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Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Medicinal CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR THEIR ANTI CARCINOGENIC ATTRIBUTES By AISHA ASHRAF M.phil. (UAF) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2015 Declaration I hereby declare that contents of the thesis ―Chemical and biological evaluation of medicinal plants for their anti carcinogenic attributes are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references, standard mathematical or genetic modals/ equations/ formulae/ protocols etc). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/ degree. The University may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage (in case of any default, the scholar will be proceeded against as per HEC plagiarism policy). Aisha Ashraf 2004-ag-414 Dedicated to My Loving Mother My Affectionate Father My Worthy Hazrat Abdul Haq Haqqani (Damut Brkaat Hm) iii Acknowledgements I have no words to thank Almighty ALLAH, The beneficent, The merciful, The most gracious, WHO is the entire and only source of knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind and who blessed me with the ability to do this work. It is the blessing of Almighty ALLAH an His Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallam) which enabled me to achieve this goal. I would like to take this opportunity to convey my cordial gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Raja Adil Sarfraz, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry/ Incharge Central Hi-Tech Lab, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Without whose keen interest, constant help and vigilant guidance, the completion of this thesis was not possible. I am really indebted to him for his though provoking guidance, immense intellectual input, patience and sympathetic behavior. I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Muhammad Abid Rashid, Assistant Professor and Dr. Muhammad Shahid, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for their valuable suggestions and kind help during accomplishment of my Ph.D. I am also very much thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, for awarding me the Indigenous PhD Fellowship and foreign scholarship under International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) to carry out part my research work in The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America under kind supervision of Dr. Bharat B Aggarwal. Words are too debilitate to express my appreciation and deep sense of gratitude to Fouzoa Mohammad (Dental Hygenist) and Muhammad Abrar Sanaullah (Mechanical Engineer), Houston, Texas, for their loving, caring and understanding behviour with me during my IRSIP stay in USA. Their invigorating encouragement and affectionation can never be repaid. Truly saying, I have no suitable words to express my gratitude them. Special thanks to my fellows especially, Bazgah Ahmad, Qurat-ul-ain, Fiaza Nazir, Maryum Aslam, Nadia Noor, Moin ud Din and Ayesha Mahmood for their assistance, good company and friendly attitude. I am deeply grateful to my worthy Hazrat Abdul Haq Haqqani (Damut Barkaat Hm) for His prayers and strong moral support in my life matters and during the conduct of my Ph.D. I might not have courage to complete my degree without His magnificent moral support. Words seem to be meaningless to express my obligation to my Affectionate Parents, for their huge sacrifice, moral support, encouragement, patience, tolerance and prayers for my health and success who enabled me to achieve this goal. I owe to thank my loving brother Dr. Adnan Ashraf, for his moral support, encougement during conduct of my Ph.D and especially the prayers during foriegn evaluation and publication of my thesis. I am thankful to my younger borther Farhan Ashraf, who helped me a lot in my computer work, without him it was not possible to complete my thesis. I am thankful to my dearest sister Rabia Ashraf, who shared my responsibilities and did not burden me during my Ph D. My special regards for my aunt Vajiha Irum and Uncle Dr. Muhammad Naeem Akhtar for their encouragement during the studies. Aisha Ashraf Contents Chapters Titles Page No. Chapter 1 Introduction 1-6 1.1 History of medicinal plants 1 1.2 Traditional uses of medicinal plants 1 1.3 Therapeutic compounds from medicinal plants in modern era 2 1.4 Oxidation reactions and their side effects 2 1.5 Antioxidants and their functions 2 1.6 Need for natural antioxidants 3 1.7 Alarming death rate due to infectious diseases 3 1.8 Limitation of modern antibiotics 3 1.9 Need for natural antimicrobial agents 3 1.10 Cancer 4 1.11 Motives of cancer 4 1.12 Conventional cancer therapies and their side effects 4 1.13 Use of plants in anticancer activity 5 1.14 Medicinal flora of Pakistan 5 1.15 Need for project 5 1.16 Amis and objectives 6 Chapter 2 Review of literature 7-35 2.1 Euclayptus camaldulensis 7 2.1.1 Ethno botanical description 7 2.1.2 Distribution 7 2.1.3 Ethno medicinal application 7 2.1.4 Chemical evaluation 8 2.1.5 Biological evaluation 11 2.2 Viola betonicifolia 13 2.2.1 Ethno botanical description 13 2.2.2 Distribution 13 2.2.3 Ethno medicinal application 13 2.2.4 Chemical evaluation 13 2.2.5 Biological evaluation 15 2.3 Euphorbia royleana 17 2.3.1 Ethno botanical description 17 2.3.2 Distribution 17 2.3.3 Ethno medicinal application 18 2.3.4 Chemical evaluation 19 2.3.5 Biological evaluation 20 2.4 Psidium guajava 21 2.4.1 Ethno botanical description 22 2.4.2 Distribution 22 2.4.3 Ethno medicinal application 22 2.4.4 Chemical evaluation 23 2.4.5 Biological evaluation 26 2.5 Ziziphus mauritiana 29 2.5.1 Ethno botanical description 29 2.5.2 Distribution 30 2.5.3 Ethno medicinal application 30 2.5.4 Chemical evaluation 30 2.5.5 Biological evaluation 31 Chapter 3 Materials and methods 36-50 3.1 Materials 36 3.1.1 Chemicals and reagents 36 3.1.2 Instruments 37 3.1.3 Collection of plant materials 37 3.1.4 Plants used in current study 38 3.1.5 Human cancer cell lines employed to access the anticancer potential of 39 plant extracts 3.1.6 Strains of microorganisms used to esetimate the antimicrobial activity 41 of plant extracts 3.2 Extraction of dried plant material 41 3.3 Extraction of fresh plant material 42 3.4 Chemical evaluation 42 3.4.1 Total phenolic contents 42 3.4.2 Total flavonoid contents 43 3.4.3 High performance liquid chromatography analysis 43 3.4.4 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry 44 3.5 Biological evaluation 44 3.5.1 Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) 44 3.5.2 Antitumour activity (Potato disc assay) 45 3.5.3 Antimicrobial activity (Disc diffusion assay) 46 3.6 Anticancer attributes of plant extracts 47 3.6.1 Anticancer activity (MTT assay) 49 3.6.2 Anti-inflammatory activity (Electrophoretic mobility shift assay) 49 3.7 Statistical analysis 50 Chapter 4 Results and discussions 51-111 4.1 Euclayptus camaldulensis 51 4.1.(a) Chemical evaluation 51 4.1.1 Total phenolic acnd total flavnoid contents of E. camaldulensis 51 4.1.2 High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of E. 53 camaldulensis 4.1.3 Gas chromatography mass spectrometric (GC-MS) study of E. 54 camaldulensis 4.1.(b) Biological evaluation 57 4.1.4 Free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of E. camaldulensis 57 4.1.5 Antitumor activity of E. camaldulensis 58 4.1.6 Antimicrobial activity of E. camaldulensis 60 4.2 Viola betonicifolia 61 4.2.(a) Chemical evaluation 61 4.2.1 Total phenolic acnd total flavnoid contents of V. betonicifolia 61 4.2.2 High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of V. 63 betonicifolia 4.2.3 Gas chromatography mass spectrometric (GC-MS) study of V. 64 betonicifolia 4.2.(b) Biological evaluation 69 4.2.4 Free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of V. betonicifolia 69 4.2.5 Antitumor activity of V. betonicifolia 71 4.2.6 Antimicrobial activity of V. betonicifolia 72 4.2.7 Anticancer activity of V. betonicifolia 73 4.2.8 Anti-inflammatory activity of V. betonicifolia 76 4.3 Euphorbia royleana 78 4.3. (a) Chemical evaluation 78 4.3.1 Total phenolic acnd total flavnoid contents of E. royleana 78 4.3.2 High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of E. 80 royleana 4.3. (b) Biological evaluation 81 4.3.3 Free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of E. royleana 81 4.3.4 Antitumor activity of E. royleana 82 4.3.5 Antimicrobial activity of E. royleana 83 4.4. Psidium guajava 85 4.4.(a) Chemical evaluation 85 4.4.1 Total phenolic acnd total flavnoid contents of P. guajava 85 4.4.2 High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of P. 86 guajava 4.4.3 Gas chromatography mass spectrometric (GC-MS) study of P. guajava 87 4.4. (b) Biological evaluation 90 4.4.4 Free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of P. guajava 90 4.4.5 Antitumor activity of P. guajava 91 4.4.6 Antimicrobial activity of P. guajava 92 4.4.7 Anticancer activity of P. guajava 94 4.4.8 Anti-inflammatory activity of P. guajava 97 4.5 Ziziphus mauritiana 99 4.5.(a) Chemical evaluation 99 4.5.1 Total phenolic acnd total flavnoid contents of Z.
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