Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphabet

Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphab et

January

Preface

This users guide is intended to serve as a help and supplement to the Washington

State University International Phonetic Alphab et WSUIPA fonts It is not intended to b e

a manual on T X linguistics or the correct usage of the characters accents and diacritics

contained within the font It is assumed that the user is familiar with the version of T X

he or she is using and with the characters contained within the WSUIPA font Because the

uses for a phonetic alphab et font are probably as varied as the many disciplines which

use the characters this guide is intended to merely show some of the most common ways

of using the WSUIPA font Surely each p erson who implements the font will develop his

or her own favorite way of working with and using the font

The principal source of information regarding the characters and their shap es has

come from sources within the linguistic eldmost notably Georey K Pullum and

William A Ladusaw whose b o ok Phonetic Symbol Guide was used extensively The

Phonetic Symbol Guide not only lists the International Phonetic Alphab et IPA charac

ters and diacritics it also gives an enlarged illustration of each character which shows its

baseline height depth and xheight These character illustrations were invaluable in the

design of the WSUIPA METAFONT characters

Several other p eople involved in the wonderful world of linguistics also aided in the

design of the WSUIPA font Their input concerning everything from character shap e to

placement within the font to determining which characters should b e included is grate

fully acknowledged I would esp ecially like to thank Karen Mullen Asso ciate Professor of

English University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky She tested used the WSUIPA fonts

and to ok the time to give several suggestions and recommendations that have improved the

font Also Christina A Thiele Managing Director Journal Pro duction Centre Carleton

University Ottawa Ontario who not only provided a wealth of phonetic information but

also a wealth of encouragement throughout the entire font designing pro cess

Included with the WSUIPA fonts are

The basic WSUIPA font which contains phonetic characters andor diacritics

in ve dierent p oint sizes and and in three typ efaces roman

slanted and b old extended

Each size and typ eface includes a TFM T XFont Metric le and its related GF

PK or PXL le

A macro package IPAMACSTEX for use with the WSUIPA font and

the WSUIPA Font Users Guide

This guide is divided into three main sections an intro duction to the WSUIPA

font a description of the font layout and the characters included in the font and

WSUIPA Users Guide

some T Xniques for use with the WSUIPA fonts

Although the WSUIPA fonts are written in METAFONT the user do es not need exp e

rience with or knowledge of METAFONT to use the font However at least a b eginning

understanding of T X and the use of fonts in the T X environment is necessary For

E E

information ab out either T X or font usage in T X see The T Xbook by Donald Knuth

E E E

Intro duction to the WSUIPA Font

The WSUIPA fonts are written in METAFONT and use the same font parameter values

as their Computer Mo dern CM counterparts cmr and cmbx In fact while designing

the character shap es the computer mo dern co de was left intact or mo died only slightly

whenever p ossible Therefore the WSUIPA fonts are totally compatible with computer

mo dern fontsthe design and shap e of the characters are computer mo dern wherever

p ossible For the characters that are drastically dierent from any computer mo dern

characters or symb ols such as the Gamma Baby Gamma and the Esh Pullum

and Ladusaws Phonetic Symbol Guide was used as the character design standard

The WSUIPA fonts are obviously not an exhaustive collection of phonetic or even

recognized International Phonetic Alphab et characters The characters included in the

WSUIPA font were chosen either b ecause they were listed as a ma jor entry in Pullum

and Ladusaws Guide or b ecause of the recommendations from various p eople with an

interest in the font

The Guide contains what it classies as ma jor and minor characters based up on

whether the symb ol is an ocially recognized IPA character or is determined by Pullum

and Ladusaw to b e a standard symb ol in current American transcriptual practice The

Guide lists ma jor entries which are not easily attainable in the CM fonts All of

these characters are included in the WSUIPA font along with minor entries from the

Guide The selection of which minor entries to include was based on information and

requests from various phoneticians and linguists who contacted WSU during the b eginning

stages of the creation of the font

The Layout of the WSUIPA Font

The charactergrouping pattern followed by Pullum and Ladusaw in their Guide was

adopted as the basis for the WSUIPA font layout The characters are group ed together

according to shap e rather than usage Therefore the a shap es o ccupy the rst p ositions

through b shap es are in p ositions through and so forth The accents

and diacritics follow the character shap es and are in the last p ositions in the font This

approach was taken b ecause under it was assumed that under most circumstances the

user would most likely b e accessing the characters with the use of macros rather than by

typing large p ortions of entirely phonetic text Aside from keeping like shap es together

the p ositioning of the WSUIPA font was fairly arbitrary

WSUIPA Users Guide

Character Description

Within this section each of the WSUIPA characters are shown in a METAFONT smoke

mo de pro of The o ctal character p osition is indicated along with the corresp onding

macro name in IPAMACS and the name of the character given in PL Only the roman

characters will b e illustrated since the shap es of the slanted and b old extended are the

same

There are several Greek characters included in the WSUIPA font and initially it may

app ear these are merely copies of the corresp onding CM Greek characters That is true

with one very imp ortant distinction the WSUIPA Greek characters included are not italic

All the lowercase Greek characters included in the CM fonts are italic which makes them

unsuitable for some situations in phonetics where a nonitalic Greek character is essential

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name inva

Pullum Ladusaw name turned a

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scripta

Pullum Ladusaw name script a

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nialpha

Pullum Ladusaw name lowercase nonitalic alpha

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invscripta

Pullum Ladusaw name turned script a

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invv

Pullum Ladusaw name inverted v

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name crossb

Pullum Ladusaw name crossed b

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name barb

Pullum Ladusaw name barred b

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name slashb

Pullum Ladusaw name slashed b

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookb

Pullum Ladusaw name ho oktop b

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nibeta

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase b eta

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name slashc

Pullum Ladusaw name slashed c

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name curlyc

Pullum Ladusaw name curlytail c

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name clickc

Pullum Ladusaw name stretched c

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name crossd

Pullum Ladusaw name crossed d

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name bard

Pullum Ladusaw name barred d

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name slashd

Pullum Ladusaw name slashed d

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookd

Pullum Ladusaw name ho oktop d

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name taild

Pullum Ladusaw name righttail d

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name dz

Pullum Ladusaw name dyogh ligature

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name eth

Pullum Ladusaw name eth

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scd

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital D

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name schwa

Pullum Ladusaw name schwa

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name er

Pullum Ladusaw name rightho ok schwa

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name reve

Pullum Ladusaw name reversed e

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name niepsilon

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic greek epsilon

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name revepsilon

Pullum Ladusaw name reversed nonitalic epsilon

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookrevepsilon

Pullum Ladusaw name rightho ok reversed nonitalic epsilon

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name closedrevepsilon

Pullum Ladusaw name closed reversed nonitalic epsilon

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scriptg

Pullum Ladusaw name lowercase variant g

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookg

Pullum Ladusaw name ho oktop g

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scg

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital G

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nigamma

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic gamma

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name ipagamma

Pullum Ladusaw name IPA Gamma

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name babygamma

Pullum Ladusaw name baby gamma

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hv

Pullum Ladusaw name hv ligature

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name crossh

Pullum Ladusaw name crossed h

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookg

Pullum Ladusaw name ho oktop g

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name hookheng

Pullum Ladusaw name ho oktop heng

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invh

Pullum Ladusaw name turned h

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name bari

Pullum Ladusaw name barred i

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name dlbari

Pullum Ladusaw name barred dotless i

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name niiota

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic greek iota

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name sci

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital I

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name barsci

Pullum Ladusaw name barred small capital I

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invf

Pullum Ladusaw name barred dotless j

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tildel

Pullum Ladusaw name l with tilde

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name barl

Pullum Ladusaw name barred l

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name latfric

Pullum Ladusaw name b elted l

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name taill

Pullum Ladusaw name l with right tail

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name lz

Pullum Ladusaw name lyogh ligature

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nilambda

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic greek lamb da

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name crossnilambda

Pullum Ladusaw name crossed lamb da

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name labdentalnas

Pullum Ladusaw name m with leftward tail at right

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invm

Pullum Ladusaw name turned m

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name legm

Pullum Ladusaw name turned m with long right leg

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nj

Pullum Ladusaw name n with leftward ho ok at left

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name eng

Pullum Ladusaw name eng

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tailn

Pullum Ladusaw name n with right tail

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scn

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital N

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name clickb

Pullum Ladusaw name bulls eye

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name baro

Pullum Ladusaw name barred o

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name openo

Pullum Ladusaw name op en o

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name niomega

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek omega

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name closedniomega

Pullum Ladusaw name closed omega

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name oo

Pullum Ladusaw name double o

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name barp

Pullum Ladusaw name barred p

IPA Character A

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name thorn

Pullum Ladusaw name thorn

IPA Character B

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name niphi

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek phi

IPA Character B

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name flapr

Pullum Ladusaw name sh ho ok r

IPA Character D

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name legr

Pullum Ladusaw name r with long leg

IPA Character E

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tailr

Pullum Ladusaw name r with right tail

IPA Character F

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invr

Pullum Ladusaw name turned r

IPA Character G

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tailinvr

Pullum Ladusaw name turned r with right tail

IPA Character H

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invlegr

Pullum Ladusaw name turned longlegged r

IPA Character I

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scr

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital R

IPA Character J

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invscr

Pullum Ladusaw name inverted small capital R

IPA Character K

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tails

Pullum Ladusaw name s with right tail

IPA Character L

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name esh

Pullum Ladusaw name esh

IPA Character M

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name curlyesh

Pullum Ladusaw name curlytail esh

IPA Character N

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nisigma

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek sigma

IPA Character O

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tailt

Pullum Ladusaw name t with right tail

IPA Character P

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tesh

Pullum Ladusaw name tesh ligature

IPA Character Q

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name clickt

Pullum Ladusaw name turned t

IPA Character R

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nitheta

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek theta

IPA Character S

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name baru

Pullum Ladusaw name barred u

IPA Character T

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name slashu

Pullum Ladusaw name slashed u

IPA Character T

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name niupsilon

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek upsilon

IPA Character V

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scu

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital U

IPA Character W

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name barscu

Pullum Ladusaw name barred small capital U

IPA Character X

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scriptv

Pullum Ladusaw name script v

IPA Character Y

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invw

Pullum Ladusaw name inverted w

IPA Character Z

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name nichi

Pullum Ladusaw name nonitalic lowercase greek chi

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invy

Pullum Ladusaw name turned y

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name scy

Pullum Ladusaw name small capital Y

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name curlyz

Pullum Ladusaw name curlytail z

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name tailz

Pullum Ladusaw name z with right tail

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name yogh

Pullum Ladusaw name yogh

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name curlyyogh

Pullum Ladusaw name curlytail yogh

IPA Character a

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name glotstop

Pullum Ladusaw name glottal stop

IPA Character b

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name revglotstop

Pullum Ladusaw name reversed glottal stop

IPA Character c

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name invglotstop

Pullum Ladusaw name inverted glottal stop

IPA Character d

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name ejective

Pullum Ladusaw name ejective

IPA Character e

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name reveject

Pullum Ladusaw name reversed ejective

IPA Character f

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name dental

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript bridge

IPA Character g

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name stress

Pullum Ladusaw name vertical stroke sup erior

IPA Character h

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name secstress

Pullum Ladusaw name vertical stroke inferior

IPA Character i

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name syllabic

Pullum Ladusaw name syllabicity mark

IPA Character j

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name corner

Pullum Ladusaw name corner

IPA Character k

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name upt

Pullum Ladusaw name IPA p ointer

IPA Character l

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name downt

Pullum Ladusaw name IPA p ointer

IPA Character m

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name leftt

Pullum Ladusaw name IPA p ointer

IPA Character n

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name rightt

Pullum Ladusaw name IPA p ointer

IPA Character o

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name halflength

Pullum Ladusaw name halflength mark

IPA Character p

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name length

Pullum Ladusaw name length mark

IPA Character q

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name underdots

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript umlaut

IPA Character r

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name ain

Pullum Ladusaw name reversed ap ostrophe

IPA Character s

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name upp

Pullum Ladusaw name p ointer

IPA Character t

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name downp

Pullum Ladusaw name p ointer

IPA Character u

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name leftp

Pullum Ladusaw name p ointer

IPA Character v

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name rightp

Pullum Ladusaw name p ointer

IPA Character w

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name overring

Pullum Ladusaw name overring

IPA Character x

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name underring

Pullum Ladusaw name underring

IPA Character y

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name open

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript left halfring

IPA Character z

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name midtilde

Pullum Ladusaw name sup erimp osed mid tilde

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name undertilde

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript tilde

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name underwedge

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript wedge

IPA Character

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name polishhook

Pullum Ladusaw name p olish ho ok

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA Char Position

IPAMACS Name underarch

Pullum Ladusaw name subscript arch

IPA Character

WSUIPA Users Guide

Using the IPAMACS Macros

In addition to the necessary fontrelated les the WSUIPA font package also includes

a le called IPAMACSTEX This is a macro le which includes font declarations and

denitions for use with the WSUIPA fonts It also contains macro denitions for accessing

each WSUIPA character mnemonically as well as some macro denitions to simplify using

WSUIPA accents and diacritics with Computer Mo dern characters and vice versa

Before you can use any of the macros from the IPAMACS le you must input the

IPAMACSTEX le by entering

ninput ipamacs

at the top of your T X le This assumes of course that you have installed this le The

IPAMACS le denes a font called nipa to b e the twelve p oint roman WSUIPA font The

nipa font is used in all the macro denitions in IPAMACS to access the characters from

the WSUIPA font You may redene nipa say to b e ten p oint roman by entering

nfontnipatenrmwsuipa

ndefnipafnipatenrmg

within your le From that p oint on all the WSUIPA characters accessed by using the

IPAMACS macros will b e the tenp oint roman WSUIPA

To access individual WSUIPA characters within sentences set in Computer Mo dern

you need only to enter the nipa command For example

A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a fricative

corresponding to

a hushing sound eg IPA nesh more technically

a grooved laminal fricative

which will print as

A shibilant is a term o ccasionally found for a fricative corresp onding to a hushing

sound eg IPA M more technically a gro oved laminal fricative

The IPAMACS character macros are dened so they can b e used with the CM char

acters and accents without the need for delimiting curly braces By using the IPAMACS

denitions you can use the CM accents with a WSUIPA character in the same way you

would accent a CM character The following input

The superscript tilde is a nasalization marker for vowels

thus nnscripta is a nasalized nscripta

will print as

The sup erscript tilde is a nasalization marker for vowels thus is a nasalized

WSUIPA Users Guide

The WSUIPA accents can b e used with CM characters However only the WSUIPA

ndental and nunderarch have b een dened in IPAMACS and b oth are diacritics which

go under a character To use any other WSUIPA character as an accent either with a CM

character or with another WSUIPA character you can dene the WSUIPA accent in the

same way that the CM accents are dened For example an overring accent could b e

dened as

ndefnorffnedefnnextfnthenfontg

nipatwelvermnaccentnnextgg

and may b e used like

The overring may be used over letters with descenders as an

alternative to underring to indicate devoicing eg nor g

which will print as

The overring may b e used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under

ring to indicate devoicing eg xg

Most of the WSUIPA diacritics are intended to go under characters like the under

arch and dental mentioned ab ove You may dene other under accents in the same

way as these two For example an undercircle could b e dened as

ndefnundercircfnoalignfncrcr

nhidewidthnunderringnhidewidthgg

With this denition the input

A voiceless trilled r nundercirc r in

certain Scottish dialects :::

will print as

A voiceless trilled r ry in certain Scottish dialects :::

If the spacing or placement of the diacritic is not exactly what you desire with the

basic denition given ab ove you can add kerns where needed For example if you want

less space b etween the undercircle and the character you could change the denition

to b e

ndefnundercircfnoalignfncrcr

nhidewidthnraiseexnhboxfnunderringgnhidewidthgg

WSUIPA Users Guide

and this input

A voiceless trilled r nundercirc r in

certain Scottish dialects :::

will print as

A voiceless trilled r r in certain Scottish dialects :::

Your diacritic denitions may b e as general or sp ecic as you wish At one institution

which uses the WSUIPA fonts they prefer the undercircle to b e placed dierently when

it falls under an r than any other character To accomplish this they use the following

denition for nundercirc

ndefnundercircfnifxr

noalignfncrcrnhidewidthnkernemnunderring

nhidewidthncrcrg

nelsenoalignfncrcr

nhidewidthnraiseexnhboxfnunderringgnhidewidthg

nfig

With this denition of nundercirc the following input

To illustrate the different placement of the nunderring on

an nundercirc s and on an nundercirc r

will print as

To illustrate the dierent placement of the nunderring on an nundercirc s and on

an yr

IPAMACS also includes a macro called ndiatop which provides an alternative way of

getting one or more characters accents or diacritics over one another The ndiatop macro

takes one argument which is delimited by square brackets rather than curly braces

and has two parts The rst part of the argument is delimited or separated from the

second part by a vertical bar j ndiatop puts the rst part of the argument over the

second

Using ndiatop instead of our previous denition for the overring nor you could

input

The overring may be used over letters with descenders as

an alternative to

underring to indicate devoicing eg ndiatopnoverringjg

and the output would b e

WSUIPA Users Guide

The overring may b e used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under

ring to indicate devoicing eg xg

More than one character can b e stacked over another character by using ndiatop

For example

For a really special ndiatopfndiatopfnknoverringgkn

will print as

For a really sp ecial xn

Notice the use of curly braces to group the argument of the rst ndiatop when more than

one ndiatop command is used

It is also p ossible to get one or more accents over a character and another accent or

character under it Assuming that nundercirc has b een dened as describ ed earlier the

following example

This is a really really special

ndiatopnoverringknundercircfrg

will print as

This is a really really sp ecial xyr

The IPAMACS do not sent up the WSUIPA fonts to b e part of a font family denition

which means that any WSUIPA character that is accessed by an IPAMACS macro will

always print out in the same font wsuipa by default regardless of what size or

typ eface you may have b een using when the IPAMACS macro was called In other words

whatever font nipa is dened to b e determines the font IPAMACS will call

In order to get slanted WSUIPA characters when nit or nsl is b eing used or b old

WSUIPA characters when nbf is b eing used you must include the denition of nipa as part

of your font family denitions

Without redening nipa the following input

ndots which is the case in the aforementioned

instances however fnbf this

does not preclude the other retroflex consonants

nnj ntaill ntaild and ntailrg

will print as

::: which is the case in the aforementioned instances however this do es not pre

clude the other retroex consonants and F

Now with nipa dened within the twelvep oint font family as illustrated b elow

nfontntwelvermcmr

WSUIPA Users Guide

nfontntwelveicmmi

nfontntwelvesycmsy

nfontntwelveexcmex

nfontntwelveitcmti

nfontntwelvebfcmbx

nfontntwelveipawsuipa

nfontntwelveslipawslipa

nfontntwelvebfipawbxipa

ndefntwelvepointf

ntextfontntwelverm

nscriptfontnsevenrm nscriptscriptfontnsevenrm

ndefnrmfnfamntwelvermndefnipafntwelvermipagg

ntextfontntwelvei

nscriptfontnsevenrm nscriptscriptfontnsevenrm

ntextfontntwelvesy

nscriptfontnsevensy nscriptscriptfontnsevensy

ntextfontntwelveex

nscriptfontntwelveex nscriptscriptfontntwelveex

ntextfontnitfamntwelveit

ndefnitfnfamnitfamntwelveitndefnipafntwelveslipagg

ntextfontnbffamntwelvebf

ndefnbffnfamnbffamntwelvebfndefnipafntwelvebfipagg

nrmg

ntwelvepoint

the previous input of

ndots which is the case in the aforementioned

instances however fnbf this

does not preclude the other retroflex consonants

nnj ntaill ntaild and ntailrg

will print as

::: which is the case in the aforementioned instances however this do es not pre

clude the other retroex consonants and F

WSUIPA Users Guide

WSUIPA WSU International Phonetic Alphabet Roman pt

x A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N O x

x P Q R S T U V W

X Y Z x

x a b c d e f g

x h i j k l m n o

x p q r s t u v w

x x y z

A B C D E F

WSLIPAWSU International Phonetic Alphab et Slanted pt

x A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N O x

x P Q R S T U V W

X Y Z x

x a b c d e f g

x h i j k l m n o

x p q r s t u v w

x y z x

A B C D E F

WSUIPA Users Guide

WBXIPAWSU International Phonetic Alphabet Bold Extended pt

x A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N O x

x P Q R S T U V W

X Y Z x

x a b c d e f g

x h i j k l m n o

x p q r s t u v w

x x y z

A B C D E F

WSUIPAWSU International Phonetic Alphabet Roman pt

x A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N O x

x P Q R S T U V W

X Y Z x

x a b c d e f g

x h i j k l m n o

x p q r s t u v w

x x y z

A B C D E F