Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution (LF Ed.) [2008]
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Respectable Folly Garrett, Clarke Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Garrett, Clarke. Respectable Folly: Millenarians and the French Revolution in France and England. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.67841. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/67841 [ Access provided at 2 Oct 2021 03:07 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. HOPKINS OPEN PUBLISHING ENCORE EDITIONS Clarke Garrett Respectable Folly Millenarians and the French Revolution in France and England Open access edition supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press Published 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. CC BY-NC-ND ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3177-2 (open access) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3177-7 (open access) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3175-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3175-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3176-5 (electronic) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3176-9 (electronic) This page supersedes the copyright page included in the original publication of this work. Respectable Folly RESPECTABLE FOLLY M illenarians and the French Revolution in France and England 4- Clarke Garrett The Johns Hopkins University Press BALTIMORE & LONDON This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Andrew W. -
Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 20 Article 19 1966 Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L. Hayworth University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Hayworth, Ronald L. (1966) "Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 20 , Article 19. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol20/iss1/19 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 20 [1966], Art. 19 111 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. 20, 1966 THE INVIOLABILITYCONTROVERSY IN THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI Ronald L. Hay worth Arkansas College The attempt at constitutional monarchy during the French Revolu- tion ended abruptly on August 10, 1792, with the dethronement of Louis XVI in what has been termed the Second French Revolution. 1 One major problem that the new National Convention faced when it convened in mid-September was the determination of the fate of the ci-devant roi. -
Introduction
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER 1 Introduction French Society in 1789 Historians working on the French Revolution have a problem. All of our attempts to find an explanation in terms of social groups or classes, or particular segments of society becoming powerfully activated, have fallen short. As one expert aptly expressed it: “the truth is we have no agreed general theory of why the French Revolution came about and what it was— and no prospect of one.”1 This gaping, causal void is cer- tainly not due to lack of investigation into the Revolution’s background and origins. If class conflict in the Marxist sense has been jettisoned, other ways of attributing the Revolution to social change have been ex- plored with unrelenting rigor. Of course, every historian agrees society was slowly changing and that along with the steady expansion of trade and the cities, and the apparatus of the state and armed forces, more (and more professional) lawyers, engineers, administrators, officers, medical staff, architects, and naval personnel were increasingly infusing and diversifying the existing order.2 Yet, no major, new socioeconomic pressures of a kind apt to cause sudden, dramatic change have been identified. The result, even some keen revisionists admit, is a “somewhat painful void.”3 Most historians today claim there was not one big cause but instead numerous small contributory impulses. One historian, stressing the absence of any identifiable overriding cause, likened the Revolution’s origins to a “multi- coloured tapestry of interwoven causal factors.”4 So- cial and economic historians embracing the “new social interpretation” identify a variety of difficulties that might have rendered eighteenth- century French society, at least in some respects, more fraught and vulnerable than earlier. -
Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Evangelicalism, cultural influences and theological change: considered with special reference to the thought of Thomas Rawson Birks (1810-1883) Thesis How to cite: Brown, Ralph Stuart (1997). Evangelicalism, cultural influences and theological change: considered with special reference to the thought of Thomas Rawson Birks (1810-1883). PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1997 The Author Version: Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk 1 (AN C1( C7 Evangelicalism, cultural influences and theological change; considered with special reference to the thought of Thomas Rawson Birks (1810 - 1883). Ralph Stuart Brown B. A. (Hons.) Department of Religious Studies, The Open University. Submitted for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 9 September 1996. J'128221c' QcMzr (C,ctf 2 Abstract This thesis presents a detailed analysis of the thought of the leading nineteenth century Anglican Evangelical theologian Thomas Rawson BirkS (18 10-1883). It is organised on a broadly chronological basis and discusses Birks's dogmatic and philosophical theology, sermons, and journalism. It also takes full account of his contributions to contemporary debates on social, political and scientific issues, considering them in relation to their cultural and ideological context. The study presents an assessment of the nature and importance of B irks's theological output. -
The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution
La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution Savanna R. Teague Abstract While the mass consumption of luxury items is oftentimes described as a factor leading the Third Estate to take action against the First and Second Estates in the buildup to the French Revolution, that spending is presented as little more than salt in the open wounds of a starving and ever-growing population that had been growing evermore destitute since the beginnings of the early modern era. However, the causes and contexts of the conspicuous consumption as practiced by the aristocracy reveal how they directly correlate to the social tensions that persisted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries until they erupted in the 1790s. The isolation and the dictation of taste and style that Louis XIV commanded through Versailles and State-run luxury workshops became commonplace within a generation after the Fronde in which the nobles had engaged during the previous century. Versailles allowed the new generation of the aristocracy to be placated with petty privileges that developed out of the rigorous court etiquette, and their conspicuous consumption only increased as the need to compete with others at Court and those newly ennobled continued. This study examines a materialistic culture alongside its material culture, focusing on explaining the expenditures of the aristocracy without becoming enamored by the spectacle of wealth itself. The goods and services that the French aristocracy indulged in purchasing were not simply marks of luxury; they represented social ideals about order and privilege. -
50 H-France Forum, V
H-France Forum Volume 4 Page 50 ______________________________________________________________________________ H-France Forum, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Spring 2009), No. 5 Michael Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. x + 493 pp. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 978- 0691124988. Response Essay by Michael Sonenscher, King’s College Cambridge, to the review essays of his book by John Hardman, Thomas E. Kaiser, Charles Walton and Johnson Kent Wright. Perhaps the easiest way to begin a reply to this array of thought-provoking comments is to start with the two factual questions raised by John Hardman. The first concerns the comte d’Angiviller, while the second concerns Charles-Alexandre de Calonne. Answering them is a good way into the questions set out by Thomas E. Kaiser and Charles Walton about the relationship of the sans-culottes to Robespierre, Saint-Just and the Jacobin leadership in 1793 and 1794 and, more broadly, about the similarities and differences in their respective moral values, economic priorities and political visions. Answering their questions is, in turn, a helpful entry point to the questions about eighteenth-century versions of ancient moral and political thought and about the politics of the ancient constitution raised by Johnson Kent Wright. John Hardman asked whether I had any evidence that the comte d’Angiviller was, as I put it, “a strong advocate of a patriotic coup against the nation’s creditors in 1787 and 1788” (p. 378). I made the claim on the basis of a remark by d’Angiviller in the autobiographical fragment entitled Episodes de ma vie that was published posthumously in 1906. -
The Beginning of the French Revolution
New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP Global Mr. Hubbs The Beginning of the French Revolution Causes of the French Revolution The finances of the French Empire were a major cause for revolution. By 1789, France was bankrupt. The king’s of France had abused their power and France became a victim of deficit spending. The French king began to borrow enormous amounts of money to pay for their spending and incurred debt. These debts were also a result of war. An example of this was by 1789; France was still paying off debts incurred by the wars of Louis XIV that occurred in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The country could no longer pay its debts, and the people of France began to suffer. Furthermore, a number of social groups and institutions did not pay taxes of any kind. Many universities were exempt from taxation as were the thirteen Parlements, cities like Paris, the Church and the clergy, the aristocracy and numerous member of the Bourgeoisie. And of course, it was simply brilliant planning to continue to tax the peasants- peasants who, having nothing to contribute were, over the course of the century, forced to contribute even more. The French social structure was divided into three estates. The First Estate was made up of the clergy. The clergy were a very privileged group and had a number of responsibilities. They included the registration of births, marriages and deaths, they collected the tithe (usually 10%); they censored books; served as moral police; operated schools and hospitals; and distributed relief to the poor. -
Bank Notes of the French Revolution, Part I – the Royal Assignats
BANK NOTES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, PART I – THE ROYAL ASSIGNATS John E. Sandrock Prelude to Revolution Conditions in France under the monarchy at the end of the eighteenth century were bad both economically and socially. The monarchy was supreme, ruling by Divine Right. As a result, there being no parliament or other body to act as a check on extremes, the king was responsible only to himself. Although Louis XVI meant well, he was sluggish and ignorant when it came to domestic and foreign affairs. His love of hunting and his passion for tinkering with locks consumed his concentration. The problems associated with statesmanship were beyond his grasp. To make matters worse his Austrian born wife, Marie Antoinette, was both frivolous and erratic without any understanding of her subjects or their plight. France at this time was an agrarian nation with all but a small percentage of the population working the land. Crops had been very poor for several years and the winter hail storms of 1788-1789 was uncommonly severe. This made the collection of taxes, always an onerous chore which was badly administered, much more difficult. When we add to this the agrarian troubles, continual unbalanced budgets, foreign trade stifled for lack of credit, and a monarchy unable to raise money due to its bad credit, we have the grounds for bankruptcy. Transcending all this was a bureaucracy where privilege was rife. An enormous amount of wealth (some say up to twenty-five percent) was tied up in the hands of the church and clergy. Soon many writers began to attack the outmoded privileges and abuses of the aristocracy. -
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Annales Historiques De La Révolution Française, 376 | Avril-Juin 2014 [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Juin 2017, Consulté Le 01 Juillet 2021
Annales historiques de la Révolution française 376 | avril-juin 2014 Varia Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/13142 DOI : 10.4000/ahrf.13142 ISSN : 1952-403X Éditeur : Armand Colin, Société des études robespierristes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 juin 2014 ISBN : 978-2-908327-68-7 ISSN : 0003-4436 Référence électronique Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 376 | avril-juin 2014 [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 juin 2017, consulté le 01 juillet 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/13142 ; DOI : https:// doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.13142 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 juillet 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Articles L’épiphanie, entre dérision et volonté d’abolition Michel Biard « Les forgeurs et les limeurs » face à la machine : la destruction de l’atelier de Jacques Sauvade (1er et 2 septembre 1789) Luc Rojas Le témoignage de François-Jérôme Riffard Saint-Martin, député à la convention Jacques-Olivier Boudon Prendre la parole en révolution le cas Palloy, démolisseur de la bastille Héloïse Bocher Nouvelles gouaches révolutionnaires de Jean-Baptiste Lesueur. Entrées au musée Carnavalet (2005-2011) Philippe de Carbonnières Regards croisés La Révolution française dans l’espace médiatique Annie Duprat, Cécile Guérin, Aurore Chery, Pascal Guimier, Pierre Serna, Roland Timsit, Emmanuel Laurentin et Emmanuel Fureix Sources La correspondance de Boris Porchnev et d’Albert Soboul. Un témoignage de l’amitié entre historiens soviétiques et français Varoujean Poghosyan Legray, Bodson, Varlet. Amitié politique et relations privées. Deux documents inédits Jean-Jacques Tomasso Comptes rendus Volume réalisé par Corinne GOMEZ-LE CHEVANTON et Françoise BRUNEL, Archives parlementaires. -
The Establishment of Electoral Law in Revolutionary France
STUDIA IURIDICA TORUNIENSIA tom XXIV DATA WPŁYWU: 10 marca 2019 r. DATA AKCEPTACJI: 15 maja 2019 r. Zbigniew Filipiak Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-7783 Tomasz Kowalczyk Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-5431 The establishment of electoral law in revolutionary France http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2019.002 During the course of history the understanding of the principles of electoral law has been subject to successive transformations. They have been written down, modified, and repeatedly repealed. The attributes of electoral law and their interpretations have been/were constantly changing. In the current understanding, the principles of democratic electoral law in most countries were established after the World War II, whilst in others as late as in the 1990s, but there are plenty of countries that are considered democratic although not all of these rules are applied there. According to Dieter Nohlen, electoral laws were being shaped over a period of approximately 100 years1. The time of the Great French Revolution, and in par- ticular its initial phase, which resulted in the writing of the first 1 D. Nohlen, Prawo wyborcze i system partyjny. O teorii systemów wybor- czych, Warszawa 2004, p. 39. 28 Zbigniew Filipiak, Tomasz Kowalczyk fundamental law, was of key importance to the development of the modern form of the rules of electoral law. 1. The imminent breakthrough The reasons for the outbreak of the Revolution were numerous and diverse. Among them were both those underlying the founda- tions of the then social, legal, and economic system, i.e. -
Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2017 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France Seth J. Browner Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Browner, Seth J., "Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2017. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/621 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France Seth Browner History Senior Thesis Professor Kathleen Kete Spring, 2017 2 Introduction: Two men and France in the balance It was January 28, 1809. Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned Emperor of the French in 1804, returned to Paris. Napoleon spent most of his time as emperor away, fighting various wars. But, frightful words had reached his ears that impelled him to return to France. He was told that Joseph Fouché, the Minister of Police, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, had held a meeting behind his back. The fact alone that Fouché and Talleyrand were meeting was curious. They loathed each other. Fouché and Talleyrand had launched public attacks against each other for years. When Napoleon heard these two were trying to reach a reconciliation, he greeted it with suspicion immediately. He called Fouché and Talleyrand to his office along with three other high-ranking members of the government. Napoleon reminded Fouché and Talleyrand that they swore an oath of allegiance when the coup of 18 Brumaire was staged in 1799. -
Innovation After the French Revolution, Or, Innovation Transformed: from Word to Concept
Innovation after the French Revolution, or, Innovation Transformed: From Word to Concept Benoît Godin 385 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal, Quebec Canada H2X 1E3 [email protected] Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation Working Paper No. 14 2013 Previous Papers in the Series: 1. B. Godin, Innovation: The History of a Category. 2. B. Godin, In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation. 3. B. Godin, The Linear Model of Innovation (II): Maurice Holland and the Research Cycle. 4. B. Godin, National Innovation System (II): Industrialists and the Origins of an Idea. 5. B. Godin, Innovation without the Word: William F. Ogburn’s Contribution to Technological Innovation Studies. 6. B. Godin, ‘Meddle Not with Them that Are Given to Change’: Innovation as Evil. 7. B. Godin, Innovation Studies: the Invention of a Specialty (Part I). 8. B. Godin, Innovation Studies: the Invention of a Specialty (Part II). 9. B. Godin, καινοτομία: An Old Word for a New World, or the De-Contestation of a Political and Contested Concept. 10. B. Godin, Republicanism and Innovation in Seventeenth Century England. 11. B. Godin, Social Innovation: Utopias of Innovation from c.1830 to the Present. 12. B. Godin and P. Lucier, Innovation and Conceptual Innovation in Ancient Greece. 13. B. Godin and J. Lane, ‘Pushes and Pulls’: The Hi(S)tory of the Demand-Pull Model of Innovation. Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation 385 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1E3 Telephone: (514) 499-4074 Facsimile: (514) 499-4065 www.csiic.ca Abstract For centuries, innovation has been a pejorative concept, and there has been no study of what innovation is.