Introduction: Reading Persia in Renaissance England
Notes Introduction: Reading Persia in Renaissance England 1. Chartered in 1555, its origins lie in the failed 1553 Willoughby and Chancellor voyage to the northeast passage, and the company was founded as the Mystery and Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Found Lands. 2. ‘The voyage to Cathaio by the East is doutlesse very easie and short’, the geogra- pher Gerardus Mercator wrote to Richard Hakluyt, ‘and I haue oftentimes mar- velled, that being so happily begun it hath bene left of[f], and the course changed into the West, after that more then half of your voyage was discovered’. Richard Hakluyt, The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, 2 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1935), vol. 1, p. 161. 3. He was not, however, the first Englishman sent on embassy to the Safavid court. The cloth merchant Robert Brancetour was sent by Charles V in 1529. See Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounteres in the Early Modern World (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2011), pp. 82–3. 4. Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Nauigations, Voiages, and Discoueries of the English Nation (London: George Bishop and Ralphe Newberie, 1589), sig. [2K6]r–v/ff. 361–2. 5. On Achaemenid iconography in Safavid royal ideology, see Colin Mitchell, The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011). 6. Johannes Boemus, one of the few to lament the difference between the Achaemenids and Safavids, presents it as one of military culture. He is writing barely twenty years after the Safavid accession, however, having observed only the early days of the Persian campaign against the Ottomans: ‘It was once a warlike nation, and had for a long space the gouernment of the East: but now for want of excercise in armes, it fayleth much of his ancient glory.’ The manners, lawes, and customes of all nations, trans.
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