DOCSLIB.ORG

Pennsylvania, 1750-1810

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1994 "A handsomely improved place" : economic, social, and gender- role development in a backcountry town, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1750-1810 Judith A. Ridner College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ridner, Judith A., ""A handsomely improved place" : economic, social, and gender-role development in a backcountry town, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1750-1810" (1994). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623849. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-d4m5-wb78 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of of the the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. Order N um ber 943S58S “A handsomely improved place”: Economic, social, and gender-role development in a backcountry town, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1750-1810 Ridner, Judith Anne, Ph.D. The College of William and Mary, 1994 Copyright ©1995 by Ridner, Judith Anne. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of of the the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. "A HANDSOMELY IMPROVED PLACE": ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND GENDER-ROLE DEVELOPMENT IN A BACKCOUNTRY TOWN, CARLISLE, PENNSYLVANIA, 1750-1810 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Judith Anne Ridner 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Judith Anne Ridner Approved, December 1993 ames P. Whittenburg lby Thomas F. Shephard William Speck Harrison Professor «l»_j Richard S. Dunn University of Pennsylvania ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vi LIST OF MAPS .................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................... x ABSTRACT ........................................... xi INTRODUCTION ........................................ 2 CHAPTER I. THE SETTING ............................. 8 CHAPTER II. THE TOWN IS TO BE CALLED CARLISLE ____ 25 CHAPTER III. SHALL THE TOWN BE PEACEABLE AND FLOURISH?: WAR AND SOCIETY IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD .............. 77 CHAPTER IV. "ALMOST ALL TRADES ARE CARRIED ON HERE": OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR .............. 155 CHAPTER V. TRADE, TRANSPORT, AND ECONOMIC MENTALITE ...................... 232 CHAPTER VI. "TO LOVE THEIR WIVES AS THEMSELVES?": HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN THE BACKCOUNTRY .................... 304 CHAPTER VII. THE SELF-FASHIONING OF CARLISLE'S ELITE .......................... 367 CONCLUSION ........................................ 428 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 433 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Like most dissertation writers, I have had a love-hate relationship with this long-term project. While the process of researching, writing, and conceptualizing my dissertation has brought many valuable intellectual rewards, challenges, and moments of euphoria that have pushed me to mature as a scholar as well as an individual, this process has also been punctuated by periods of intense frustration, anxiety, and stress. Having finally reached the end of my career as a graduate student, I would like to thank those individuals who have been particularly instrumental in helping me to appreciate the good in my life and my work and overlook the bad. First and foremost among them is my husband, Tom Legg, who more than anyone else, gave me the encouragement and confidence I needed to exceed my own expectations and do the best work I could possibly do. Ready with comforting words as well as warnings to "get tough" when I needed it, he has always been by my side as a constant source of support and understanding. Several other individuals have known me since I arrived in Williamsburg as a naive, but enthusiastic, twenty-two year old, ready to embark on what then was to be a finite year of study at the M.A. level. Among them is my advisor, James P. Whittenburg, who lured me into early American history and was instrumental in my decision to remain at William and Mary for the Ph.D.. Aside from being a truly great human being, he has been a wonderful advisor— forthcoming with advice and counsel when I needed it, but willing to let me go off by myself to get the job done. Also among these people is a friend from my M.A. year— Amy Kowalski— who has been an on-going source of companionship and entertainment. Although we both came to realize that there was no dissertation or thesis "fairy" as we had hoped, we weathered the personal traumas of getting our works completed and made few shopping expeditions every now and again to preserve our sanity. Another group of colleagues at William and Mary has also been a ready source of advice, companionship, and commiseration over the many years we have all been together. They include: John Barrington, Suzanne Coffman, Chris Hendricks, Ann Smart-Martin, Julie Richter, Wade Shaffer, and Susan Wiard. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I would also like to thank Richard Dunn, Director of the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies, for not only giving me the opportunity to spend a year in Philadelphia as a Dissertation Fellow at the Center, but also for giving some his own time to serve as the outside reader for this work. My year in Philadelphia was professionally and personally rewarding, as I had the chance to get to know a truly wonderful group of people who I hope will be friends and colleagues for life. Special thanks must go to Rose Beiler, Donna Rilling, Anne Verplanck, and Jim Williams for sharing their wisdom, friendship, and gossip with me. They, along with my other colleagues at the Center— Wayne Bodle, Thane Bryant, Allen Guelzo, John Hart, Roderick McDonald, and John Majewski— deserve many thanks for not only the prodigious amount of historical information they offered, but also for the many entertaining lunches we all spent together. The final completion of this project would not have been possible without the input, comments, and thoughts of many other scholars and colleagues. I wish to extend special thanks to the other members of my dissertation committee, John Selby, Thomas Sheppard, and William Speck, for taking time from their own busy schedules to read and comment upon my work. Parts of this work were presented at the Philadelphia Center Seminar, the Shenandoah Valley Regional Studies Seminar, and the Institute for Early American History and Culture Colloquium. I would like to thank all those who attended these seminars for their valuable insights and comments. Since no project of this scope is completed without the assistance of many librarians and archivists,
Recommended publications

  • P.C. Lauinger; Mary W

    GEORGETOWN Newsletter 23 August 1988 621b;;;; AsSOcldtes GEORGETOWN UNIVERSI1Y LIBRARY 37TH & 0 STREETS, NW WASHINGTON , D. C. 20057 P. C. Lauinger - the Passing of a Friend The Artist HimlHer Self It is with genuine sadness that we report the The late James Elder, rare book librarian at the death on February 20, 1988 of Mr. P. C. Law Library of the Library of Congress, system­ Lauinger, one of the library's staunchest sup­ atically collected fine art, principally prints and porters and a true gentleman in the best sense of drawings, for more than thirty years. He left a that word. P.c., as he was universally known, collection of more than 1,000 pieces at his death graduated from the College in 1922, and in 1981. Towards the end of his collecting career throughout his lifetime maintained a special he began to specialize in artists' self-portraits. affection for and dedication to his alma mater. His limited means dictated further specialization He served on the Board of Regents, the Univer­ on the work of living artists and on 20th century sity President's Council under Father Edward American and British printmakers. The library Bunn, S.J., and was appointed in 1968 one of has recently acquired, along with 58 other the first laymen to serve on the University's works, the 392 self-portraits comprising virtually Board of Directors. the entirety of Elder's collection in this field. In 1956 Mr. Lauinger was awarded the John Carroll Award, which the Alumni Association confers annually upon a distinguished alumnus/a in recognition of lifetime achievement and out­ standing service to Georgetown Univeristy.
  • The Pennsylvania Assembly's Conflict with the Penns, 1754-1768

    The Pennsylvania Assembly's Conflict with the Penns, 1754-1768

    Liberty University “The Jaws of Proprietary Slavery”: The Pennsylvania Assembly’s Conflict With the Penns, 1754-1768 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the History Department in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in History by Steven Deyerle Lynchburg, Virginia March, 2013 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Liberty or Security: Outbreak of Conflict Between the Assembly and Proprietors ......9 Chapter 2: Bribes, Repeals, and Riots: Steps Toward a Petition for Royal Government ..............33 Chapter 3: Securing Privilege: The Debates and Election of 1764 ...............................................63 Chapter 4: The Greater Threat: Proprietors or Parliament? ...........................................................90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................113 1 Introduction In late 1755, the vituperative Reverend William Smith reported to his proprietor Thomas Penn that there was “a most wicked Scheme on Foot to run things into Destruction and involve you in the ruins.” 1 The culprits were the members of the colony’s unicameral legislative body, the Pennsylvania Assembly (also called the House of Representatives). The representatives held a different opinion of the conflict, believing that the proprietors were the ones scheming, in order to “erect their desired Superstructure of despotic Power, and reduce to
  • Documenting the University of Pennsylvania's Connection to Slavery

    Documenting the University of Pennsylvania's Connection to Slavery

    Documenting the University of Pennsylvania’s Connection to Slavery Clay Scott Graubard The University of Pennsylvania, Class of 2019 April 19, 2018 © 2018 CLAY SCOTT GRAUBARD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 OVERVIEW 3 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION 4 PRIMER ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 5 EBENEZER KINNERSLEY (1711 – 1778) 7 ROBERT SMITH (1722 – 1777) 9 THOMAS LEECH (1685 – 1762) 11 BENJAMIN LOXLEY (1720 – 1801) 13 JOHN COATS (FL. 1719) 13 OTHERS 13 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION CONCLUSION 15 FINANCIAL ASPECTS 17 WEST INDIES FUNDRAISING 18 SOUTH CAROLINA FUNDRAISING 25 TRUSTEES OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 31 WILLIAM ALLEN (1704 – 1780) AND JOSEPH TURNER (1701 – 1783): FOUNDERS AND TRUSTEES 31 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 – 1790): FOUNDER, PRESIDENT, AND TRUSTEE 32 EDWARD SHIPPEN (1729 – 1806): TREASURER OF THE TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE 33 BENJAMIN CHEW SR. (1722 – 1810): TRUSTEE 34 WILLIAM SHIPPEN (1712 – 1801): FOUNDER AND TRUSTEE 35 JAMES TILGHMAN (1716 – 1793): TRUSTEE 35 NOTE REGARDING THE TRUSTEES 36 FINANCIAL ASPECTS CONCLUSION 37 CONCLUSION 39 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 40 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 2 INTRODUCTION DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 3 Overview The goal of this paper is to present the facts regarding the University of Pennsylvania’s (then the College and Academy of Philadelphia) significant connections to slavery and the slave trade. The first section of the paper will cover the construction and operation of the College and Academy in the early years. As slavery was integral to the economy of British North America, to fully understand the University’s connection to slavery the second section will cover the financial aspects of the College and Academy, its Trustees, and its fundraising.
  • The Creative Process

    The Creative Process

    The Creative Process THE SEARCH FOR AN AUDIO-VISUAL LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE SECOND EDITION by John Howard Lawson Preface by Jay Leyda dol HILL AND WANG • NEW YORK www.johnhowardlawson.com Copyright © 1964, 1967 by John Howard Lawson All rights reserved Library of Congress catalog card number: 67-26852 Manufactured in the United States of America First edition September 1964 Second edition November 1967 www.johnhowardlawson.com To the Association of Film Makers of the U.S.S.R. and all its members, whose proud traditions and present achievements have been an inspiration in the preparation of this book www.johnhowardlawson.com Preface The masters of cinema moved at a leisurely pace, enjoyed giving generalized instruction, and loved to abandon themselves to reminis­ cence. They made it clear that they possessed certain magical secrets of their profession, but they mentioned them evasively. Now and then they made lofty artistic pronouncements, but they showed a more sincere interest in anecdotes about scenarios that were written on a cuff during a gay supper.... This might well be a description of Hollywood during any period of its cultivated silence on the matter of film-making. Actually, it is Leningrad in 1924, described by Grigori Kozintsev in his memoirs.1 It is so seldom that we are allowed to study the disclosures of a Hollywood film-maker about his medium that I cannot recall the last instance that preceded John Howard Lawson's book. There is no dearth of books about Hollywood, but when did any other book come from there that takes such articulate pride in the art that is-or was-made there? I have never understood exactly why the makers of American films felt it necessary to hide their methods and aims under blankets of coyness and anecdotes, the one as impenetrable as the other.
  • Creativity at the Workplace

    Creativity at the Workplace

    The Law and Economics of Creativity at the Workplace ISSN 1045-6333 THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF CREATIVITY IN THE WORKPLACE Barak Y. Orbach Discussion Paper No. 356 03/2002 Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 The Center for Law, Economics, and Business is supported by a grant from the John M. Olin Foundation. This paper can be downloaded without charge from: The Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/ The Law and Economics of Creativity at the Workplace JEL Classes K11, K19, P1 THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF CREATIVITY AT THE WORKPLACE Barak Y. Orbach* (February, 2002) Abstract Technological and legal developments led to the rise of employed creativity in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The new class of employers claimed the rights in the creative products produced by artists and inventors employed by it and after a short struggle its demands were satisfied: by and large the law acknowledges the rights of employers in creative products produced by workers (employees and contractors), just as it acknowledges the rights of employers in any other products. This legal victory, although took place almost a century ago, is still fiercely debated among scholars and participants in creative industries. In the past century, thousands of disputes between employers and workers over rights in creative products were brought before the courts and inspired voluminous commentary on the topic. Nonetheless, the study of the nature and structure of the law that allocates the rights between employers and workers has generally been neglected. This paper studies the organization of creativity at the workplace, presents a general framework for understanding the present allocation rules, evaluates these rules, and offers simple guidelines for designing better rules, when needed.
  • The Impact of Weather on Armies During the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T

    The Impact of Weather on Armies During the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 The Force of Nature: The Impact of Weather on Armies during the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T. Engel Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE FORCE OF NATURE: THE IMPACT OF WEATHER ON ARMIES DURING THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1775-1781 By JONATHAN T. ENGEL A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Jonathan T. Engel defended on March 18, 2011. __________________________________ Sally Hadden Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Kristine Harper Committee Member __________________________________ James Jones Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii This thesis is dedicated to the glory of God, who made the world and all things in it, and whose word calms storms. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colonies may fight for political independence, but no human being can be truly independent, and I have benefitted tremendously from the support and aid of many people. My advisor, Professor Sally Hadden, has helped me understand the mysteries of graduate school, guided me through the process of earning an M.A., and offered valuable feedback as I worked on this project. I likewise thank Professors Kristine Harper and James Jones for serving on my committee and sharing their comments and insights.
  • Moving Pictures: the History of Early Cinema by Brian Manley

    Moving Pictures: the History of Early Cinema by Brian Manley

    Discovery Guides Moving Pictures: The History of Early Cinema By Brian Manley Introduction The history of film cannot be credited to one individual as an oversimplification of any his- tory often tries to do. Each inventor added to the progress of other inventors, culminating in progress for the entire art and industry. Often masked in mystery and fable, the beginnings of film and the silent era of motion pictures are usually marked by a stigma of crudeness and naiveté, both on the audience's and filmmakers' parts. However, with the landmark depiction of a train hurtling toward and past the camera, the Lumière Brothers’ 1895 picture “La Sortie de l’Usine Lumière à Lyon” (“Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory”), was only one of a series of simultaneous artistic and technological breakthroughs that began to culminate at the end of the nineteenth century. These triumphs that began with the creation of a machine that captured moving images led to one of the most celebrated and distinctive art forms at the start of the 20th century. Audiences had already reveled in Magic Lantern, 1818, Musée des Arts et Métiers motion pictures through clever uses of slides http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magic-lantern.jpg and mechanisms creating "moving photographs" with such 16th-century inventions as magic lanterns. These basic concepts, combined with trial and error and the desire of audiences across the world to see entertainment projected onto a large screen in front of them, birthed the movies. From the “actualities” of penny arcades, the idea of telling a story in order to draw larger crowds through the use of differing scenes began to formulate in the minds of early pioneers such as Georges Melies and Edwin S.
  • Martin's Bench and Bar of Philadelphia

    Martin's Bench and Bar of Philadelphia

    MARTIN'S BENCH AND BAR OF PHILADELPHIA Together with other Lists of persons appointed to Administer the Laws in the City and County of Philadelphia, and the Province and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania BY , JOHN HILL MARTIN OF THE PHILADELPHIA BAR OF C PHILADELPHIA KKKS WELSH & CO., PUBLISHERS No. 19 South Ninth Street 1883 Entered according to the Act of Congress, On the 12th day of March, in the year 1883, BY JOHN HILL MARTIN, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. W. H. PILE, PRINTER, No. 422 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Stack Annex 5 PREFACE. IT has been no part of my intention in compiling these lists entitled "The Bench and Bar of Philadelphia," to give a history of the organization of the Courts, but merely names of Judges, with dates of their commissions; Lawyers and dates of their ad- mission, and lists of other persons connected with the administra- tion of the Laws in this City and County, and in the Province and Commonwealth. Some necessary information and notes have been added to a few of the lists. And in addition it may not be out of place here to state that Courts of Justice, in what is now the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, were first established by the Swedes, in 1642, at New Gottenburg, nowTinicum, by Governor John Printz, who was instructed to decide all controversies according to the laws, customs and usages of Sweden. What Courts he established and what the modes of procedure therein, can only be conjectur- ed by what subsequently occurred, and by the record of Upland Court.
  • Penns Ylvanla Magazine

    Penns Ylvanla Magazine

    THE Penns ylvanla Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY VOLUME CXXV 'heHistorical Societyof Pennsylnia 1300 LOCUST STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 2001 CONTENTS ARTICLES Page William Irvine and the Complexity of Manhood and Fatherhood in the Pennsylvania Backcounry Judith Ridner 5 Liberty, Tyranny, and Ethnicity-The German Reformed "Free Synod" Schism (1819-1823) and the Americanization of an Ethnic Church Steven M. Nolt 35 Rhetoric and Identity in Absalom Jones and Richard Allen's Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia Jacqueline Bacon 61 The National Miners Union: Communism and Miners in the PennsylvaniaAnthracite Walter T. Howard 91 Redeeming the Captives: Pennsylvania Captives anong the Ohio Indians, 1755-1765 Matthew C. Ward 161 Drama in the Courroom, Theater in the Streets: Philadelphia'sIrish Riot of 1831 Francis W. Hoeber 191 Unhappily Yoked: Hugh Scott and Richard Nixon Dean J. Koflowski 233 Horace Trumbauer:A Life Frederick Platt 315 The Would-Be Philadelphian:Harold Donaldson Eberlein, Author and Antiquarian Bradley C. Brooks 351 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS A James Peale Puzzle: Captain Allen McLane's Encounter with British Dragoons Edith McLane Edson 376 EDITORIAL Ian M. G. Quimby 313 BOOK REVIEWS 125, 267, 393 INDEX Conrad Woodall THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA OFFICERS Chair COLLIN F. MCNEIL Vice Chairs MICHAEL D. BENJAMIN GEORGE W. CONNELL WELD COXE CHARLES E. MATH ER M Secretary SANDRA L. CADWALADER Treasurer STEPHEN P. MULLIN Councilro JOHN A. BAIRD,JR. LOUISA W. SELLERS DEBORAH D. BISHOP THOMASJ. SUGRUE MARY MAPLES DUNN PAGE TALBOTr SARAH BARRINGER GORDON AUDREY C. TALLEY NELSON G.
  • History-Of-The-Moving-Image-LIB-Pd

    History-Of-The-Moving-Image-LIB-Pd

    tEl:T. n83 MASTERPIECES OF MOVINGIMAGE TECI{NOLOGY SEPTEMBER 10, 1988 _ MARCH 19, 1989 Descri ption! gf_fhq Objects in the Exhibition American Museum of the Moving lmage Edison KinetograPh Camera 1891 ln 1888, Thomas Edison set out to create "an instrument that does for the Eye what the phono- graph does for the Ear...." He assigned the project to one of his engineers, W.K.L. Dickson, who, after a series of false starts, completed the Kinetograph in 1891. The Kinetograph was the first motion picture camera to use the Eastman celluloid f ilm; this was a key breakthrough which made modern motion pic- tures possible. The camera photographed circular images one-half inch in diameter on perforated, f lexible strips of film which moved horizontally through a mechanized sprocket system' The prototype was cannibalized for laboratory use soon after completion, but was partially reconstructed in '1895-96 as evidence in a patent dispute. (Lent by the Edison National Historic Site) <Technician Charles H. Kayser posing with the Kinetograph in Edison's West Orange, New .lersey laboratory, c. 1891 . Edison KinetoscoPe 1894 To exploit his moving pictures commercially, Edison introduced the Kinetoscope, a "peep-show" viewer capable of presenting half-minute film shows. The machines were sold on a territory basis to showmen who installed them in arcades and Kinetoscope Parlors in all the major cities of America and Europe' Commercially, the Kinetoscope was a short-lived novelty, but its appearance directly inspired other inventors to find a way of projecting moving images onto a screen. (Reproduction made by A.
  • Legal Profession in Colonial America Anton-Hermann Chroust

    Legal Profession in Colonial America Anton-Hermann Chroust

    Notre Dame Law Review Volume 33 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-1-1958 Legal Profession in Colonial America Anton-Hermann Chroust Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Anton-Hermann Chroust, Legal Profession in Colonial America, 33 Notre Dame L. Rev. 350 (1958). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol33/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN COLONIAL AMERICA* Anton-Hermann Chroustt VI. NEw YORK New York accepted the common law of England as the basis of its own law at a relatively early stage. This favorable attitude towards English law is to a large extent probably due to the fact that the colony was acquired by conquest rather than settlement. Soon after the English had taken over New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664 and had renamed it New York, a code of laws was promulgated under the title of the Duke's Laws. In 1673 the Dutch retook New York and re-introduced the old Dutch laws, but lost it again in 1674 to the British who restored the code of 1665. This code, which is mainly the work of Matthias Nicolls, a barrister from Lincoln's Inn (1649), drew alike from the com- mon law, the Dutch colonial laws and from some of the local laws in force in the New England colonies.
  • 123562525-The-Common-Necessaries

    123562525-The-Common-Necessaries

    “The common necessaries of life …” A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl John U. Rees Dedicated to the late Sally Paxson Davis for her kindness and generosity in sharing a family treasure. Artifacts connected to an individual Revolutionary War common soldier are rare, especially personal items like the mess bowl recently donated to Solebury Township Historical Society, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. That receptacle, belonging to an anonymous soldier, was left in the hands of a Solebury Township family, and passed from generation to generation down to the present–day. Having learned of its existence several years ago, in 2007 I was fortunate enough to learn the bowl’s whereabouts and arrange to examine it in person. At the time of the War for American Independence the village of Aquetong , also known as Paxson’s Corner, was on the York Road, nearly midway between Lahaska and the Great (Ingham’s) Spring (Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania., present– day Route 202/York Road and Aquetong Road, about 4 miles west of New Hope/Coryell's Ferry). “Rolling Green” the “fine Colonial mansion,” still to be seen on the north side of York Road, was owned by Benjamin Paxson at the time of the War for Independence. Paxson family history notes that, “a soldier, who was taken ill and died there after the army had moved on, was buried on the Paxson property.” In 1926 Henry D. Paxson told of ‘a relic preserved by the Paxson family … a wooden bowl left by a Continental soldier from a southern State, who had been taken ill with a fever and was nursed by the family [until his death].” The incident may have occurred during the Monmouth campaign, Henry Paxson claiming that Maj.