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Waste Cooking Oil As a Substrate for Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)

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Waste Cooking Oil As a Substrate for Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 11(4) 2015,pp. 358-364 http://dx.doi.org/10.21161/mjm.71415 Malaysian Journal of Microbiology Published by Malaysian Society for Microbiology (In since 2011) Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from different stages of traditional Malaysian tempeh production 1 1,2* 1 3 Balqis Pisol , Noriham Abdullah , Khalilah Abdul Khalil and Lilis Nuraida 1Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Malaysia Institute of Transport (MITRANS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, and SEAFAST Center, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, PO BOX 220, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Email:[email protected] Received 4 March 2015; Received in revised form 20 May 2015; Accepted 28 May 2015 ABSTRACT Aims: There are many methods of soybean tempeh production as they vary according to the producers. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from tempeh was carried out at different stages of the tempeh production to examine the occurrence of LAB and to identify the isolates. Methodology and results: Morphological, physiological and chemical characteristics with the use of API 20 Strep, API 50 CHL kit and 16S rRNA gene sequences were employed to identify LAB. By using API 20 Strep and API 50 CHL kit, fourteen LAB were obtained and twelve isolates have been successfully identified: seven coccus LAB isolates as Enterococcus faecium, four cocci-bacilli as Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides, one bacilli as Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. delbrueckii. Meanwhile, two bacilli isolates were categorised as unidentified strain. On the other hand, molecular identification using 27f and 1429r primer had revealed that L. mesenteroides and L. delbrueckii were identified as Leuconostoc lactis and Leuconostoc sp. respectively. Whereas, two previously unidentified bacilli isolates were identified as Alicyclobacillus sp. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: This result shows that various types of LAB was detected at every stages of tempeh production and had been identified by using two different techniques. The unique characteristics of LAB offer their potential towards food and pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: Soybean, tempeh, lactic acid bacteria, isolation, identification. INTRODUCTION advantageous influence on nutritional values, organoleptic, and shelf-life characteristics of the fermented food (Leroy Tempeh is a patty of cooked soybean being fermented by and De Vuyst, 2004). Occurrence of lactic acid bacteria mould starter culture Rhizopus spp., most commonly (LAB) have been investigated from tempeh and other Rhizopus oligosporus. Soybean tempeh is a famous famous Malaysian fermented foods such as tempoyak, fermented food in Malaysia and this food gains its tapai, budu and cincalok (Kormin et al., 2001; Moreno et popularity from its taste, digestibility, nutritional value and al., 2002; Liasi et al., 2009; Belal and Zaiton, 2011; well-known as high-quality meat replacers (Nout and Kalavathy et al., 2012; Hajar and Hamid, 2013). Ability of Aidoo, 2010). Yellow seeded soybean (Glycine max) is these microorganisms to produce variety of antimicrobial the most preferred type, use as the raw material although compounds and combat pathogenic microorganisms many other types of soybean and legumes can be used (Menssens and De Vugst, 2002), makes them bacteria of such as red kidney bean (Srapinkornburee et al., 2009), interest for probiotic purposes. mucuna (Sri Handajani, 2001), chickpea (Abu-Salem and In this study, the method used for tempeh production Abou-Arab, 2011), and barley (Feng, 2006). is different than most of the methods described by other The group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is responsible authors as this method involved double soaking process. to accelerate the fermentation process of tempeh. LAB The soaking process is very important as it functions to are Gram positive, bacilli and cocci shape, catalase increase the moisture content of the beans, make the negative and produce lactic acid as their main product. beans edible, facilitate microbial activity during the Aside from being well known for its GRAS (Generally fermentation, and to naturally extract antimicrobial Regarded As Safe) status, this type of microorganisms (saponins) and bitter compounds (Nout and Aidoo, 2010). has a long history of application prior to their Although additional time is required, soaking process is *Corresponding author 358 ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538 Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 11(4) 2015, pp. 358-364 still the only inexpensive and simple method considering carbonate (CaCO3) using pour plate method and were its multi-effects in enhancing nutritional value and lowering incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. The identified colonies were the anti-nutritional factor (Mumba et al., 2004). This counted and total numbers of viable cells were reported includes significant reduction of phytate (Karkle and as colony-forming units (CFUs). White small colonies with Beleia, 2010), increase of total soluble solid (Arbianto, clear zone around them were randomly isolated using 1978) and decrease of oligosaccharides, sucrose content sterilized toothpicks and streaked on fresh MRS agar. and also tannins (Egounlety and Aworh, 2003). Other steps of tempeh production are the same as the method used by most producers except some might varies in Soybean terms of incubation time, temperature and packaging materials. Hence this study was conducted with the aim to isolate LAB from tempeh production that involved both double soaking process and over-fermented tempeh. 1st day of soaking (24 h, RT) * Awareness on importance of healthy foods contributes to the high interest and demand for natural fermented foods.LAB has the advantages to offer the solution for this problem. However, the number of local LAB strains isolated from tempeh is still scarce. As a result, isolation Cooking (10 min, 100°C) of LAB from local resources like Malaysian tempeh is necessary. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the natural population of LAB from traditional tempeh processing. The significant of this study is to make use of nd local fermented product and its waste to its best use. 2 day of soaking (24 h, RT) * Efforts to understand LAB isolated from local fermented food may be of value to the Malaysian economy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cooking (30 min, 100°C) Tempeh production Production of soybean tempeh was prepared according to a local producer in Klang, Malaysia. Yellow seeded soybean (Country Farm Organics) was used to make the Inoculation of inoculums at RT (Day 0) tempeh. In this study, 100 g soybean was soaked in 1 L water for 24 h at room temperature (RT) and then drained. It was then cooked at 100 °C for 10 min in 1 L water. After boiling, half cooked soybean was left soaked in the boiled water and left for another 24 h at RT. Next, the water was Tempeh (Day 2)* drained and washed several times to remove the hulls. Soybean was further cooked at 100 °C for another 30 min and the water was drained subsequently. The cooked soybean was cooled at RT for 20 min and then mixed Incubation thoroughly with 0.03 g inoculums (Raprima Inokulum Tempe (Day 4)* at 37 °C Tempeh, PT Aneka Fermentasi Industri, Bandung, Indonesia). Finally, soybean was packed into perforated plastic bag and incubated at 37 °C for 7 days. The overall production of soybean tempeh and stages where samples were taken is shown in Figure 1. All samples were freshly Tempe (Day 7)* analysed on the same day they were produced. Isolation of LAB Figure 1: Flowchart of tempeh production (* Stage where sample was taken). Each sample of 25 g was aseptically added into 225 mL of sterile peptone water (0.1% w/v) solution and was mixed Purification thoroughly. Isolation of LAB was performed as method described by Muhialdin and Hassan (2011) with slight Single colony was picked from the plates and subculture modification. Serial dilutions were performed and 1 mL to purify. Pure bacterial strains were obtained after five aliquots of appropriate dilution were directly inoculated in times successive transfer of individual colony on the duplicate on the de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Culture (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, UK) with 0.8% calcium preservation was performed on all the isolates obtained. 359 ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538 Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 11(4) 2015, pp. 358-364 Fresh overnight cultures of each isolate were grown in (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). A definite confirmation of broth and stored in the freezer at −80 °C in 20% glycerol the strain was obtained on the basis of these results. (Kheadr, 2006). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Identification of LAB Isolation and purification of LAB Identification of LAB was done based on morphology and catalase reaction. Morphological observations of LAB with After the purification process, a total of 14 strains of LAB gram staining were carried out. Based on previous which produce clear zone around their colonies were description, it is known that LAB is gram-positive with rod isolated from different stages of tempeh production. The or cocci shape. Catalase test was performed using freshly appearance of clear zone was due to dissolution of prepared 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). CaCO3 in MRS medium by acid production. All isolates were Gram positive, catalase negative and have the Identification of LAB using API 20 Strep and API 50 shape of bacilli, cocci and cocci-bacilli. From the isolation CHL process, it was observed that LAB present at all stages of tempeh production (Table 1). All isolates with gram positive and catalase negative characteristic were tested for the production of acids from Table 1: Enumeration of LAB at different stages of carbohydrates and related compounds by using API 50 tempeh production. CHL and API 20 Strep (API System, Bio-Merieux, France).
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