Cross-Border Review Cross-Border 2015 Cross-Border Review Yearbook 2015 Contents Introduction James W. Scott: Editor’s Note .........................................................................5 Theory Teodor Gyelnik: Metamorphosis of sovereignty and bareness in the post-1989 world politics ....................................................................................7 Jarosław Jańczak: The “Forgotten Border” between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast. De- and Re-Boundarization of the Russian-EU Neighborhood ...................................................................................................25 Sarolta Németh, James W. Scott: EUBORDERREGIONS and the analysis of Cross-Border Cooperation at the EU’s external frontiers ........49 Practice Hynek Böhm: Czech-Polish Borders: Comparison of the EU Funds for Cross-Border Co-operation of Schools in Selected Euroregions ...............57 Kosyo Stoychev: Spatial impact of CBC projects 2007-2013 on the Bulgarian economy: realities and alternatives ..............................................73 Sarolta Németh, Matti Fritsch and Heikki Eskelinen: A Large Metropolis and its Small Neighbours: Co-operation and Interaction Across the Southern Section of the Finnish-Russian Border .....................87 László Letenyei, András Morauszki: Indicators of Cross-Border Impact: Mental mapping, position-generator, and language skills. A methodological recommendation. .................................................................97 Workshops Márton Pete: Cross-border territorial monitoring ................................109 Martin Barthel: The 1st Berlin Border Seminar .....................................115 Proceedings Association for Borderland Studies 1st World Conference - 9-13 June 2014, Joensuu, Finland – St. Petersburg, Russia (J. Laine) ....................................117 The Second EUBORDERSCAPES Conference: “Borders at the Interface” - December 8-11, 2014, Beer-Sheva, Israel (J. W. Scott) ................................121 Contents Book Reviews Filippo Celata and Raffaella Coletti (eds.) (2015) Neighbourhood Policy and the Construction of the European External Borders, Springer, Cham, 201pp. (J. Hámori) ..........................................................................................123 Péter Balogh (2014): Perpetual borders: German-Polish cross-border contacts in the Szczecin area. Stockholm: Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2014. (Södertörn doctoral dissertations; 92.) (M. Pete) ..........................................................................127 Alfred J. Rieber (2014): The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the end of the First World War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 640 pp. (T. Gyelnik) ...............132 von Hirschhausen, B.; Grandits, H.; Kraft, C.; Müller, D.; Serrier, T. (2015) Phantomgrenzen. Räume und Akteure in der Zeit neu denken, Wallstein Verlag GmbH, Göttingen, 224pp. (M. Pete) ...............................................140 Introduction Editor’s Note In keeping with the momentum already established by the European Institute of Esztergom in its 2014 Cross Border Review, this edition highlights a number of issues related to borders and cross-border cooperation (CBC) that shed light on Europe’s internal contradictions and tensions. The last two years, but 2015 in particular, were times of hard bordering and re-bordering. Nevertheless, de- spite geopolitical tensions, cross-border cooperation was maintained by numerous stakeholders at the EU’s external borders. Since the beginning of the new Cohe- sion Policy programming period in 2014, several assessments of the impacts of EU support for CBC in Central and Eastern Europe point to a mixed picture. The conviction and commitment of local stakeholders, for example in the case of Czech, Hungarian and Polish CBC, remains unbroken, but institutional, struc- tural and often attitudinal hurdles persist in ways that EU policy instruments have not been able to address One feature in the year’s review is a closer look at the situation of EU- Russian cooperation contexts, which, in the words of Jarosław Jańczak resemble “forgotten borders” at the EU’s external neighbourhood. As cross-border relations between the European Union and post-Soviet states have evolved rapidly dur- ing the last two decades with cities, regions, states and civil society opening new avenues of communication with their neighbours. One major conditioning factor underlying this cooperation is the EU’s desire to assume a stabilizing but also transformative role in the Post-Soviet context. The European Neighbourhood Policy represents one of the main instruments of the EU’s ‘Common Foreign and Security Policy’, the principal aim of which is to establish a greater regional con- text for economic growth and free trade, social modernization, political stability and security. This project, which includes the idea of Eastern Partnership (EaP) with Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and other states, exists in a nervous ten- sion with the ambitious but troubled EU-Russia partnership. ENP, EaP as well as the EU-Russia “Common Spaces” are informed by discourses of ‘co-development’ and ‘mutual interdependence’ that are part of the ideational and visionary founda- tions of EU political community. However, with the refugee crisis and EU-Russia tensions it appears that the EU’s relations with its neighbours are increasingly characterized by a ‘hard territoriality’ that privileges security issues, border man- agement and sovereignty. Concerns with undocumented migration, cross-border crime and terrorism as well as continuing visa restrictions on non-EU citizens could reinforce obstacles to co-operation, conjuring fears of an emerging ‘Fortress Europe’ that effectively divides the continent. 5 Introduction JamesW.Scott EU-Russian CBC is thus a litmus test of the possibilities and limits of lo- cal and regional initiative in developing closer cross-border ties across the EU’s external borders. Again, the remarkable ability of local actors to develop coping strategies despite an unfavourable geopolitical backdrop and limited EU resources indicated that the need for CBC is generally understood as more than mere ‘sym- bolic politics’. Similarly, political, cultural and cognitive borders are broadly un- derstood to be resources in the organization of everyday social relations. Another clear message that the 2015 Cross-Border Review is the fact that borders have ambivalent impacts. The ambivalent nature of borders stems, among other things, from difficulties in reconciling public life with the private sphere, and a simultane- ous need for closure, openness and connectedness. Despite European visions of open borders, Europe’s boundaries are in many ways markers of inequality, exclusion and, as such, symbols of unfairness. This is not simply a question of socio-economic disparity but one of recognition, acceptance, visibility and engagement. In their original understandings as a development plat- form, even when not always carried through in concrete implementation, regional and local cross-border cooperation was a political innovation in that it sought to create new communities of interest beyond traditional national orientations. This also involved debunking entrenched stereotypes and resentment between societies by promoting dialogue. Fairness in cross-border cooperation thus, in our view, requires greater social understanding and engagement and contain elements of concrete development programmes. As part of successful future implementation, for example, it will be important to identify areas of social and cultural cooperation that: 1) resonate with local aspirations and local conceptualisations of policy priorities (e.g. in education, research, entrepreneurship, gender issues, health, linguistic rights, regional devel- opment), 2) promote partnerships between civil society organisations, public and private sector actors, the EU as well as other international organisations, 3) en- hance everyday (e.g. educational, cultural, economic mobility) within the EU and between the EU and its neighbours and 4) serve the EU’s own primary interests in promoting stability, the rule of law and economic development. In sum, fairness requires resolve on the part of the EU to ‘even out’ a playing field that for histori- cal, economic, geographic and other reasons is not even and will not be for genera- tions to come. Access to the EU and the opportunities it offers should be a major incentive for both the EU and neighbouring states to engage in more substantial and meaningful regional cooperation. What this edition contains--- James W. Scott 6 Theory Metamorphosis of sovereignty and bareness in the post-1989 world politics Teodor Gyelnik Introduction When Foucault offered a thorough analysis of ‘madness’, he was not interested in what madness means, but in how the changing understanding of madness has been altered over several times in history (Foucault 1988). The approach of this study is highly motivated by Foucauldian reading, hence the paper is not inter- ested in questions: what does sovereignty mean, is there a decline of nation-state/ modern sovereignty; but the research attention is directed toward the changing nature of sovereignty over times. An intense debate has been evolving around the issue of sovereignty and its changes, countless articles and academic books are published about sovereign- ty (e.g. Derrida 2009; 2011; Hardt, Negri 2001; Jackson 2007; Bartelson