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Changing Channels: Past, Present, and Future Land Use on the Salmon River Delta, British Columbia

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Changing Channels: Past, Present, and Future Land Use on the Salmon River Delta, British Columbia Changing Channels: Past, Present, and Future Land Use on the Salmon River Delta, British Columbia by Joshua Fontaine B.A. (Anthropology), University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 2008 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment © Joshua Fontaine 2020 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2020 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Joshua Fontaine Degree: Master of Arts Title: Changing Channels: Past, Present, and Future Land Use on the Salmon River Delta, British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Rudy Reimer Associate Professor George Nicholas Senior Supervisor Professor Jonathan Driver Supervisor Professor Nola Markey Supervisor RPCA, Crane Heritage Research David Maxwell External Examiner Lecturer Date Defended/Approved: April 20, 2020 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract This study examines how using multiple lines of evidence can help us understand the complex human-environment interactions that have occurred on the Salmon River delta in south-central British Columbia in the pre-contact, historic, and modern eras. Using a qualitative methodology, I examine archaeological, ethnographic and ethnohistoric, and environmental studies to evaluate how complementary these different sources of information are in studying this topic. I scrutinize the intersection of these approaches through four questions: 1) what do archaeology, ethnohistory, ethnographies, and traditional knowledge tell us about land use in the past?; 2) what can archaeology and environmental studies tell us about how the delta has been impacted by settlement activities (both Indigenous and settler)?; 3) what can ethnohistory, ethnographies, traditional knowledge, and environmental studies tell us about environmental impacts to the Salmon River delta?; and 4) how can a synthesis of these approaches help us understand the complex human-environment interactions?. A series of interviews conducted with Neskonlith elders documents how the delta was utilized as an important traditional use area for hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food and other uses, and how these traditional- use activities were impacted throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. My investigation indicates that the Salmon River delta was used by local First Nations groups for millennia, and continues to be an important traditional use area for the Neskonlith community. Archaeological and environmental studies demonstrate how intensive land-clearing and development activities have impacted the environment, and traditional knowledge provides context on the impact the decline of many important plant and animal species, especially local salmon, have had on the community. Most importantly, this study demonstrates how incorporating multiple lines of evidence provides a clearer picture of the complexity of human-environment interactions, specifically between how Indigenous groups and settler populations managed the land. Keywords: Traditional Knowledge; Ethnohistory; Secwépemc; Neskonlith; Floodplain Archaeology; Human-environment Interactions. iv Dedication To my wonderful wife, Alicia. Thank you for your love, support, and patience through this journey. I could not have done this without your unwavering belief, dedication, and encouragement for me to see this through. To my daughter, Kinleigh. Thank you for your being so adorably exuberant, joyful, and hilarious. Your laughter and love inspired me and was a constant reminder to enjoy the wonderful, silly, and strange moments in life. You will make a wonderful big sister. v Acknowledgements It takes a village to make a grad student, and I would not have been successful in this had it not been for all these fine people: I am incredibly fortunate to have the approval and support of the Neskonlith Band for this project I am profoundly appreciative to the three Neskonlith elders, Louis Thomas, Lorna Thomas, and Harold Thomas, who generously agreed to talk with me and share their knowledge and experiences. Each conversation was truly an enriching experience, and it was an incredible opportunity to hear your insights and words of wisdom. Thank you to Merrill, Jovanna, Kristina, Chris, Shannon, and Peter for all the incredible work you do on the front lines and behind the scenes. Your tireless efforts and support meant so much to me, and helped push me toward the finish line. Thank you to my supervisory committee: my supervisor, George Nicholas for his constant support, guidance, feedback, and patience in pushing me (through thick and thin) to see this project through; to Jon Driver for your insights and ability to ask the tough questions in the pursuit of making me a better student, and ensuring this thesis meets the standards of our institution; and to Nola Markey, who put me on this path by suggesting this area for a research project, providing me with abundant research materials to get me started, for putting me in touch with Louis Thomas, and for your invaluable insights and feedback. Thank you to the rest of my examining committee: my external examiner, Dave Maxwell, working alongside you these past few years has been an incredible experience, and your friendship has been one of the highlights of my time at SFU; and the chair of my defense, Rudy Reimer/Yumks, it has been a privilege to get to know you through my time at SFU, your friendship, feedback, and support have been invaluable to me, and helped keep me going on this journey through the good times and the bad. Thank you to my cohort, Zoe, Cameron, Jacalyn, Candace, Shera, Ellie, Phil, Richard, and Katherine, as well as Dana Lepofsky for helping me work through the design of this thesis; your feedback, support, and friendship really helped shape me develop this project through its initial stages. vi Thank you to all of the graduate students I made while on this journey, especially Chelsea, Lia, Erin, Joe, Thomas, Megan, Laure, Luisa, Derek, Earl, Laura T., Laura B., Richard, Ailidh, Emily M., Emily P., Alex, Andrew, Alec, Travis C., Bryn, and Jon for your friendship, support, and advice throughout my time at SFU. Thank you to the SFU Archaeology faculty: Dave Burley, John Welch, Francesco Berna, Denis Sandgathe, Mark Collard, Christina Giovas, and Ernest Buman, getting to know each of you, and to learn from some many incredible scholars in this field has been a highlight of my time at SFU. Thank you to the professors from my pre-SFU life: Stan Copp, Naomi McPherson, Diana French, John Wagner, and Marilyn Mardiros. Thank you to my friends and family for their love, patience, support, and understanding through all of this – especially my in-laws, siblings, nephew, niece, and my parents. A special thank-you to my Aunt Brenda for giving me a base of operations in Salmon Arm for the field component of my research. Finally, to the friends, family, and colleagues that I have lost prior to, and during this journey: Grandma Margaret, Grandpa Bill, Uncle Ken, Dr. Richard Garvin, Brandon House, Sharon (George) Aldridge, and Rory. vii Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ....................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Research Goals .............................................................................................................. 2 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 3 The Study Area ............................................................................................................... 4 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 6 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 6 Interviews with Traditional Knowledge Holders ............................................................ 7 Archaeological Overview Assessment ......................................................................... 7 Key Terms ....................................................................................................................... 7 Thesis Organization ........................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2. Background ...........................................................................................
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