularly gratifying that the Aboriginal Corrections Unit of the Secretariat of the Solicitor General of Canada published this manuscript so that their words would not be lost. It is accurate to state that this book would not have been possible without the significant aid and support of a number of people. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to: Andy Anderson Mose Macdonald Sheila Arthurs Joanna McFadyn Betty Cardinal Brad Morse Al Chartrand Caroline Newell Lou Desmerais Delia Opekakew Peter and Sharon Fisher Vicki Santana Andrew George Bear Seymore Grand Chief of the Micmac Dawn Teisman Donna Kydd John Unroe Stu Kiln Dennis and Barbara Wiginton Liz Lane A special "thank you" to the following people for their crucial contributions to this book: An Elder in Alberta Joe Blyan Chester Cunningham Gloria George Mary George Charlie Hill Thérèse Lajeunesse Dolly MacDonald Helen Martin Bill McGrath Native Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods Sarge O'Conner Tom Porter George Sioui Burke Taylor This book was made possible through a grant by the Explorations division of Canada Council. To Ed Buller and the Aboriginal Corrections Unit of the Secretariat of the Solicitor General Canada, thank you for believing in the importance of my manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE SETTING ................................................................................................................. 1 PART I: PEOPLE OF THE DAWN................................................................................ 5 Micmac Traditional Justice....................................................................................... 5 Traditional Justice of the Naskapi ............................................................................ 8 PART II: STRUGGLE FOR POWER – 1500 - 1763 .................................................... 11 The Invasion Begins............................................................................................... 11 Indian Civilization in the Central Regions............................................................... 18 Ojibway or Chippewa Traditional Justice............................................................ 18 Justice of the Iroquois Confederacy ................................................................... 20 Traditional Justice of the Huron.......................................................................... 25 The Contest Moves Inland ..................................................................................... 28 PART III: THE BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD 1763 TO 1867 ...................................... 36 The Dye is Cast: British Rule in the East .............................................................. 36 Might is Right ......................................................................................................... 39 Traditional Justice of the Plains and Northern Athabaskan Indians ....................... 47 Blackfoot Traditional Justice............................................................................... 47 Traditional Justice of the Cree............................................................................ 50 Overview of Traditional Justice Among the Plains Indians ................................. 52 Northern Athabaskan Traditional Justice............................................................ 53 Contact Between Prairie Indians and White Men................................................... 55 The Emergence of the Métis Nation....................................................................... 58 Traditional Western Justice.................................................................................... 61 Traditional Justice of the Cordillera Tribes - A Summary........................................ 62 Traditional Justice of the Carrier......................................................................... 63 Traditional Justice of the Northwest Coastal Indians .......................................... 65 Tlingit Traditional Justice .................................................................................... 66 Traditional Justice of the Southern Coastal Tribes in the West .......................... 69 The Era of the Fur Trade in the West ................................................................. 71 PART IV: 1867-1960 THE DOMINION OF CANADA OR"WITH GLOWING HEARTS" ................................................................................................................................... 78 The Noose Tightens............................................................................................... 78 The Métis: Rebellion or Resistance?..................................................................... 85 The Provisional Government of 1869-1870............................................................ 85 The Provisional Government of 1873-1875 ........................................................ 88 The Northwest Rebellion, 1885 .......................................................................... 89 Prairie Indians and White Law................................................................................ 91 Police Law.............................................................................................................. 98 The West Under Confederation............................................................................ 100 PART V: RENAISSANCE AND JUSTICE – 1960 - 1979 .......................................... 106 In Perspective ...................................................................................................... 119 If the Shoe Fits..................................................................................................... 128 Alternatives .......................................................................................................... 130 In Closing ............................................................................................................. 143 ENDNOTES ................................................................................................................ 148 BIBILIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 182 1 THE SETTING "If we had any disputes about hunting grounds, they were generally settled without the shedding of much blood: but an evil day came upon
Load more

Recommended publications
  • About First Nation Autonomy & Anishinabek Unity
    Anishinaabe Governance is... ABOUT FIRST NATION AUTONOMY & ANISHINABEK UNITY First Nation Autonomy - First Nation autonomy while working together in unity as the Anishinabek, an Indigenous Nation of People, has always been the basis of both the proposed Governance Agreement and the ratified Anishinabek Nation Education Agreement. Autonomy and unity were stated often by approximately 4,000 First Nation citizens who participated each year in the Nation Building and Restoration of Jurisdiction consultation processes from 1995 to now. These processes were facilitated by the Union of Ontario Indians under the direction of the Anishinabek Grand Council. There have been many Grand Council Resolutions providing direction by First Nation Chiefs over the years on the education and governance initiatives. The Anishinabek Grand Council – The Anishinabek Grand Council has its roots in the Ojibway (Chippewas), Odawa and Potawatomi Nations which formed the Confederacy of the Three Fires of peoples who shared similar languages and territories and who met together for military and political purposes. By the mid 1700s, the Council of Three Fires became the core of the Great Lakes Confederacy. The Hurons, Algonquins, Nipissing, Sauks, Foxes, and others joined the Great Lakes Confederacy. In 1870, after Canada's creation in 1867, the Confederacy transformed to the Grand General Indian Council of Ontario and Quebec. According to the minutes of the annual meetings, much of the Grand Council's time was spent on reviewing the Indian Act. Today the Anishinabek Grand Council represents 39 First Nations and approximately 65,000 First Nation citizens. The Union of Ontario Indians - In 1949, the Union of Ontario Indians (UOI) was established to replace the Grand General Indian Council.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2005 in the NEWS Federal Budget Only Funding WANTED Two First Nation Houses Per Year Anishinabek Writers by Jamie Monastyrski Ence About Aboriginal Issues
    Volume 17 Issue 2 Published monthly by the Union of Ontario Indians - Anishinabek Nation Single Copy: $2.00 March 2005 IN THE NEWS Federal budget only funding WANTED two First Nation houses per year Anishinabek Writers By Jamie Monastyrski ence about aboriginal issues. One (Files from Wire Services) spoke about shameful conditions. NIPISSING FN — First Well, if there’s an acceptance and a Nations across Canada are disap- recognition that indeed conditions pointed with the 2005 Federal are shameful, well, what are we budget, especially with the alloca- going to do about those shameful tion to address a growing housing conditions?” crisis. Although there was a definite “With this budget, the sense of disappointment from First Put your community on Government of Canada has done Nations over housing and residen- the map with stories and little to improve housing condi- tial school programs, the Union of photos. Earn money too. tions on First Nations,” said Ontario Indians expressed opti- Contact Maurice Switzer, Editor Anishinabek Nation Grand mism over the government’s com- Telephone: (705) 497-9127 Council Chief John Beaucage, not- mitment towards youth and family Toll Free: 1-877-702-5200 ing that the budget translates into social programs and their attempt [email protected] two new houses a year for each of to meet the needs and addressing the 633 First Nations for five years. the priorities of First Nations com- FN Gaming guru “This announcement isn’t even Anishinabek Nation Grand Council Chief John Beaucage chats with munities. close to what is needed to improve actress and National Aboriginal Achievement Award winner Tina Keeper.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of United States Federal Indian Law and Policy
    Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to United States federal Indian law and policy: Federal Indian policy – establishes the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes within its borders. The Constitution gives the federal government primary responsibility for dealing with tribes. Law and U.S. public policy related to Native Americans have evolved continuously since the founding of the United States. David R. Wrone argues that the failure of the treaty system was because of the inability of an individualistic, democratic society to recognize group rights or the value of an organic, corporatist culture represented by the tribes.[1] U.S. Supreme Court cases List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes Citizenship Adoption Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 (1989) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl, 530 U.S. _ (2013) Tribal Ex parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 (1903) Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 (1989) South Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 (1993) Civil rights Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313 (1978) Congressional authority Ex parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 (1903) White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 (1980) California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202 (1987) South Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 (1993) United States v.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Milwaukee Bryan C
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of 1-1-2016 Native Milwaukee Bryan C. Rindfleisch Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. Encyclopedia of Milwaukee Publisher link. © 2016 Encyclopedia of Milwaukee. Used with permission. Search Site... Menu Log In or Register Native Milwaukee Click the image to learn more. The Indigenous Peoples of North America have always claimed Milwaukee as their own. Known as the “gathering place by the waters,” the “good earth” (or good land), or simply the “gathering place,” Indigenous groups such as the Potawatomi, Ojibwe, Odawa (Ottawa), Fox, Ho-Chunk, Menominee, Sauk, and Oneida have all called Milwaukee their home at some point in the last three centuries. This does not include the many other Native populations in Milwaukee today, ranging from Wisconsin groups like the Stockbridge-Munsee and Brothertown Nation, to outer-Wisconsin peoples like the Lakota and Dakota (Sioux), First Nations, Creek, Chickasaw, Sac, Meskwaki, Miami, Kickapoo, Micmac, and Cherokee, among others. According to the 2010 census, over 7,000 people in Milwaukee County identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, making Milwaukee the largest concentration of Native Peoples statewide. Milwaukee, then, is—and has always been—a Native place, home to a diverse number of Indigenous Americans. Native Milwaukee’s Creation Story is thousands of years old, when the Mound Builders civilizations, also known as the Adena, Hopewell, Woodlands, and Mississippian cultures, flourished in the Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley, and Mississippi River Valley between 500 BCE to 1200 CE (some scholars even suggest 1500 CE). It is estimated the Mound-Builder civilization spread to southeastern Wisconsin in the Early Woodland Era, sometime between 800 and 500 BCE, and flourished during the Middle Woodland Era (100 BCE to 500 CE).
    [Show full text]
  • FOREST PRESERVES Land Acknowledgment Statement
    FOREST PRESERVES Land Acknowledgment Statement Season: All year Ages: Various Program: Any Onsite Time Frame: 3 minutes The Forest Preserves’ Land Acknowledgment is to be read at programs and events to recognize the past relationship that local Native American tribes shared with the land and the ongoing relationship that the thousands of Native Americans that live here share with the land today. The goal is to acknowledge both the historical and contemporary presence of Native Americans living and practicing their heritage and traditions in the Chicago region, Goal including through stewardship of the land. It is the responsibility of the Forest Preserves of Cook County to engage this community—celebrating its past and supporting its future. If outside, bring the entire group to an area where they are not facing the sun. If inside, the group should be seated. Suggested Dialogue: • Welcome to ___________/It’s nice to be visiting you here at__________ • My name is ___________ and I am a naturalist/recreation specialist/_______ with the Forest Preserves of Cook County • I would like to start this event by reading the Land Acknowledgement Large events Full Statement: Acknowledgment • “The Forest Preserves of Cook County acknowledges that we are on the Statement- ancestral homelands of the Council of Three Fires—the Ojibwa, Ottawa and Potawatomi tribes—and a place of trade with many other tribes, including the Ho-Chunk, Miami, Menominee, Sauk and Meskwaki. As a land management agency, we acknowledge that we have played a role in shaping the histories of local Native Americans by acquiring this land. We must also recognize, share and celebrate the history of local Native Americans and their immemorial ties to this land.
    [Show full text]
  • TLLSC 340: Teaching and Learning in An
    TLLSC 340: Teaching and Learning in an Area of Specialization Sequence 6: Integrating Content, Cultures and Communities Teaching, Learning, and Leading with Schools and Communities School of Education, Loyola University Chicago Spring Semester, 2021, Online Land Acknowledgement Statement The Loyola community occupies the ancestral homelands of the people of the Council of Three Fires, an alliance which formed based on the shared language, similar culture, and common historical background of its three historical members: the Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe nations. The landthat Loyola occupies, which includes the shore and waters of Lake Michigan, was also a site of trade, travel, gathering and healing for more than a dozen other Native tribes, including the Menominee, Michigamea, Miami, Kickapoo, Peoria and Ho-Chunk nations. The history of the city of Chicago is intertwined with histories of native peoples. The name Chicago is adopted from the Algonquin language, and the Chicagoland area is still home to the largest number of Native Americans in the Midwest, over 65,000. This historical relationship is not innocuous. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the migration of the Odawa, Potawatomi and Ojibwe to drastically smaller lands west of the Mississippi River. Chicago was also the destination, more than a century later, for coerced relocation of Native peoples under the Indian Relocation Act of 1956, which resulted in widespread disenfranchisement, poverty and isolation for the Native people relocated to Chicago and other urban centers. The history of the lands Loyola occupies, and the history of Native Americans in Chicago and Illinois, is a history of displacement, conquest, and dehumanization.
    [Show full text]
  • Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief August 4, 2021 Draft, Page 2
    WHITE EARTH BAND OF OJIBWE IN TRIBAL COURT MANOOMIN; THE WHITE EARTH BAND OF OJIBWE; MICHAEL FAIRBANKS; LEONARD ‘ALAN’ ROY; RAYMOND AUGINAUSH; KATHY GOODWIN; CHERYL ‘ANNIE’ JACKSON; TODD JEREMY THOMPSON; DAWN GOODWIN; NANCY BEAULIEU; WINONA LADUKE; PATRICIA ‘ALEX GOLDEN-WOLF’ OSUNA; JUSTIN KEEZER; TANIA AUBID; SIMONE SENOGLES; GINA (PELTIER) EELE; TARA WIDNER; TARA HOUSKA; JAMIE “JAIKE SPOTTED-WOLF” WORTHINGTON and other tribal members and Water Protectors similarly situated, and Civil Case No. __________ SHANAI MATTESON and ALLEN RICHARDSON invited non-Indian guests and Water Protectors similarly situated, Plaintiffs v. MINNESOTA DEPT of NATURAL RESOURCES (DNR); COMMISSIONER COMPLAINT SARAH STROMMEN; RANDALL DODEEN DNR, EWR CAR SECTION for MANAGER (Ecological and Water Resources Conservation Assistance and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief Regulation Section Manager), and BARB NARAMORE, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, DNR CONSERVATION OFFICERS (arresting or threatening tribal water protectors) JOHN DOES? (1 -10), Defendants. ________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Manoomin (Wild Rice), the food that grows on water, is the most important cultural and sacred food of the Chippewa, Ojibwe, Anishinabe peoples. Manoomin has been a part of our traditional stories, teachings, lifeways and spirituality since the earliest times to the present day. For the Chippewa Manoomin is alive like all living creatures and they are our relations. We Chippewa have a sacred covenant with Manoomin and the water (Nibi) and all living creatures, without which we cannot live. Manoomin’s story is revealed as part of our migration story and the Seven Fires Prophecy which tells of the westward migration from the Atlantic coast, through the Great Lakes to our current homelands and territories of the Chippewas of the Mississippi.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2020
    HOWNIKAN Aptebbongises | December 2020 Top photo: An ornament showcasing the CPN seal Capps and Barrett awarded Pottawatomie Power top spots adorns a Christmas tree. By Suzie Campbell and Alex Sloan, Countywide & Sun A LOOK INSIDE Countywide & Sun originally published the following photograph and stories Page 3 on Nov. 5, 2020, and the Hownikan is reprinting a compilation here with permission and light edits. Every decade, the Countywide & Sun newspaper conducts the Pottawatomie Power Polls. Readers and residents nominate Pottawatomie County leaders Former Navy pilot aims to and then vote to determine the top 10. In change aviation through education 2020, two of Citizen Potawatomi Nation’s executive team received rankings as the Page 8 county’s two most powerful people. Vice-Chairman Capps soared to the top of the polls and accepted first place during a gala held Oct. 10 at Crossing Hearts Ranch in Tecumseh, Oklahoma. Chair- man John “Rocky” Barrett came in second. “I like for my directors and managers at Pandemic brings surge in online CPN to think of me as ‘working with Citizen Potawatomi Vice-Chairman Linda Capps receives a standing ovation ordering to FireLake Foods them’ instead of them ‘working for me,’” as she is presented with a dozen roses, a glass ceiling necklace and a leadership lapel pin from the Countywide & Sun’s Pottawatomie Power event manager Capps said. “That attitude changes the Kayxandra Koonce during the gala held Oct. 10 at Crossing Hearts Ranch whole undertone with relationships in the in Tecumseh. (Photo by Natasha Dunagan, Countywide & Sun) Page 13 workplace. I want to have a supportive Bootmaker finds artistry role, and I want our employees to feel It has been an exciting journey to under,” Barrett said.
    [Show full text]
  • UG ETD Template
    Indigenizing Water Governance within Treaty Lands and Territory: Development of Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation Water Framework by Reneé Joy Goretsky A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rural Studies Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Reneé Goretsky, May, 2021 ABSTRACT INDIGENIZING WATER GOVERNANCE WITHIN TREATY LANDS AND TERRITORY: DEVELOPMENT OF MISSISSAUGAS OF THE CREDIT FIRST NATION WATER FRAMEWORK Reneé Goretsky Advisors: University of Guelph, 2021 Dr. Sheri Longboat Dr. Kim Anderson Professor John FitzGibbon This research asked ‘how can water governance be Indigenized within a social justice framework’?’ in response to Canadian water governance injustices for Indigenous peoples. It applied this question to the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation’s (MCFN) need for developing a water framework to Indigenize water governance within its treaty lands and territory, as a partial resolution to its 2016 Water Claim (Aboriginal Title Claim to Waters within the Traditional Lands of the Mississaugas of the New Credit). Through an emergent MCFN context-specific research methodology adapted from Kovach’s Indigenous research framework, this research explored MCFN’s water values and how they related to MCFN’s Water Claim to develop a water framework; and it aimed to decolonize constructs of social justice and western water governance. Using qualitative community-based participatory research methods, the key findings, underpinned by a literature-based conceptual
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Confederation
    Canadian History: Pre-Confederation John Belshaw Canadian History: Pre-Confederation Canadian History: Pre-Confederation John Douglas Belshaw Unless otherwise noted within this book, this book is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License also known as a CC-BY license. This means you are free to copy, redistribute, modify or adapt this book. Under this license, anyone who redistributes or modifies this textbook, in whole or in part, can do so for free providing they properly attribute the book as follows: Canadian History: Pre-Confederation by John Douglas Belshaw is used under a CC-BY 4.0 International license. Additionally, if you redistribute this textbook, in whole or in part, in either a print or digital format, then you must retain on every physical and/or electronic page the following attribution: Download this book for free at http://open.bccampus.ca For questions regarding this license or to learn more about the BC Open Textbook Project, please contact [email protected]. Cover image: Nanaimo Indians, Vancouver Island, British Columbia by US National Archives bot is in the public domain. Canadian History: Pre-Confederation by John Douglas Belshaw is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Contents Dedication x About the Book xi Acknowledgments xii Author's Notes xiii Preface xv Chapter 1. When Was Canada? 1.1 Introduction 2 cc-by-nc-sa 1.2 The Writing of History 3 cc-by-nc-sa 1.3 Making Histories 10 cc-by-nc-sa 1.4 The Current State of Historical Writing in Canada 20 cc-by-nc-sa 1.5 Summary 25 cc-by-nc-sa Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT an EXPLORATION of the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAITH, SPIRITUALITY and WELLNESS AMONGST the ANISHINABEK by Roger A. Boyer I
    ABSTRACT AN EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAITH, SPIRITUALITY AND WELLNESS AMONGST THE ANISHINABEK by Roger A. Boyer II The purpose of this quantitative and qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the relationship between faith, spirituality and wellness amongst Anishinabek; to better understand the factors experienced or expressed through the ritual process. Through the administration of the MacDonald’s Expressions of Spiritual Inventory- Revised (ESI-R) and a semi-structure (SS) questionnaire, an examination of the following two questions: how do Anishinabek along the North Shore perceive and explain their experience of the relationship between faith, spirituality and wellness and how are these relationships incorporated in ritual? In this study, ninety-five (n=95) Anishinabek participated in the ESI-R survey. Out of these ninety-five (n=95), fourteen (n=14) fulfilled a criteria for SS interviewing where indigenous conversation protocols were observed to both preserve data collection and the purpose of the study. The researcher presents spirituality as a unique doorway to interact with faith, spirituality and wellness. In the ritual process towards mino-biimaadziwin, Anishinabek encounter expressions of liminal experiences (ritual elements) of connectedness, trauma and integration with their faith and spirituality through ceremony which impact their wellness in a limited manner. The ritual process for Anishinabek is experienced from an initial balanced state to entering into a liminal unbalance state and then re-emerges into an elevated balanced state. Interdependence and inner convergence are expressions of this unique balanced state. DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET “An EXPORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAITH, SPIRITUALITY AND WELLNESS amongst Anishinabek” written by Roger Arnold Boyer II submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Intercultural Studies has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the Faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Relationship Renewed Jack Boland (Cherokee Nation)
    A Relationship Renewed Jack Boland (Cherokee Nation) February/March 2021 The University of Notre Dame is a school with a rich Native heritage, but few on campus understand how integral the Pokégnek Bodéwadmik, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi, were to the school’s founding. Jules Downing and Lauren Klein recently conducted an Indigenous People Inclusion Survey where the majority of student participants revealed how little they are taught about the history of the Potawatomi.1 There have been attempts, however, to make this history more accessible. This year the Student Senate overwhelmingly passed a proposal to include Native history in the first-year Moreau course. Further progress has been made in recent years with the contextualization of the Columbus Murals and renewed interest in hiring Native faculty, but these changes have not been carried out with deliberate speed. Appeals for the student body to understand the context in which Notre Dame was established and continues to exist are not accusations against Notre Dame or any administration; rather, they are meant to teach students the nuanced history of this area. This history reveals that there would not be a University of Notre Dame without the local Potawatomi. I am calling for a relationship renewed between the University and the Pokagon Band. Notre Dame should celebrate its shared stories with the Potawatomi. The Pokagon are proud of their shared history with Notre Dame and wish this pride was reciprocated. Notre Dame still remembers the Pokagon with annual gifts of food baskets, but their relationship with the tribe has waned in recent years.
    [Show full text]