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Venice As an "Eastern City" Deborah Howard

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Venice As an Venice as an "Eastern City" Deborah Howard or medi eval Europe, the lands ro the east embodied a range of material and spiritual asso­ ciations, as the source of exotic and precious commodi ti es and the perceived location of FParadise. From at least the 9th century, Venice's political and economic viability depended on commercial li nk; with the East, and over the centuries th e city came to acquire a hybrid idemiry infused with Eastern characteristics. As John Ruskin wrote in The Stones a/Venice, "the Venetiam deserve especial note as the only European people who appear to have sympathized ro the ful l with the great instinct of the Eastern races." In contraSt with most other European powers of the Middle Ages, the members of the Venetian ruling elite were not great feudal landowners but imernacional merchants. Inhabiting a group of marshy islands in a shallow lagoon, they had no natural resources except for fish and salt, and only gradually acquired a hinterland. Thus the city's livelihood depended on long-dis­ tance rravel and daring trading ventures. The theft of St. Mark's body from Alexandria in 828 was only possible because the appearance ofVenecian merchants in the Egyptian parr caused no surprise. In the same year th e testament of Doge Giustiniano Parrecipazio revealed that he himself had huge investments in ove rseas uading voyages.! Over the centuries, Venice strug­ gled ro achieve supremacy over her rivals in Levantine (fade, especiall y Pisa and Genoa. By the 15"' century, however, it had achieved undeniable dominance in the import of Eastern merchandise into Europe. O verseas commercial voyages, threatened by piracy, shipwreck, and warfare, always involved a degree of risk. Yet the enticement of lucrative profits was irresistible. As the Venetian diarist Marin Sanudo, remarked, "it is worthy of note that, JUSt as they have been merchants from the beginning, so the Venetians cominue ro be from year ro year."2 When traveling abroad, merchants such as Marco Polo could pay no higher compliment to any foreign city man the term mercadamesca (cat.15).-' Literally translated as "mercantile," the word implied a dazzling array of goods in the bazaars and bustling cosmopolitan crowds. Visitors to Venice, in their turn, were fascinated by the profusion of O ri ental goods. In 1494 the markets of the Rialto stunned the Milanese priest Pierro Casola: "W ho could count the many shops so cat. 15. Johannes, Mn rco Polo's Departure from Ven ice (detail) well furnished that rl1ey also seem warehoLlses, \-"ith so many c1 0rll~ of every make-tapestry. The Bodleian Library. Oxford 59 - :i?J~~'~~".~ \,1' ~-c J~"T r.- (f - 1: "C , ft,-' II~' ~~6~ ~~~..r"~-'''' ~~~.~~ 1 ...-" t • t~.. .f.P'~2b. ,.p­ brocades, and hangings of every design, carpets of every son. camlets of every color and texture, sil ks of every kind; and so many warehouses full of arom.ttics, spices, and drugs. and so much ~ ~~ fl,! ~f, "(( ~ (;- ~~ , II~,"J," ~~, <~t~ ~ beautiful white wax!" (cat. 71) 4 ~ ~~-.-.. In the SITeets, markerplaces, and family homes. the advennlres of overseas traders were a i . r .~'~ , r •• ' • .-;,;., " .' ,;- ,. -, constant copie ofconversation. The infi ltration of Arabic an d Greek words inro Venerian d ialect ,~_ . \',." 1:,:-'. ""~~~ mirrored rhe whole specrru.m of colonial experience.s At the foot of the Rialw Bridge s[Ood a log­ gia of marble and wood, where the merchan t nobili ty could meet co plan their voyages, using a world map painted on the wall (fig. 1). (, Unlike Spain and Sicily, Venice was never ruled by any Islam]c caJ ipbare. Originally an outlying colony of the Byzanrine Empire. the Republic gradually established irs cultural and political independence. After th e Fir$[ Crusade in 1099, the Venetians lost no time in establishing trailing bases in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, based on the model of their rradi ng privi leges in Constantinople si nce 1082. 7 Thus, fro m the era of the Crusades onwards, Ve ni ce enjoyed a network of trading postS, known as "colonies," in the Levant and Central Asia,S Some of these were in Mediterranean seaports such as Acre and Alexandria. or on [he:: Black Sea, including Tana and Trebizond, wh.i.l e others were in inland cities, rangin g from Damascus ro Tabtiz. Ve netian commerce depended on the mainrenance of cat. 71. Pieced panel ofbrocaded gilk smooth relations wim M uslim lrading parmErs. Proba bly Bursa, secon.d half of 1f> '" century """'010nia1" life was not the pri vil ege of the elite alone. Traveling merch anrs came from Th e Metropolitan Museum of Art, a wide ran ge of backgrounds. At the lowest end of the scale were the oarsmen, who were allowed New Yo rk to collect indulgences at a local pil grim sire and to peddle their modest possessions when moored fig. 1. Rialto market, with the loggia in a foreign POrtY A consul represented the i nteresr.~ of rhe Venetian community, and the priest at the fo ot of the bridge, Det:lii [rom a bird's-eye Vle.W o(Ve.nice, served as notary as well as chaplain. Most "colonies" bad a fo ndaco for srorage Jlld lodgings, a engraved by jacopo dc' Ba rbari church, a ba kery, and a public bathhouse. Tn some ci ries, such as Damascus, Venetians lived Out­ in 1500 side the fo lldaco in rented property in the town al'ongside the loaU population. Skilled artisans from home served the daily needs of the visiring or resident merchants: w est: incl uded barbers and tailors, bakers and cooks, go l ds rni cl~ and pharmacists. 10 Barbers could serve as surgeons, and we also have doclU11enrary ev id ence of physicians accompanying consuls and ambassadors to the East,1I (cat. 191) T he C rusader colo ni es in the Kingdom of Jerusalem bad provided the only comext in which family life could be recreared in the pons of the Eastern Mediterranean. 12 After the fall of cat . 191 , B(/rber ~ dish Acre, th e Iasr basrio n of the Kingdom ofJerusalem, to the Muml uks in 1291 , the cl1ance fo r w hole Veneto, 17th cenLury M useo Civico Corre" Venice families ro serrle permanently in the East became res tricted to Ve nice's [fUe colonies in Crete, 60 The Cu ltural and Historical Context raising the children in the absence of their husbands.23 Men making thei r wills abroad included poignant references [Q rhei r wives in Venice, ofren wondering whether they mighr be pregnant or leaving them spe­ cially rreasured valuables.14 In Aue in 1227 Giovanni Natale even left a string of pearls to his mother-in­ law. 25 Similarly, on his death in Damascus in 1455, th Stefano Ravagnino left tWO coral rosary beads, or cat. 4'. Workshop of Pietro Vescontc Cyprus, and the Aegean (cat. 41). Elsewhere, from the 14 cenrury onwards, Venetian res idents 2 paternosters, to his beloved sister in Venice. (' it)' dews of Jemsalem overseas were exclusively male. In the colonies in M:w1luk Egypt and Syria, as well as those on the t/lld Acre hom Liber SecelOrum Fro m the point of view of the rapid infusion fide/um crucis Black Sea and ill Central Asia, there is little evidence of any Veneti an female presence. J3 Venice, ca. ' 330 of Oriental ele ments into Venetian culrure, the split The British Library, M anuscript W ithin th.is mascul.ine domain a remarkable exception is the Italian woman Caterina Collection s, London families proved a deeply involving line of comm unica­ Vilion, who died in 1342 in Yangchow. China, where her tombstone still survives today (fig. 2). tion. The family home in Ve nice became the reposi­ c ~ t. 54. "Interior of a house in She was preslll13bly descended from the Ve netian Pietro Vilion who made his will in Tabriz in tOry, nor only ofpossessions to keep, goods to sell, and Cairo" from the Travel Diary of 1264. 14 M uch lacer, in the 1430s, Nicolo de' Conti's wife and family accompanied him to Cairo, A lessandro /vlagno capital to invest. but also of memories, travel narra­ Venice, southeastern Mediterranea n, where she an d twO of the children died of the plague. 1 ~ O therwise the Venetian merchant abroad Brescia, and London. ca. 1557- 65 tives-both oral and written-and maps for planning Folger Sh akespeare Library, had to make do with slaves and concubines. D uring his yo uth as a merchant in Constantinople, Washington, D.C. and discllssing past and furu re voyages (cat. 43).27 the future Doge Andrea Grirri (r. 1523- 1538) farh ered three illegitimate children, one ofwhom, 16 W ithin its walls, as Francesco Sansovino fig. 2. Tomb of Caterina Vilion Alvise, was to become a close fri end of Sultan Si.ileyman's Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha. observed, "the noble families, who have flourished for (d. 1342), Yangchow, China. 'he all-male character ofVenetian colonial life exerted a decisive influence on the East­ Print taken from F. ROllJeau. centuries in public life and trade, have always added "ll,C Yangchow Tombstone;' West transmission of culture. Venetian overseas merchants remained in close contact with their to their possessions with the greatest delight. However Harvard Jou rnaL ofAsiatic native city, encouraging the maintenance of an efficient East-West system of communicationY Studies 17 (1954), pI. 1 much their ancestors dedicated themselves to parsi­ The rerum of a husband, fa ther, or brother after a long period of absence colored the domestic mony, their houses were also splendidly furnished."28 scene with traveler's tales and treasures to be unpacked and admired.
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