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Respectable Folly Garrett, Clarke Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Garrett, Clarke. Respectable Folly: Millenarians and the French Revolution in France and England. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.67841. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/67841 [ Access provided at 2 Oct 2021 03:07 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. HOPKINS OPEN PUBLISHING ENCORE EDITIONS Clarke Garrett Respectable Folly Millenarians and the French Revolution in France and England Open access edition supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press Published 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. CC BY-NC-ND ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3177-2 (open access) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3177-7 (open access) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3175-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3175-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3176-5 (electronic) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3176-9 (electronic) This page supersedes the copyright page included in the original publication of this work. Respectable Folly RESPECTABLE FOLLY M illenarians and the French Revolution in France and England 4- Clarke Garrett The Johns Hopkins University Press BALTIMORE & LONDON This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Andrew W. -
Introduction
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER 1 Introduction French Society in 1789 Historians working on the French Revolution have a problem. All of our attempts to find an explanation in terms of social groups or classes, or particular segments of society becoming powerfully activated, have fallen short. As one expert aptly expressed it: “the truth is we have no agreed general theory of why the French Revolution came about and what it was— and no prospect of one.”1 This gaping, causal void is cer- tainly not due to lack of investigation into the Revolution’s background and origins. If class conflict in the Marxist sense has been jettisoned, other ways of attributing the Revolution to social change have been ex- plored with unrelenting rigor. Of course, every historian agrees society was slowly changing and that along with the steady expansion of trade and the cities, and the apparatus of the state and armed forces, more (and more professional) lawyers, engineers, administrators, officers, medical staff, architects, and naval personnel were increasingly infusing and diversifying the existing order.2 Yet, no major, new socioeconomic pressures of a kind apt to cause sudden, dramatic change have been identified. The result, even some keen revisionists admit, is a “somewhat painful void.”3 Most historians today claim there was not one big cause but instead numerous small contributory impulses. One historian, stressing the absence of any identifiable overriding cause, likened the Revolution’s origins to a “multi- coloured tapestry of interwoven causal factors.”4 So- cial and economic historians embracing the “new social interpretation” identify a variety of difficulties that might have rendered eighteenth- century French society, at least in some respects, more fraught and vulnerable than earlier. -
The Establishment of Electoral Law in Revolutionary France
STUDIA IURIDICA TORUNIENSIA tom XXIV DATA WPŁYWU: 10 marca 2019 r. DATA AKCEPTACJI: 15 maja 2019 r. Zbigniew Filipiak Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-7783 Tomasz Kowalczyk Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-5431 The establishment of electoral law in revolutionary France http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2019.002 During the course of history the understanding of the principles of electoral law has been subject to successive transformations. They have been written down, modified, and repeatedly repealed. The attributes of electoral law and their interpretations have been/were constantly changing. In the current understanding, the principles of democratic electoral law in most countries were established after the World War II, whilst in others as late as in the 1990s, but there are plenty of countries that are considered democratic although not all of these rules are applied there. According to Dieter Nohlen, electoral laws were being shaped over a period of approximately 100 years1. The time of the Great French Revolution, and in par- ticular its initial phase, which resulted in the writing of the first 1 D. Nohlen, Prawo wyborcze i system partyjny. O teorii systemów wybor- czych, Warszawa 2004, p. 39. 28 Zbigniew Filipiak, Tomasz Kowalczyk fundamental law, was of key importance to the development of the modern form of the rules of electoral law. 1. The imminent breakthrough The reasons for the outbreak of the Revolution were numerous and diverse. Among them were both those underlying the founda- tions of the then social, legal, and economic system, i.e. -
Anglo-Saxon Constitutional History
English Legal History—Outline (former l16) 11/5/2018 Page 1 THE DEPOSITION OF KINGS 1. The slow changes in the English constitution of the 14th and 15th centuries: a. the development of a bicameral Parliament b. its gradual growth of involvement in taxation and legislation and the of the custom of consulting it on great matters of the realm. c. the growth of the power and, at least to a certain extent, of the independence of the departments of state (the chancery and the exchequer) and of the courts d. the attempt of the magnates to control the departments of state by controlling appointments, and of the king to control both the departments of state and the magnates through the wardrobe and chamber—and of the ultimate failure, at least in the 14th century, of both efforts e. the rise in the middle of the 14th century of the importance of the council. In the Lancastrian period two lines of authority emerge, which did not conflict: one between the signet and the secretary, the other between the privy seal and the council, both leading ultimately to the great seal and the chancery. f. the experimentatation of Edward III with chamber finance and the return of chamber finance in the reign of Edward IV a hundred years later and the increasingly tight control that Henry VII had over finance. 2. The medieval depositions: a. Edward II—1327. b. Richard II—1399. c. Henry VI—1460. (Not a deposition, an act of accord, though a deposition of sorts took place in March of 1461. -
French Revolution ( Sub-Topics )
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY The fortress-prison (BASTILLE) demolished 14 July, 1789 – city of Paris ❑ Rumours spread that the king had ordered troops to move into Paris to fire upon the citizens. Fearing for their lives, some 7000 men & women broke into a no. of govt. buildings in search of arms. ❑ Agitated crowd stormed & destroyed the prison Bastille. The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris & the countryside. ❑ Most people were protesting against the high price of their daily bread. This was the beginning of the chain of events EXECUTION OF KING IN FRANCE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ( SUB-TOPICS ) 1. French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century 2. The Outbreak of the Revolution 3. France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic 4. Did Women have a Revolution ? 1 5. The Abolition of Slavery 6. The Revolution and Everyday Life 7. Conclusion THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1. French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 6. 7. POLITICAL CAUSES IMMEDIATE CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES INTELLECTUAL CAUSES SOCIAL CAUSES POLITICAL CAUSES POLITICAL CAUSES ➢ In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France. ➢ He was 20 yrs old & married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette. ➢ He ruled as an absolute monarch. ➢ He had maintained a huge army and built a big extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles (France). ➢ Common people had no say in administration. All bureaucratic posts were occupied by the aristocrats. ECONOMIC CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES ➢ Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. ➢ Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain. -
Oligarchic Democracy Call for Papers
CALL FOR PAPERS Constitutional Responses to the Crisis of Representation and Oligarchic Democracy Introduction This Call for Papers is issued by the Constitution Building Programme of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), as part of a research project on Constitutional Responses to the Crisis of Representation and Oligarchic Democracy. The project seeks to examine the problem of ‘oligarchic democracy’ and to consider whether, and how, constitutional design may provide a useful corrective to the oligarchic tendencies in liberal-democracies. The expectation is that the papers will inspire a focused debate around the issue of oligarchic democracy and anti-oligarchic constitution-making. Selected papers will be synthesized into one report that will be addressed to a mixed audience of academics and reflective practitioners in various fields of constitutional practice, whether as constitutional lawyers, politicians, international advisors, or civil society activists working in constitutional reform, public policy or poverty-reduction fields. It is also intended that the best papers will be selected for inclusion in an edited volume or special edition of an academic journal. Papers should be written in English. The length of each paper should between 5000 and 8000 words, including all notes and references. Papers are invited in response to any aspect arising from or connected with any of the five thematic areas outlined in the attached Framing Document. It is expected that there will be a panel of the workshop discussing each of these five thematic areas. Selected applicants will be invited to present their papers at an Authors’ Workshop to be held in The Netherlands during 2017, with a view to eventual publication on the International IDEA Constitution Building website (www.constitutionnet.org). -
Adam Smith's Role in the French Revolution*
ADAM SMITH’S ROLE IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION* I ‘It is no more possible to write political economy without a detailed knowledge of Smith’s book, than it is possible to write natural history while remaining a stranger to the works of Linnaeus’.1 This verdict on Smith, by an anonymous reviewer in the journal La De´cade philosophique, was becoming commonplace in France by 1804.2 In the previous year Jean-Baptiste Say had declared in the first edition of his Traite´ d’e´conomie politique that ‘there was no political economy before Smith’.3 Such evidence confirms that Smith’s work was being read and appreciated on the eve of the establishment of the First Empire. For certain historians of economic analysis, Smith’s establishment of a science of political economy was itself sufficient to convince French con- temporaries that a new dawn of intellectual endeavour was upon them — the assumption being that if Smith’s book was read his * Thanks to Donald Winch and Brian Young for comments on an earlier version of this paper. The research was supported by grants from the British Academy, the Leverhulme Trust, and the School of Advanced Study at the University of London. 1 Review of J.-C.-L. Simonde de Sismondi, De la richesse commerciale, ou principes d’e´conomie politique applique´sa` la le´gislation du commerce, 2 vols. (Geneva, 1803), in P.-L. Ginguene´ et al. (eds.), La De´cade philosophique, politique et litte´raire, 42 vols. (Paris, 1794–1807), xxxvii, 16. 2 See the references to Smith’s political economy in Joseph Droz, Des lois relatives aux progre`s de l’industrie (Paris, 1802); Nicolas Canard, Principes de l’e´conomie politique (Paris, 1801); A. -
French Revolution and the Trial of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents
French Revolution And The Trial Of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents Letter from the Chair Letter from the Crisis Director Committee Logistics Introduction to the Committee Introduction to Topic One History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Introduction to Topic Two History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Bibliography Staff of the Committee Chair: Peyton Coel Vice Chair: Owen McNamara Crisis Director: Hans Walker Assistant Crisis Director: Sydney Steger Coordinating Crisis Director: Julia Mullert Under Secretary General Elena Bernstein Taylor Cowser, Secretary General Neha Iyer, Director General Letter from the Chair Hello Delegates! I am so thrilled to welcome you all to BosMUN XIX. For our returning delegates, welcome back! For our new delegates, we are so excited to have you here and hope you have an amazing time at the conference. My name is Peyton Coel and I am so honored to be serving as your Chair for this incredible French Revolution committee. I’m a freshman at Boston University double majoring in History and International Relations. I’m from the frigid Champlain Valley in Vermont, so the winters here in Boston are no trouble at all for me. When I’m not rambling on about fascinating events in history or scouring the news for important updates, you can find me playing club water polo or swimming laps in the lovely FitRec pool, exploring the streets of Boston (Copley is my favorite place to go), and painting beautiful landscapes with the help of Bob Ross. -
Noble Conceptions of Politics in Eighteenth-Century Sweden (Ca 1740–1790)
charlotta wolff Noble conceptions of politics in eighteenth-century Sweden (ca 1740–1790) Studia Fennica Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia fennica editorial board Anna-Leena Siikala Markku Haakana Timo Kaartinen Pauli Kettunen Leena Kirstinä Teppo Korhonen Kati Lampela Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Charlotta Wolff Noble conceptions of politics in eighteenth-century Sweden (ca 1740–1790) Finnish Literature Society • Helsinki Studia Fennica Historica 15 The publication has undergone a peer review. The open access publication of this volume has received part funding via Helsinki University Library. © 2016 Charlotta Wolff and SKS License CC-BY-NC-ND A digital edition of a printed book first published in 2008 by the Finnish Literature Society. Cover Design: Timo Numminen EPUB Conversion: eLibris Media Oy ISBN 978-952-222-092-9 (Print) ISBN 978-952-222-782-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-952-222-781-2 (EPUB) ISSN 0085-6835 (Studia Fennica) ISSN 1458-526X (Studia Fennica Historica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sfh.15 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license. -
Serfdom and State Power in Imperial Russia
Roger Bartlett Serfdom and State Power in Imperial Russia The institution of serfdom has been a central and much debated feature of early modern Russian history: it has sometimes been described as Russia’s ‘peculiar institution’, as central to the Russian experience as black slavery has been to the American.1 It is striking, however, that the rise and dominance of serfdom within Muscovite/Russian society coincided closely in historical terms with the rise to European eminence and power of the Muscovite state and Russian Empire. The subjection of the peasantry to its landlord masters was finally institutionalized in 1649, at a time when for most of the rest of Europe Muscovy was a little-known and peripheral state, in John Milton’s words, ‘the most northern Region of Europe reputed civil’.2 When Peter I proclaimed Russia an empire, in 1721, it had displaced Sweden to become the leading state of Northern Europe; one hundred years later Russia was the premier European land power. Its loss of international status after the Crimean War in 1856 helped to precipitate the abolition of serfdom (1861); but the ‘Great Reforms’ of the 1860s did not enable it to regain the international position achieved after the Napoleonic Wars. Thus the period of history from the mid-seventeenth to mid-nineteenth centuries, when serfdom became a securely entrenched legal and economic institution, was also the period in which Russia — the Muscovite state and Russian Empire — became relatively more powerful than at any other time in its history before 1945. This article seeks to examine some of the features of serfdom in Russia, to look briefly at its place in the structure and dynamics of Russian society, and to investigate the relationship between the establish- ment of serfdom in practice and the success of Russian govern- ments both in domestic affairs and on the international stage. -
The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution
THE COMING OF THE TERROR IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution Timothy Tackett The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Tackett, Timothy, 1945– Th e coming of the terror in the French Revolution / Timothy Tackett. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 73655- 9 (alk. paper) 1. France— History—Reign of Terror, 1793– 1794. 2. France— History—Revolution, 1789– 1799. I. Title. DC183.T26 2015 944.04—dc23 2014023992 Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps ix Introduction: Th e Revolutionary Pro cess 1 1 Th e Revolutionaries and Th eir World in 1789 13 2 Th e Spirit of ’89 39 3 Th e Breakdown of Authority 70 4 Th e Menace of Counterrevolution 96 5 Between Hope and Fear 121 6 Th e Factionalization of France 142 7 Fall of the Monarchy 172 8 Th e First Terror 192 9 Th e Convention and the Trial of the King 217 10 Th e Crisis of ’93 245 11 Revolution and Terror until Victory 280 12 Th e Year II and the Great Terror 312 Conclusion: Becoming a Terrorist 340 Abbreviations 351 Notes 353 Sources and Bibliography 419 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s 447 Index 449 Illustrations Th e Tennis Court Oath 50 Attack on the Bastille 56 Market women leave Paris en route to Versailles 67 Federation Ball 93 Confrontation between Catholics and -
The French Revolution
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION “A lucid and lively introduction . Students wishing to explore the frontiers of research in the subject can be reliably advised to start here.” William Doyle, University of Bristol The French Revolution is a collection of key texts at the forefront of current research and interpretation, challenging orthodox assumptions concerning the origins, development, and long-term historical consequences of the Revolution. The volume includes a clear and thorough introduction by the editor which contextualises the historiographical controversies, especially those dating from 1989. The articles are woven into a sophisticated narrative, which covers areas including the inevitability of the Terror, subsequent issues for nineteenth-century French history, the intellectual connection, the later role of Napoleon, and the feminist dimension. Gary Kates is Chair of the History Department at Trinity University, Texas. He is author of Monsieur d’Eon is a Woman (1995), The Cercle Social, the Girondins and the French Revolution (1985) and is an advisory editor for Eighteen-century Studies. Rewriting Histories focuses on historical themes where standard conclusions are facing a major challenge. Each book presents 8 to 10 papers (edited and annotated where necessary) at the forefront of current research and interpretation, offering students an accessible way to engage with contemporary debates. Series editor Jack R. Censer is Professor of History at George Mason University. REWRITING HISTORIES Series editor: Jack R. Censer Already published THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WORK IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE Edited by Lenard R. Berlanstein SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN THE SLAVE SOUTH Edited by J. William Harris ATLANTIC AMERICAN SOCIETIES From Columbus through Abolition Edited by J.R.