Komik Ramayana Karya Ra Kosasih: Siklus Kehidupan Spritual Sri Rama

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Komik Ramayana Karya Ra Kosasih: Siklus Kehidupan Spritual Sri Rama KOMIK RAMAYANA KARYA R.A. KOSASIH: SIKLUS KEHIDUPAN SPRITUAL SRI RAMA DAN DEWI SINTA THE COMIC OF RAMAYANA BY R.A. KOSASIH: THE SPRITUAL LIFE CYCLE OF SRI RAMA AND DEWI SINTA Saksono Prijanto Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Gedung C Lantai 19 Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Senayan, Jakarta Pusat 10270 [email protected] Tanggal naskah masuk 23 Oktober 2015 Tanggal akhir penyuntingan 10 Desember 2015 Abstract : Unlike the Mahabharata story that featured the “gray” characters, the story of Ramayana is more revealing the “black and white” characters. Through out hundreds of pages, readers witness the action of Sri Rama, Lakshmana and Hanoman in an effort to free the Goddess Sinta from Ravana‟s in solence. The story of Sri Rama is very important because it has a high value, especially in the ethical teachings that in all parts of the story that is internalized. Mean while, the go alof this study is to reconstruct the spiritual life cycle of Sri Rama and Sinta Dewi.To achieve that goal is used methods or semiotic approach. Its application of this semiotic and the theory of functional model such as actants with its chart (narrative syntax) of Greimas. Mean while, the result is that the comic Ramayan are veals the problems of humanity (truth, courage, and chastity), crime (which madegiant), as human well as the teaching of ethics (human relation ship with God and man's relationship with the/other creatures). Ramayana comic masterpiece by R.A. Kosasih is presented as a whole and trim, as well as unique, both in narrative and in the comic depscription techniques. Key words: reconstruction, semiotic, spritual life cycle Abstrak : Berbeda dengan kisah Mahabharata yang menampilkan karakter „abu-abu‟, kisah Ramayana lebih mengungkapkan karakter „hitam dan putih‟. Sepanjang kisah yang berjumlah ratusan halaman, pembaca menyaksikan sepak terjang Sri Rama, Laksmana, dan Hanoman dalam upaya membebaskan Dewi Sinta dari keangkaramurkaan Rahwana. Kisah Sri Rama sangat penting karena mempunyai nilai yang tinggi, terutama dalam ajaran etika yang dilesapkan pada seluruh bagian cerita. Sementara itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah merekonstruksi siklus kehidupan spritual Sri Rama dan Dew Sinta. Melalui rekonstruksi siklus kehidupan Sri Rama dan Dewi Sinta, (sejak mereka belum menikah, telah menikah, kemudian berpisah, serta bertemu dan menyatu kembali sebagai pasangan suami istri), diharapkan dapat diungkapkan berbagai peristiwa dalam kehidupan mereka yang berkaitan dengan makna kebenaran, keberanian melawan keangkaramurkaan, dan menghindar dari perbuatan batil sebagai wujud pertanggungjawaban kepada Tuhan serta dalam rangka membina hubungan baik dengan sesama manusia. Untuk mencapai tujuan itu digunakan metode atau pendekatan semiotik melalui penerapan teori aktan dan teori model fungsional dengan bagannya (sintaksis MEDAN MAKNA Vol. XIII No. 2 Hlm. 143 - 162 Desember 2015 ISSN 1829-9237 naratif) dari Greimas. Karya sastra (dalam hal ini cerita rekaan) merupakan sistem tanda yang mempunyai konvensinya sendiri, antara lain bentuk cerita dan sifat naratifnya (alur, penokohan, latar, sudut pandang). Tanda-tanda itu mempunyai makna sesuai dengan konvensi itu. Dengan demikian, melalui metode semiotik diharapkan terungkap makna karya sastra itu secara utuh. Sementara itu, hasil penelitian yang dicapai adalah bahwa komik Ramayana mengungkapkan persoalan kemanusiaan (kebenaran, keberanian, dan kesucian), kejahatan (yang dilakukan raksasa), serta ajaran etika (hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan dan hubungan manusia dengan manusia/makhluk lain). Komik Ramayana karya R.A. Kosasih ini disajikan secara utuh dan apik, serta unik, baik dalam pengisahan maupun dalam teknik penggambaran komik. Kata kunci: rekonstruksi, semiotik, siklus kehidupan spritual 1. Pendahuluan dari segala dosa (Abimanyu, 2014:57-58). Kisah Ramayana sangat digemari di Sastra diyakini merupakan jalan “lain” untuk Indonesia. Berbagai versi Ramayana lebih memanusiakan manusia, selain disuguhkan kepada penggemar dalam tuntunan agama dan filsafat. Dengan beragam bentuk. Kita mengenal Sendratari demikian, penellitian ini perlu dilakukan Ramayana yang dipentaskan di pelataran karena dalam kisah Ramayana terkandung Candi Prambanan setahun sekali setiap bulan ajaran kehidupan yang bersifat positif dan purnama. Bukan hanya itu, pementasan merupakan inspirasi bagi generasi penerus. Ramayana juga dilakukan oleh berbagai Dalam bagian “Kata Pengantar” pihak pemangku kepentingan, seperti yang Ramayana versi Rajagopalachari, pernah dilakukan oleh Dinas Pariwisata Mahabharata dan Ramayana: Kitab Epos Pemerintah Daerah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Terbesar Sepanjang Masa (2013) disebutkan Jakarta, sudah barang tentu dalam bahasa bahwa melalui kisah Ramayana disebarkan Betawi. Bahkan, salah satu stasiun televisi nilai-nilai kebaikan untuk dijadikan swasta nasional juga secara rutin pegangan hidup lewat suatu dongeng. Hal itu mementaskan sinetron Ramayana versi India ternyata memang sudah dilakukan sejak seminggu sekali. Sinetron tersebut sangat lama, yaitu dari India kemudian sampai ke digemari dan ditunggu-tunggu oleh pemirsa. Pulau Jawa. Sementara itu, di Pulau Jawa, Namun, kisah Ramayana populer di Sunan Kalijaga (juga Sunan Gunung Jati) Indonesia ketika almarhum R.A. Kosasih menyebarkan nilai-nilai kebaikan yang menceritakan kembali dalam wujud komik bersumber dari ajaran Islam melalui pada tahun 1955 dan diterbitkan oleh UP pertunjukkan wayang kulit. Walaupun Melodie, Bandung. Kemudian, pada tahun menyebarkan agama Islam, tetapi tokoh- 2010 penerbit Pustaka Langka untuk Semua tokoh dan ceritanya masih menggunakan menerbitkan ulang kisah Ramayana dengan mitologi Hindu. Kegiatan tersebut menjadi kemasan lebih cantik. Secara faktual, tradisi yang dikembangkan terus-menerus Ramayana merupakan salah satu cerita yang oleh dalang pertunjukkan wayang dan para mampu bertahan lama, bahkan dibaca orang- seniman lainnya. Kisah-kisah yang tadinya orang sepanjang masa. Hal tersebut dibawakan dari mulut ke mulut, ditorehkan disebabkan di dalamnya terkandung pada daun lontar, menjadi ukiran candi, dan persoalan kemanusiaan, keadilan, serta seni pertunjukkan boneka, kemudian mengisi ajaran-ajaran yang lengkap, meliputi etika, media-media baru. Dengan kata lain. kisah sosiologi, politik, dan seksualitas. Bahkan, Ramayana mengalami proses alihwahana Ramayana dianggap tulisan yang memiliki dengan menjadi novel, cerpen dan film. nilai religi yang apabila diperdengarkan Ceritanya pun mengalami perkembangan secara terus-menerus di tengah-tengah sesuai interpretasi masing-masing seniman manusia maka dapat menyelamatkan mereka pembuatnya. MEDAN MAKNA Vol. XIII No. 2 Hlm. 143 - 162 Desember 2015 ISSN 1829-9237 Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas komik mingguan surat kabar. Di antaranya adalah Ramayana diceritakan kembali oleh R.A. komik “Tarzan”, “Rip Kirby”, serta Kosasih terbitan Pustaka Langka untuk “Phantom and Johnny Hazard”. Kemudian Semua, 2010. Sebagai bahan bacaan yang penerbit seperti Gapura dan Keng Po dari lain adalah tulisan (1) Rajagopalachari dalam Jakarta, dan Perfects dari Malang, Mahabharata dan Ramayana: Kitab Epos mengumpulkannya menjadi sebuah buku Terbesar Sepanjang Masa, 2013, Cetakan komik. Di tengah-tengah membanjirnya Pertama, Diterjemahkan oleh Yudhi komik asing, hadir Siaw Tik Kwei--salah Murtanto, Penerbit Dipta, Yogyakarta; (2) seorang komikus terdepan, yang memiliki Ramayana karya R.A. Kosasih, Penerbit teknik dan keterampilan tinggi dalam Erlina, Bandung serta (3) Ramayana karya S. menggambar--menampilkan komik Ruhiyat, 2012, Cetakan Pertama, PT Buku adapatasinya dari legenda pahlawan Seru, Jakarta. Artikel “Komik Ramayana Tiongkok „Sie Djin Koei‟. Komik ini Karya R.A. Kosasih: Siklus Kehidupan berhasil melampaui popularitas “Tarzan” di Spritual Sri Rama dan Dewi Sinta” kalangan pembaca lokal. Popularitas tokoh merupakan bagian dari sebuah penelitian komik asing mendorong beberapa komikus tahunan yang dibiayai oleh Pusat untuk mentransformasikan beberapa Pengembangan Infrastruktur dan karakter pahlawan super itu ke dalam selera Pelindungan, Badan Pengembangan dan lokal. R.A. Kosasih, yang kemudian dikenal Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan sebagai Bapak Komik Indonesia, memulai dan Kebudayaan, 2014. karirnya dengan mengimitasi Wonder Supaya identifikasi permasalahan lebih Woman menjadi pahlawan wanita bernama spesifik, permasalahan dirumuskan dengan Sri Asih. Keberhasilan R.A.Kosasih itu pertanyaan sebagai berikut. sejalan dengan upaya penerbit untuk (1) Cobaan apa saja yang ditemui Sri menghadirkan komik Indonesia di tengah Rama sebelum mempersunting Dewi Sinta? masyarakat. Konon pada tahun 1953, (2) Cobaan apa saja yang ditemui penerbit Melodie sedang mencari komikus Sri Rama dan Dewi Sinta setelah mereka untuk dijadikan karyawannya. Salah satu melangsungkan pernikahan serta bagaimana yang mendaftar dan diterima saat itu adalah upaya mereka mengatasi rintangan tersebut RA Kosasih. Akhirnya terbitlah buku komik dan pihak mana saja yang membantu pertamanya pada 1 Januari 1954 dengan mereka? tokohnya seorang hero perempuan bernama 4) Setelah berhasil mengalahkan Sri Asih (informasi Andi Wijaya dari Rahwana, cobaan apa saja yang dihadapi Sri penerbit Pluz+ yang dua tahun silam telah Rama dan Dewi Sinta? mencetak ulang komik Ramayana karya (5) Bagaimana akhir perjalanan Kosasih). kehidupan mereka? Tetbitnya komik Sri Asih mendapat respons positif dari masyarakat. Hanya saja, 2. Kajian Literatur dan Penelitian kesan superhero saat itu dianggap banyak Sebelumnya
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