DOCSLIB.ORG

IPA Extensions Range: 0250–02AF Disclaimer Fonts Terms Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IPA Extensions Range: 0250–02AF Disclaimer Fonts Terms Of IPA Extensions Range: 0250–02AF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for the Unicode Standard, last updated for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. This file may be updated as necessary to reflect errata without notice. For an up-to-date list of errata, see http://www.unicode.org/errata/ Disclaimer These charts are provided as the on-line reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this excerpt file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24 and #29, the other Unicode Technical Reports and the Unicode Character Database, which are available on-line. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html and http://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. Fonts The shapes of the reference glyphs used in these code charts are not prescriptive. Considerable variation is to be expected in actual fonts. The particular fonts used in these charts were provided to the Unicode Consortium by a number of different font designers, who own the rights to the fonts. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html for a list. Terms of Use You may freely use these code charts for personal or internal business uses only. You may not incorporate them either wholly or in part into any product or publication, or otherwise distribute them without express written permission from the Unicode Consortium. However, you are welcome to provide links to these charts. The fonts and font data used in production of these Code Charts may NOT be extracted or otherwise used in any commercial product without permission or license granted by the typeface owner(s). The information in this file may be updated from time to time. The Unicode Consortium is not liable for errors or omissions in this excerpt file or the standard itself. Information on characters added to the Unicode Standard since the publication of Version 4.0 as well as on characters currently being considered for addition to the Unicode Standard can be found on the Unicode web site. See http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html and http://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html. Copyright © 1991-2003 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 0250 IPA Extensions 02AF 025 026 027 028 029 02A 0 ! 1 A ʠ 0250 0260 0270 0280 0290 02A0 1 ɑ ɡ ɱ 2 ʑ R 0251 0261 0271 0281 0291 02A1 2 # ʂ ʒ S 0252 0262 0272 0282 0292 02A2 3 ɓ $ ʃ ʓ T 0253 0263 0273 0283 0293 02A3 4 ɔ ɤ % 5 ʔ ʤ 0254 0264 0274 0284 0294 02A4 5 ɕ & 6 F ʥ 0255 0265 0275 0285 0295 02A5 6 ɦ ' ʆ G ʦ 0256 0266 0276 0286 0296 02A6 7 ɗ ɧ ɷ 8 ʗ ʧ 0257 0267 0277 0287 0297 02A7 8 ɸ 9 ◎ ʨ 0258 0268 0278 0288 0298 02A8 9 ə ɩ * : J 0259 0269 0279 0289 0299 02A9 A ɚ + ʊ K 025A 026A 027A 028A 029A 02AA B ɛ , ʋ L 025B 026B 027B 028B 029B 02AB C ɬ ɼ = M 025C 026C 027C 028C 029C 02AC D . > N 025D 026D 027D 028D 029D 02AD E ɮ ɾ ? O 025E 026E 027E 028E 029E 02AE F 0 @ P ʯ 025F 026F 027F 028F 029F 02AF The Unicode Standard 4.0, Copyright © 1991–2003, Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 0250 IPA Extensions 0268 IPA extensions 025B ɛ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E = LATIN SMALL LETTER EPSILON IPA includes basic Latin letters and a number of Latin • lower-mid front unrounded vowel or Greek letters from other blocks. → 0190 latin capital letter open e → 00E6 æ latin small letter ae → 03B5 ε greek small letter epsilon → 00E7 ç latin small letter c with cedilla 025C LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED → 00F0 ð latin small letter eth OPEN E → 00F8 ø latin small letter o with stroke 0127 • lower-mid central unrounded vowel → ! latin small letter h with stroke 025D 014B LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED → ŋ latin small letter eng OPEN E WITH HOOK 0153 → œ latin small ligature oe • rhotacized lower-mid central vowel 03B2 → β greek small letter beta 025E LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED 03B8 → θ greek small letter theta REVERSED OPEN E → 03BB λ greek small letter lamda = LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED → 03C7 χ greek small letter chi REVERSED EPSILON 0250 ( LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A • lower-mid central rounded vowel • low central unrounded vowel 025F LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J 0251 ɑ LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH STROKE = LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT A • voiced palatal stop • low back unrounded vowel • typographically a turned f, but better → 03B1 α greek small letter alpha thought of as a form of j 0252 + LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED • “gy” in Hungarian orthography ALPHA • also archaic phonetic for palatoalveolar • low back rounded vowel affricate 02A4 ʤ 0253 ɓ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK 0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK • implosive bilabial stop • implosive velar stop • Pan-Nigerian alphabet → 0193 Ɠ latin capital letter g with hook → 0181 Ɓ latin capital letter b with hook 0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G 0254 ɔ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O • voiced velar stop • typographically a turned c → 0067 g latin small letter g • lower-mid back rounded vowel 0262 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G → 0186 Ɔ latin capital letter open o • voiced uvular stop 0255 ɕ LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL 0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA • voiceless alveolo-palatal laminal fricative • voiced velar fricative • used in transcription of Mandarin Chinese → 0194 latin capital letter gamma • sound spelled with 015B ś in Polish → 03B3 γ greek small letter gamma 0256 2 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL 0264 ɤ LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN = LATIN SMALL LETTER D = LATIN SMALL LETTER BABY RETROFLEX HOOK GAMMA • voiced retroflex stop • upper-mid back unrounded vowel → 0189 Đ latin capital letter african d 0265 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H 0257 ɗ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK • voiced rounded palatal approximant • implosive dental or alveolar stop 0266 ɦ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK • Ewe, Pan-Nigerian alphabet • breathy-voiced glottal fricative → 018A Ɗ latin capital letter d with hook → 02B1 modifier letter small h with hook 0258 6 LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E 0267 ɧ LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG WITH • upper-mid central unrounded vowel HOOK 0259 ə LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA • voiceless coarticulated velar and • mid-central unrounded vowel palatoalveolar fricative • variant uppercase form 018E 8 is • “tj” or “kj” or “sj” in some Swedish associated with 01DD 9 dialects → 018F Ə latin capital letter schwa 0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH → 01DD 9 latin small letter turned e STROKE → 04D9 ә cyrillic small letter schwa = barred i, i bar 025A ɚ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH • high central unrounded vowel HOOK • ISO 6438 gives lowercase of 0197 as 026A 0268 • rhotacized schwa , not 26 The Unicode Standard 4.0, Copyright © 1991–2003, Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 0269 IPA Extensions 0284 0269 ɩ LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA 0278 ɸ LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI • semi-high front unrounded vowel • voiceless bilabial fricative • obsoleted by IPA in 1989 → 03C6 φ greek small letter phi • preferred use is 026A LATIN LETTER 0279 ? LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R SMALL CAPITAL I • voiced alveolar approximant → 0196 X latin capital letter iota → 02B4 @ modifier letter small turned r → 03B9 ι greek small letter iota 027A A LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R 026A LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I WITH LONG LEG • semi-high front unrounded vowel • voiced lateral flap • preferred IPA alternate for 0269 ɩ 027B B LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R → 0197 latin capital letter i with stroke WITH HOOK 026B Z LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH • voiced retroflex approximant MIDDLE TILDE → 02B5 C modifier letter small turned r with • velarized voiced alveolar lateral hook approximant 027C ɼ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LONG 026C ɬ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT LEG • voiceless alveolar lateral fricative • voiced strident apico-alveolar trill 026D \ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH • obsoleted by IPA in 1989 RETROFLEX HOOK • sound spelled with 0159 ř in Czech • voiced retroflex lateral • preferred phonetic representation for 026E ɮ LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH Czech is 0072 r 031D GH • voiced lateral fricative • in current use in Gaelic types (as glyph • “dhl” in Zulu orthography variant of 0072 r ) 026F ^ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M 027D I LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TAIL • high back unrounded vowel • voiced retroflex flap → 019C _ latin capital letter turned m 027E ɾ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH 0270 ` LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M FISHHOOK WITH LONG LEG • voiced alveolar flap or tap • voiced velar approximant 027F K LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED R 0271 ɱ LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK WITH FISHHOOK • voiced labiodental nasal = long leg turned iota (a misnomer) 0272 b LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT • apical dental vowel HOOK • used by linguists working on Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages • voiced palatal nasal 007A 0329 → 019D c latin capital letter n with left • IPA spelling - z GM hook 0280 N LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R 0273 d LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH • voiced uvular trill RETROFLEX HOOK • Germanic, Old Norse • voiced retroflex nasal • uppercase is 01A6 O 0274 e LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N 0281 P LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL • voiced uvular nasal INVERTED R 0275 • voiced uvular fricative or approximant f LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O 02B6 = o bar → Q modifier letter small capital inverted r • rounded mid-central vowel, i.e.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hebrew Alphabet
    BBH2 Textbook Supplement Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised about, and otherwise supplement the second edition of Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt. Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1.1 The consonants For begadkephat letters (§1.5), the pronunciation in §1.1 is the pronunciation with the Dagesh Lene (§1.5), even though the Dagesh Lene is not shown in §1.1. .Kaf” has an “off” sound“ כ The name It looks like open mouth coughing or a cup of coffee on its side. .Qof” is pronounced with either an “oh” sound or an “oo” sound“ ק The name It has a circle (like the letter “o” inside it). Also, it is transliterated with the letter q, and it looks like a backwards q. here are different wa s of spellin the na es of letters. lef leph leˉ There are many different ways to write the consonants. See below (page 3) for a table of examples. See my chapter 1 overheads for suggested letter shapes, stroke order, and the keys to distinguishing similar-looking letters. ”.having its dot on the left: “Sin is never ri ht ׂש Mnemonic for Sin ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin ׁש before Shin ׂש Our textbook and Biblical Hebrew lexicons put Sin Some alphabet songs on YouTube reverse the order of Sin and Shin. Modern Hebrew dictionaries, the acrostic poems in the Bible, and ancient abecedaries (inscriptions in which someone wrote the alphabet) all treat Sin and Shin as the same letter.
    [Show full text]
  • Vowel Quality and Phonological Projection
    i Vowel Quality and Phonological Pro jection Marc van Oostendorp PhD Thesis Tilburg University September Acknowledgements The following p eople have help ed me prepare and write this dissertation John Alderete Elena Anagnostop oulou Sjef Barbiers Outi BatEl Dorothee Beermann Clemens Bennink Adams Bo domo Geert Bo oij Hans Bro ekhuis Norb ert Corver Martine Dhondt Ruud and Henny Dhondt Jo e Emonds Dicky Gilb ers Janet Grijzenhout Carlos Gussenhoven Gert jan Hakkenb erg Marco Haverkort Lars Hellan Ben Hermans Bart Holle brandse Hannekevan Ho of Angeliek van Hout Ro eland van Hout Harry van der Hulst Riny Huybregts Rene Kager HansPeter Kolb Emiel Krah mer David Leblanc Winnie Lechner Klarien van der Linde John Mc Carthy Dominique Nouveau Rolf Noyer Jaap and Hannyvan Oosten dorp Paola Monachesi Krisztina Polgardi Alan Prince Curt Rice Henk van Riemsdijk Iggy Ro ca Sam Rosenthall Grazyna Rowicka Lisa Selkirk Chris Sijtsma Craig Thiersch MiekeTrommelen Rub en van der Vijver Janneke Visser Riet Vos Jero en van de Weijer Wim Zonneveld Iwant to thank them all They have made the past four years for what it was the most interesting and happiest p erio d in mylife until now ii Contents Intro duction The Headedness of Syllables The Headedness Hyp othesis HH Theoretical Background Syllable Structure Feature geometry Sp ecication and Undersp ecicati on Skeletal tier Mo del of the grammar Optimality Theory Data Organisation of the thesis Chapter Chapter
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
    Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing Writing Systems Using Orthography Profiles
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Moran, Steven ; Cysouw, Michael DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135400 Monograph The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Moran, Steven; Cysouw, Michael (2017). The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. CERN Data Centre: Zenodo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Steven Moran & Michael Cysouw Change dedication in localmetadata.tex Preface This text is meant as a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, whowork with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together. The intersection of the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Al- phabet is often not met without frustration by users. Nevertheless, thetwo standards have provided language researchers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze data from many different languages. We bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls that researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Our research uses quantitative methods to compare languages and uncover and clarify their phylogenetic relations. However, the majority of lexical data available from the world’s languages is in author- or document-specific orthogra- phies.
    [Show full text]
  • PARK JIN HYOK, Also Known As ("Aka") "Jin Hyok Park," Aka "Pak Jin Hek," Case Fl·J 18 - 1 4 79
    AO 91 (Rev. 11/11) Criminal Complaint UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the RLED Central District of California CLERK U.S. DIS RICT United States ofAmerica JUN - 8 ?018 [ --- .. ~- ·~".... ~-~,..,. v. CENT\:y'\ l i\:,: ffl1G1 OF__ CAUFORN! BY .·-. ....-~- - ____D=E--..... PARK JIN HYOK, also known as ("aka") "Jin Hyok Park," aka "Pak Jin Hek," Case fl·J 18 - 1 4 79 Defendant. CRIMINAL COMPLAINT I, the complainant in this case, state that the following is true to the best ofmy knowledge and belief. Beginning no later than September 2, 2014 and continuing through at least August 3, 2017, in the county ofLos Angeles in the Central District of California, the defendant violated: Code Section Offense Description 18 U.S.C. § 371 Conspiracy 18 u.s.c. § 1349 Conspiracy to Commit Wire Fraud This criminal complaint is based on these facts: Please see attached affidavit. IBJ Continued on the attached sheet. Isl Complainant's signature Nathan P. Shields, Special Agent, FBI Printed name and title Sworn to before ~e and signed in my presence. Date: ROZELLA A OLIVER Judge's signature City and state: Los Angeles, California Hon. Rozella A. Oliver, U.S. Magistrate Judge Printed name and title -:"'~~ ,4G'L--- A-SA AUSAs: Stephanie S. Christensen, x3756; Anthony J. Lewis, x1786; & Anil J. Antony, x6579 REC: Detention Contents I. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 II. PURPOSE OF AFFIDAVIT ......................................................................1 III. SUMMARY................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
    1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Phonetic Study of the Circassian Languages Author(S
    A comparative phonetic study of the Circassian languages Author(s): Ayla Applebaum and Matthew Gordon Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Languages of the Caucasus (2013), pp. 3-17 Editors: Chundra Cathcart, Shinae Kang, and Clare S. Sandy Please contact BLS regarding any further use of this work. BLS retains copyright for both print and screen forms of the publication. BLS may be contacted via http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/bls/. The Annual Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society is published online via eLanguage, the Linguistic Society of America's digital publishing platform. A Comparative Phonetic Study of the Circassian Languages1 AYLA APPLEBAUM and MATTHEW GORDON University of California, Santa Barbara Introduction This paper presents results of a phonetic study of Circassian languages. Three phonetic properties were targeted for investigation: voice-onset time for stop consonants, spectral properties of the coronal fricatives, and formant values for vowels. Circassian is a branch of the Northwest Caucasian language family, which also includes Abhaz-Abaza and Ubykh. Circassian is divided into two dialectal subgroups: West Circassian (commonly known as Adyghe), and East Circassian (also known as Kabardian). The West Circassian subgroup includes Temirgoy, Abzekh, Hatkoy, Shapsugh, and Bzhedugh. East Circassian comprises Kabardian and Besleney. The Circassian languages are indigenous to the area between the Caspian and Black Seas but, since the Russian invasion of the Caucasus region in the middle of the 19th century, the majority of Circassians now live in diaspora communities, most prevalently in Turkey but also in smaller outposts throughout the Middle East and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcription of Historical Ciphers and Keys: Guidelines
    cl.lingfil.uu.se/decode Beáta Megyesi [email protected] February 10, 2020 Transcription of Historical Ciphers and Keys: Guidelines Content 1 Introduction 3 2 Transcription of Ciphertext 3 2.1 Metadata 3 2.2 Content 4 2.2.1 Line breaks, spaces, punctuation and diacritical marks 4 2.2.2 Catchwords 7 2.2.3 Notes in margins 8 2.3 Transcription of ciphertext, cleartext and plaintext 10 2.4 Upload of transcriptions into the DECODE database 12 3 Transcription of Keys 12 3.1 Original keys 14 3.1.1 Metadata 14 3.1.2 Transcription of codes 14 3.1.3 Upload of transcribed original keys into the DECODE database 17 3.2 Reconstructed keys 17 3.2.1 Metadata 17 3.2.2 Transcription of codes 18 3.2.3 Upload of transcribed recovered keys into the DECODE database 18 4 Transcription of Cleartexts 18 4.1 Metadata 18 4.2 Transcription of cleartext 19 4.3 Upload of cleartext transcriptions into the DECODE database 19 5. Summary 20 Acknowledgements 20 References 20 Appendix: Transcription of Special Symbols 21 Greek letters 21 Roman numerals 22 Zodiac signs 23 Alchemical signs 24 Other signs 25 2 1 Introduction The document describes guidelines for the transcription of encrypted sources and related documents, being it ciphertext, original or recovered keys, and cleartext. Usually, the first step in attacking a cipher is the conversion of the image into a machine- readable format, represented as text. There are many different ways of transcribing a manuscript. Therefore, we developed guidelines so that the transcriptions available in the DECODE database1 (Megyesi et al., 2019) have a common format.
    [Show full text]
  • Rank of Weighted Digraphs with Blocks
    Rank of weighted digraphs with blocks∗ Ranveer Singh† Swarup Kumar Panda ‡ Naomi Shaked-Monderer§ Abraham Berman¶ October 10, 2018 Abstract Let G be a digraph and r(G) be its rank. Many interesting results on the rank of an undirected graph appear in the literature, but not much information about the rank of a digraph is available. In this article, we study the rank of a digraph using the ranks of its blocks. In particular, we define classes of digraphs, namely r2-digraph, and r0-digraph, for which the rank can be exactly determined in terms of the ranks of subdigraphs of the blocks. Furthermore, the rank of directed trees, simple biblock graphs, and some simple block graphs are studied. Keywords: r2-digraphs, r0-digraphs, tree digraphs, block graphs, biblock graphs AMS Subject Classifications. 15A15, 15A18, 05C50 1 Introduction A well-known problem, proposed in 1957 by Collatz and Sinogowitz, is to characterize graphs with positive nullity [19]. Nullity of graphs is applicable in various branches of science, in particular, quantum chemistry, H¨uckel molecular orbital theory [10], [13] and social network theory [14]. For more detail on the applications see [10]. Many significant results on the nullity of undirected graphs are available in the literature, see [4, 7, 11, 12, 15, 12, 2, 3, 20]. Recently in [9, 8, 6] nullity of undirected graphs was studied using cut-vertices and connected components. The results are used to calculate the nullity of line graphs of undirected graphs. Apart from the connected components, it turns out that the blocks are also interesting subgraphs of a graph, which can be utilized to know its determinant [17, 16].
    [Show full text]
  • 31 Vowel Digraph Oo
    Sort Vowel Digraph oo 31 Objectives • To identify spelling patterns of vowel digraph oo Words • To read, sort, and write words with vowel digraph oo o˘o oˉo = uˉ Oddball brook nook fool spool could Materials for Within Word Pattern crook soot groom spoon should Big Book of Rhymes, “The Puppet Show,” page 55 foot stood hoop stool would hood wood noon tool Whiteboard Activities DVD-ROM, Sort 31 hook wool root troop Teacher Resource CD-ROM, Sort 31 and Follow the Dragon Game Student Book, pages 121–124 Words Their Way Library, The House That Stood on Booker Hill Introduce/Model Small Groups • Read a Rhyme Read “The Puppet Show,” and Extend the Sort emphasize words with the vowel digraph oo. (wood, book, took; soon, noon) Ask students to locate these Alternative Sort: Brainstorming words, and help them write the words in two columns, Ask students to think of other words that contain according to vowel sound. Help students hear the oo. Write their responses on index cards. When different pronunciations of the vowel digraph oo. students have completed brainstorming, ask them to identify and sort all the words they named • Model Use the whiteboard DVD or the CD word according to the vowel sound of oo. cards. Define in context any that may be unfamiliar to students. Demonstrate how to sort the words ELL English Language Learners according to the sound of the digraph oo. Point out Explain that a nook is “a hidden place,” and that that would, could, and should do not contain the groom can have several meanings, including “a digraph oo, so they belong in the oddball category.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample File “H” = a Voiceless Alveolar Affricate: “Ts.” the “Ts” of “Hats” Or “Pots.”
    Credits front layout and design Victor Raymond cover illustration Giovanna Fregni editorial help SampleChris Davis file ©M. A. R. Barker, 2002 Bednálljan THE SCRIPT OF THE FIRST IMPERIUM By M. A. R. BARKER “Bednálljan Salarvyáni” is a Khíshan language, related to Tsolyáni, Mu’ugalavyáni, and others of the family. It is a member in a long tradition, dating all the way back to Llyáni in far-off Livyánu; yet the stages of this process are anything but clear. One important fact is its close relationship to Irzákh, the tongue of the Dragon Warriors of N’lüss. The language can only tenuously be connected to Bednállja, the small princpality that once occupied the shores of Tamkáde BaySample in what is now file Western Salarvyá. The First Imperium, the empire founded by Queen Nayári of Jakálla, in southern Tsolyánu, was the primary cause for the prominence of both the language and the name: what “Bednálljan Salarvyáni.” Had she and her court not spoken of Bednállja as their original cultural and spiritual “homeland,” the language might well have been called something else entirely. “Bednálljan Salarvyáni” is not a single unified linguistic corpus. There were many dialectical changes during the First Imperium. Time and events have eroded the visibility of many of these: cognates, morphological and syntactic similarities, and sound shifts. What is left is a basic strong relationship, however, as can be seen from tomb inscriptions and historical texts, plus such non-linguistic cultural sequences as pottery, coins, and later records. Perhaps a dozen major dialects emerged from the chaos of the crumbling kingdoms of the Fisherman Kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Characters for Classical Latin
    Characters for Classical Latin David J. Perry version 13, 2 July 2020 Introduction The purpose of this document is to identify all characters of interest to those who work with Classical Latin, no matter how rare. Epigraphers will want many of these, but I want to collect any character that is needed in any context. Those that are already available in Unicode will be so identified; those that may be available can be debated; and those that are clearly absent and should be proposed can be proposed; and those that are so rare as to be unencodable will be known. If you have any suggestions for additional characters or reactions to the suggestions made here, please email me at [email protected] . No matter how rare, let’s get all possible characters on this list. Version 6 of this document has been updated to reflect the many characters of interest to Latinists encoded as of Unicode version 13.0. Characters are indicated by their Unicode value, a hexadecimal number, and their name printed IN SMALL CAPITALS. Unicode values may be preceded by U+ to set them off from surrounding text. Combining diacritics are printed over a dotted cir- cle ◌ to show that they are intended to be used over a base character. For more basic information about Unicode, see the website of The Unicode Consortium, http://www.unicode.org/ or my book cited below. Please note that abbreviations constructed with lines above or through existing let- ters are not considered separate characters except in unusual circumstances, nor are the space-saving ligatures found in Latin inscriptions unless they have a unique grammatical or phonemic function (which they normally don’t).
    [Show full text]