Subject Index

ACC, see Adaptive Cruise Control reliable, 70 evaluation repetitive, 69 communication failure, 216 coexistence, 266 controller, 217 compliance, 107 sensor robustness, 216 CSMA, 66, 240 ADA, see Advanced Driver Assistance DHCP, 76 cooperative FTP, 163 ACC controller, 224 geocast, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 78 safety margin, 177 geographical addressing, 185 SUMMITS, 208 HTTP, 163 IEEE 1609.0, 159 Balise, see also European Train Control IEEE 1609.1, 158, 174 System, 84 IEEE 1609.2, 106, 109, 159, 174 IEEE 1609.3, 159, 174 CDN, see Content Distribution Network, 265 IEEE 1609.4, 62, 65, 159, 174 Collision avoidance IEEE 1609.5, 159 Adaptive Cruise Control, 217, 218 IEEE 802.11p, 240 cooperative, 119, 150 IEEE 802.11 Positive Train Control, 135 SyncScan, 237 Communication ACK, 233 application basic access procedure, 233 voice communication, 33 DeuceScan, 238 public safety DIFS, 233 failure, 33 http://www.pbookshop.comfast handover support, 228, 231–238, first responder, 30 240 GPS, 31 OpportunisticScanning, 238 history, 30–31 Post Transmission Backoff, see PTB inter-agency, 33 PTB, 233 9/11, 31, 33 COPYRIGHTED MATERIALTBTT, 233, 237 Wi-Fi locator, 31 TSF, 232 traffic class IEEE 802.11n, 178 WiMAX, 184 IGMP, 194 Communication protocol IP, 18, 155, 163, 266 anonymous gossip, 70 IPv6, 175, 186–187 Application Sub Layer, 162 6lowpan, 197 ARIB STD-T88, 162 uIPv6, 197 automotive message set, 159, 168 ISA-SP100.11a, 196 broadcast, 17, 18, 66, 85, 88, 158, 180, MANET, 65, 76 220 MEXT, 176

Vehicular Networking Edited by Marc Emmelmann, Bernd Bochow, C. Christopher Kellum c 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 286 SUBJECT INDEX MLD, 194 46, 61, 66–69, 75, 157, 158, Mobile IP 160–162, 172, 173, 175, 181 inter-agent handover, 196 IEEE 802.11p, 95, 158, 173, Mobile IPv4, 175 178–181, 235 Mobile IPv6, 176, 186–194 multichannel MAC, 61–66 multiple access networks, 190 propagation model, 48–50 network mobility, 187 autonomicity and evolvability, 259, 266 multicast, 85, 90, 194, 238 availability, 108 acknowledged, 87, 181 basic security, 111–112 anonymous gossip, 71 coexistence, 258 NEMO, 76, 175, 176, 187–190 cognitive, 253, 259, 266 Binding Update, 188 collaboration and cooperation, 267 flow identification, 190 coordination, 267 HA proxy, 193 distributed, 267 handover delay, 194 dynamical coordination, 253 multiple flow handover, 191 convergence, see also integration, RO security issues, 193 interoperability, 259 RO solution space, 193 data centric, 119 equipment certification, 41 Route Optimization, 191–194 fast handover architecture, 240–241 PIM-SM, 194 macro cell, 240 position-based, 111, 113, 186 micro cell, 240 routing, 78 overlay MAC, 240, 250 routing RCU, see RCU geographical, 185 RCU, 240–243 IP multicast, 194–196 Remote Base Station, see RBS, see Route Optimization, 176 RBS RTCP, 88 RBS, 240–243, 250 SAE J2735, 159, 168 future system, 253 security, 231 GSM-R IEEE 1609.2, 106, 109 CAB Radio, 173 spanning tree, 32 handover delay, 184, 237 TCP, 12, 155, 163, 266 APTT metric, 245 UDP, 12, 155, 266 challenges, 239 unicast, 15, 17–19 DeuceScan, 238 WAVE stack, 174 http://www.pbookshop.comIEEE 802.11, 231–238 Wireless HART, 196 influence of data rate, 233–235 WSMP, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 64, 186 mobile WiMAX, 185 Z-Wave, 196 OpportunisticScanning, 238 ZigBee, 196 SyncScan, 237 Communication system handover requirements, 229–230, 239 ad hoc handover taxonomy, 228, 230–231 MANEMO, 176 handover criteria, 230–231 MANET, 71, 176 handover decision, 230–231 aggregated moving network, 176 higher layer aspects, 230 automotive link layer reestablishment, 230–231 ad hoc, 36, 161, 175, 178 network discovery, 230–231 antenna patterns, 47–48 HSDPA ARIB STD-T75, 162 hard handover, 98 DSRC, see Dedicated Short Range IEEE 802.15.1, 196 Communications, 2, 4, 5, 7, 26, 37, IEEE 802.15.4, 196 SUBJECT INDEX 287 implementation, 228, 239 TCN, see Train Communication automated toolchain, 243–244 Network, 99–100 C-code, 243–244 TORNAD, 84 intra-macro-cell handover, 242–243 TGV, 84 intra-micro-cell handover, 242 WTB, see Wire Train Bus, 100 key postulates, 239 PHY MAC scheme, 241–242 synchronization, 231 methodology, 243–244 public safety performance evaluation, 245–252 ad hoc, 35 predictive fast handover, 242–243 Extended Area Network, 38–40 proof-of-concept demonstrator, group communication, 34 244–245 IEEE 802.11p, 39 RBS, 244 Incident Area Network, 35–36 SDL, 243–244 Jurisdictional Area Network, 36–38 system architecture, 240–241 packet data, 30 integration, see also interoperability, 38, permanent infrastructure, 36 101–102, 125, 261 push to talk, 31 interoperability, see also integration, quick kits, 36 35–37, 151–152, 175 regional network integration, 39 protocols, 163 trunking, 31, 34 standardization , 151–152 vehicular relay, 31 railway MAC Airlink, 102 centralized, 240 EIRENE, 97 deterministic, 229, 240 GSM-R, 85, 96, 258 hybrid, 229 hard real time, 99 SDU, 231 IAGO, 102 stochastic, 229, 240 integration, 101–102 synchronization, 231, 232 magnetic coupling technology, 93 mesh network, 238, 253 MODCOMM, 102 IEEE 802.11s, 36 on-board, 99–100 public safety, 32, 253 propagation model, 92 mobile AP regulation, 93 public safety, 31 satellite, 99 mobile router services, 88–91 Mobile IPv4, 175http://www.pbookshop.comsoft real time, 100 NEMO, 187, 190 train motion influence, 93 public safety, 32 wireless link model, 92–93 multi-radio, 36, 177, 190 wireless systems, 93–99 multichannel coordination, 61 requirements multiple control channels, 66 access delay, 229 single control channel, 65 delay, 231 on-board Inter-Arrival Time, 229, 249 CAN, see Controller Area Network, jitter, 229 150, 155, 163, 196 location information, 229 Ethernet, 100 packet loss, 231 gateway, 101 packet reordering, 231 IPTrain, 100 radio cell overlap, 237, 242 MVB, see Multifunction Vehicle Bus, RSSI, 231, 237, 247 99 railway, 85–88, 229–230 Profinet, 100 Round Trip Time, 229 288 SUBJECT INDEX RFID, 175 V2I system safety performance criteria, 205 beacon, 112 vehicle-driver, 204 satellite, 99 vehicle-infrastructure, 204 IRIDIUM, 30 vehicle-infrastructure system Teledesic, 30 design problems, 204–205 security human factors, 205 necessity, 122 human factors, 203, 204, 206, 208, security architecture, 106, 109–111, 225 116, 124 traffic flow, 203, 204, 206 service interruption time, see handover vehicle-vehicle, 209 delay CR, see Cognitive Radio, 267 Software Defined Radio, 153 Credential certification traintowayside Certification Authorities evolution, 83–84 cooperation, 117 vehicular Certification Authority, 106, 109, 116, IEEE 802.11, 228, 232, 240, 253 154 wearable, 42 multi-domain, 117 WiBree, 196 organizational concerns, 124 wireless Pseudonym Provider, 111 3GPP LTE, 173, 181–184 regional, 109 break-before-make handover, see revocation, 117 hard handover self-certification, 113 BSS association, 180 DOD, see United States Department of cost, 231 Defense EDGE, 97 Strategic Rail Corridor Network, 130 GPRS, 97, 176, 181, 258 DOT, see United States Department of GSM, 96, 181 Transportation, 21 handover, 230, 239 ITS spectrum, 2 handover frequency, 230 STB, see Surface Transportation Board handover phases, see handover interstate commerce act, 144 taxonomy Transportation Technology Center, 137 hard handover, 183, 231 DTN, see Disruption- and Delay Tolerant HSDPA, 98, 182 Network, 265 HSUPA, 98 VANET, 265 LMR, see Land Mobilehttp://www.pbookshop.com Radio, 36, 38 make-before-break handover, see soft EAN, see Extended Area Network, 38–40 handover IEEE 802.16e, 38 mobile WiMAX, 185 integration, 38 soft handover, 231 LMR, 38 support for high user velocities, 230 Equipment certification UMTS, 98, 181 military, 41 vertical handover, 183 Future Internet virtual beacon, 181 Internet of things, 265 Wi-Fi, 94, 155, 181 Network symbiosis, 265 wide-area automotive, 181–185 Smart objects, 265 WiMAX, 36, 38, 95, 173, 184–185 VANET, 265 Cooperation awareness, 119 IAN, see Incident Area Network, 35–36 cognitive, 267 IEEE 802.11s, 36 collision avoidance, 119 mesh network, 36, 238, 253 SUBJECT INDEX 289 temporary infrastructure, 35 APTT, 245 use cases, 35–36 active scanning, 232–233 VANET, 35, 40 association, 232 IRSA, see Integrated Full-Range Speed authentication, 232 Assistant handover, 231–238 controllers, 209–212 handover decision, 232, 237 implementation, 219 joining a BSS, 232 scenarios, 209 link layer reestablishment, 232–235, ITS modeller, 204 238, 253 network discovery, 232, 237–238 JAN, see Jurisdictional Area Network, 36–38 passive scanning, 232–233 IEEE 802.11, 36 radio system IEEE 802.16e, 36 channel switch time, 245 IEEE 802.22, 37 train communication mesh network, 36, 238 IEEE 802.16d, 95 permanent infrastructure, 36 train control MARS, see Multi-Agent Real-time Simulator, performance management, 144 204 security cost, 142 Multi-Aspect Assessment security indicator, 145 approach, 204 VANET applications, 20 NSA, see United States National Security broadcast protocols, 69 Agency broadcast reliability, 66 information assurance technical gossip protocol, 71 framework, 139 multichannel coordination, 64–65 NEMO, 76 OSI, see Open Systems Interconnection, 89, packet drop burst, 67 138, 149, 154, 162 packet drop rate, 67 packet loss, 64 Performance evaluation Positioning Access Point Transition Time, see APTT ERTMS, 102 APTT, 245 GNSS, 119 application CALM, 175 cryptographic overhead, 116 Doppler shift, 121 application reliability, 69 forged signal, 119 cooperative system,http://www.pbookshop.com 205 GPS, see Global Positioning System empirical results, 249–252 Inter-Arrival Time, 249 PTC, 134, 144 emulation public safety, 31 vehicular mobility, 247 VANET, 23 IEEE 1609.4, 63 vehicular communication, 23, 151, IEEE 802.11p, 58–61, 235 210, 214 hidden terminal, 180 radar MAC, 180 vehicular communication, 215 OFDM, 59 railway infrastructure, 229 Packet Error Rate, 178 signal indications, 132 traffic density, 181 track database, 144 transmission range, 179 SCADA IEEE 802.11 Communications-Based Train Access Point Transition Time, see Control, 229 APTT PTC, 132, 229 290 SUBJECT INDEX Wi-Fi locator TDD, 98, 184 public safety, 31 TDMA, 37, 162 Privacy Channel State Information, 183 anonymity, 108 IEEE 802.11p, 178 strong, 108 baseband, 178 attack, 106 PHY layer, 179 identity linking, 108 interference mitigation, 182 cost reduction, 115–116 mobility enhancing technologies, 106, 113–116 performance impact, 182 identity modulation disclosure, 108, 109, 114 BPSK, 158 identity concealment, 108 CDMA, 31 position, 122, 229 cyclic prefix, 59 pseudonym, 111, 113–117, 121–123 Doppler resistance, 179, 183 Baseline Pseudonymous DSSS, 51, 56 Authentication, 113 OFDM, 51, 59, 95, 158, 179, 180, basic security, 111 182, 184 Hybrid Pseudonymous OFDM mid-amble, 180 Authentication, 114, 122 pilot-carrier, 60–61 lifetime, 115 QPSK, 158 short term identity, 117 Scalable Adaptive Modulation, 37 SOFDMA, 95 Radio channel measurement sub-carrier, 59, 60, 179, 184 point of acquisition WCDMA, 98 local, 231 multi-user diversity, 183 remote, 231 performance positional reference channel switch time, 245 differential GPS, 51 radio channel reference clock equalization enhancements, 61 Rubidium frequency standard, 51 spatial multiplexing signal waveform 3GPP LTE, 182 analysis, 51 WiMAX, 184 generation, 51 symbol period, 56 recording, 51 temporal diversity, 183 Radio propagation, see V2X radio channel Regulation Radio system http://www.pbookshop.comperformance-based, 138 antenna prescriptive-based, 138 directive, 47, 48, 77, 178 spectrum eigen-beamforming, 178, 183 automotive, 2, 152 MIMO, 182, 184 DTV transition, 36, 152 mismatch, 31 global harmonization, 164, 165 mount, 47, 49 global variation, 163 multiplexing, 183 public safety, 36 satellite, 99 public safety channels, 37 size, 92 railway, 93 spatial multiplexing, 184 TV bands, 36, 162, 174 channel access WRC/RRC, 93, 167 deterministic MAC, 229 Regulatory authority FDD, 98, 162 FCC, 2, 10, 38, 93, 154, 158, 173 hybrid MAC, 229 ITU-R, 46, 165 stochastic MAC, 229 WRC/RRC, 93, 165 SUBJECT INDEX 291 SCADA, see Supervisory Control and Data attack detection Acquisition distributed, 118 Communications-Based Train Control, forged GNSS messages, 121 129, 229, 236, 239, 253 attribute handover requirements, 229–230, accountability, 142 236, 239, 242, 253 authenticity, 108, 141 Communications-Based Train Control, availability, 141 228 confidentiality, 108, 141 Digital Control Systems, 129 identification, 142 Positive Train Control, 129, 132, 229 integrity, 108, 141 handover requirements, 229–230 authentication wireless, 132 anonymous, 114 SDR, see Software Defined Radio, 51, 153, data origin, 142 231, 266 Group Signature, 114 CR, 266 certification GPS adversary, 119 certificate period, 115 Security domain, 109 attack Foreigner Certificate, 117 active, 140, 142 private key, 106, 107, 110–112, 114, adversary, 107 117, 118, 123 branding, 118 public key, 106, 110–112, 114, 116, close in, 140 117, 121, 122 collusive, 107 revocation, 116–118, 123 denial of service, 140 cost reduction, 115–116 distributed, 142 cryptographic authentication, 142 distribution, 107, 140 Hardware Security Module, 42, 110, external, 107 118 false information, 106 hash function, 143 false position, 119 module, 42 IATF classification, 139 on-board processing cost, 123 identity linking, 114 overhead, 115, 116, 123 identity theft, 140, 142 protection, 119 insider, 140 tools, 122–123 internal, 107 cryptographic overhead jamming, 140 http://www.pbookshop.comsystem performance, 116 mal-actor, 106, 107, 142 data centric, 106, 119 malicious association, 140 encryption, 89, 96 man in the middle, 140 elliptic curve, 122 message forge, 107 military, 41 message inject, 107 key management, 109 message replay, 107 level mitigation, 108, 141 classification, 123 passive, 139 location information, 119–121, 229 passive adversary, 107 mal-actor, 138 relay, 112 military replay, 112 IEEE 802.11i, 41 rogue protocol, 107 non-cryptographic, 108 sensor adversary, 108 requirements, 108–109 tracing, 108 access control, 108 vehicle tracking, 122 application, 109 292 SUBJECT INDEX authentication, 108 VANET performance limits, 3 authorization, 108 vehicle model, 225 entity association, 232 Spectrum entity authentication, 108, 232 allotment importance, 109 DSRC, 46 non-repudiation, 108 digital dividend, 259 revocation list, 117, 121, 123 DSA, see Dynamic Spectrum Access encoding, 118 dynamic access, 259 Fountain codes, 118 license by rule, 173 Raptor codes, 118 license-exempt use, 93 robustness, 115 licensing secure VC deployment, 124 exclusive, 93 sensor adversary, 119 V2I, 160 non-cryptographic protection, 119 licensing cost, 38 thread model, 107–108 spectrum handover, 266 trust establishment whitespace, 259 data centric, 122 Standardization trustworthiness automotive assessment, 121 ASTM, 157 communication module, 123 C2C-CC, 161, 175 data, 109, 119 COMeSafety, 161 level, 121 ETSI ITS, 161, 172, 173 message, 121, 142 Europe, 160–162 message sender, 119 global, 163–168 position information, 120 global organizations, 164–168 sender, 108, 121, 142 IEEE WAVE, 65, 77, 109, 158–160, system, 124 165, 167, 174, 178, 235 Sensing ISO CALM, 161, 164–165, 167, 174, infrastructure-based, 177 176, 187, 191 Simulation ISO TC 204, 164 driver model, 225 ISO TC 22, 164 driving, 207 ITU-T APSC TELEMOV, 167 IEEE 1609.4 Japan, 162–163 multichannel MAC, 64 North America, 157–160 intelligent vehicle regional differences, 167 SUMMITS, 214–215http://www.pbookshop.comregional progress, 157–163 microscopic traffic cooperation, 156–157 SUMMITS, 207 motivation, 156 performance evaluation protocol layers, 156 multichannel MAC, 63 insufficiency, 154 system robustness interoperability, 38, 150, 154 MARS, 212 security, 154 traffic flow military ITS modeller, 218 FIPS-140, 41 scenarios, 221–224 necessity, 153 throughput optimization, 208, 224 message set, 153 traffic model, 224 radio, 153 traffic pattern, 224 rules of use, 154 VANET protocols information dissemination, 74 activities, 155 safety applications, 24 OSI model, 154–155 SUBJECT INDEX 293 railway mandatory directives, 131 IEC TCN, 99, 100 operating rules, 130, 131 regional aspects, 152 verbal authorities, 131 Standardization body Traffic management ARIB, 46, 162–163 automotive CEN, 160 protocol, 158 CENELEC, 161 rail traffic ETSI, 93, 161, 172, 175 ERTMS, 85, 101, 173 IEC, 100, 161 Train control IEEE, 155 PTC, see Positive Train Control IETF, 155, 175, 186 OSI application layer protocol, 138 ISO, 100, 155, 160, 164, 174 accounting management, 145 ITU-R, 165 architecture, 134–135, 240–241 ITU-T, 167 central office, 135 NIST, 41 configuration management, 145 SAE, 159 fault management, 145 TIA, 37 full system, 133 UIC, 96 functional levels, 133, 229 SUMMITS, see Sustainable Mobility on-board subsystem, 134 Methodologies for Intelligent overlay system, 133 Transport Systems performance management, 144 assessment security management, 146 meta-model, 206, 207 track database, 144 multi-aspect, 205 wayside subsystem, 135 speed assistant, 208–212 Train control system IRSA, 208–212 ATC, see Automatic Train Control, 84, impact on traffic flow, 218–219 88–89, 94, 132 implementation, 213–215, 219–221 full ATC, 89 ITS modeller, 218 ATP, see Automatic Train Protection, 88 MARS, 213–215 Automatic Train Stop, 132 tool-suite, 206 ETCS, see European Train Control overview, 204 System, 85, 102, 258 tools, 206–207 Eurobalise, 102 Euroloop, 102 Testing MODURBAN, 102 cooperative system http://www.pbookshop.comPTC, see Positive Train Control scenarios, 177 Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement on-road System, 136 SUMMITS, 207 Collision Avoidance System, 136 security Communications-Based Train challenges, 125 Management, 136 TNO, see Netherlands Organization for Electronic Train Management Applied Scientific Research System, 136 SUMMITS, 204 Incremental Train Control System, Traffic Control System 136 train control North American Joint Positive Train cab signal system, 132 Control System, 136 train operations operational in the US, 135–138 Direct Traffic Control, 131 Optimized Train Control, 136 Track Warrant Control, 131 Train Sentinel, 136 centralized, 131 Vital Train Management System, 136 294 SUBJECT INDEX speed control measurement system, 51 KVB, 84 measurements, 51, 231 multi-tap model, 50 UIC, see Union Internationale des Chemins multipath fading, 48–50 de Fer, 96 railway, 92 ray-tracing, 48 V2I, see Vehicle-to-Infrastructure scattering, 50 communication small-scale fading model, 49 3GPP LTE, 173, 181–184 sounding, 51, 182 3GPP LTE beyond, 259 time-dispersive, 50 EDGE, 98 two-ray flat-earth model, 48 GPRS, 97, 98, 118, 181 V2V fading model, 50 GSM, 97, 98, 181 V2V channel properties, 51 HSDPA, 182 VANET, see Vehicular Ad hoc Network, 4, IMT-Advanced, 259 161 IP-based, 186–196 application mobile WiMAX, 184 neighbor table, 113 non-IP, 185–186 safety beacon, 112 radio channel, see also V2X radio security, 109 channel application characteristics, 8–10 V2I fading model, 50 event correlation, 10 UMTS, 98, 118, 182, 183, 187 event detection, 10, 13 WiMAX, 173, 184 event lifetime, 9 IEEE 802.16e, 184 IEEE 802.16m, 184 information recipients, 9, 13 V2X, see Vehicle-to-Vehicle/Infrastructure participants, 9 communication Region-of-Interest, 9, 13 C2C-CC, 175 trigger condition, 9, 13 collaboration and cooperation, 265–267 user benefit, 8 IP-based group communication, 194 application characterization, 12–18 radio channel, 48–57 by application characteristics, 12–15 absorption, 50 by network attributes, 15–18 characteristics, 179 application classification, 18–21 coherence bandwidth, 57, 179 content download/streaming, 19 coherence time, 54, 60, 179 short message communication, 18 delay spread profile, 56 application reliability, 68–69 deterministic model,http://www.pbookshop.com 48 metric, 69 diffraction, 50 broadcast Doppler spread, 53, 59 broadcast storm, 71 Doppler tracking, 180 contention-based, 72 dual slope log-normal model, 49, 51 flooding, 72 effective velocity, 56 reliability, 66–68 equalization, 59, 60, 77, 179 sparse VANET, 73 estimation, 179, 180, 182 certificate revocation fading statistics, 53 RSU distributed, 117 frequency selective fading, 57 vehicle distributed, 118 geometry-based model, 48 deployment impact of driver behavior, 55 aftermarket, 22 impact on OFDM, 59 applications, 24 inter-carrier interference, 183 infrastructure, 25 large-scale model, 50, 53 market centric, 124 large-scale path loss, 51 market penetration, 23 SUBJECT INDEX 295 navigation, 21 CR, see also Cognitive Radio, 266 penetration, 21 cryptographic overhead, 116 rollout options, 21–23 evolution, 259, 265 safety applications, 24 Internet of things, 265 standalone system, 21 Machine-to-machine communication, system rollout, 25 265 telematics, 22 military, 40–42 vertical market, 33 mobile WiMAX, 185 military public safety, 31–34 security, 41 challenges, 35 UAV, 41 homeland security, 35 use cases, 40–41 traceability, 125 multi-hop, 7, 20, 24, 41, 71–73, 78, 111, VoI P , 30 161 SDR, 266 network attributes, 10–12 security broadcasting, 12 legal considerations, 125 channel, 10 policies, 125 information lifetime, 11 traffic class infrastructure, 11, 17 non real time message data, 86 message format, 11, 15 real time data, 85 message transport, 12 streaming data, 88 message trigger, 12, 17 Wi-Fi routing protocol, 11, 15 Access Point Transition Time, see security, 12, 231 APTT protocol handover delay, 95, 237, 239 DHCP, 76 APTT, 245 information dissemination, 71, 185 service interruption time, see MANET, 76 handover delay mobile IP, 75–77 wireless sensor network, 196–198, 265 NEMO, 76 low power, 198 public safety on-board, 196 use cases, 35, 39–40 VC application, see also VSC application reliability enhancement Amber alert, 37 broadcast, 69 audio streaming, 90 routing automated tolling, 6, 158, 161 Ad hoc On Demandhttp://www.pbookshop.com Distance Vector benefit, 5–7 Routing (AODV), 74 classification Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), 74 content download/streaming, 19 epidemic, 73 short message communication, 18 geographical, 185 commercial, 5, 7 geographical message forwarding, convenience, 5, 6, 151 113, 186, 259 DTV transition, 162, 259 geographical packet forwarding, 113, electronic report, 30 186, 259 enhanced navigation, 158 security, 113 future Internet, 265 security information displays, 89 neighbor discovery, 112–113 information sharing, 40 routing, 113 integrated detection systems, 40 VC, see Vehicular Communication Internet access, 91 application vs. communication large-scale device monitoring, 194 reliability, 67, 69, 230 maintenance, 91 296 SUBJECT INDEX PIS, see Passenger Information System, VSC, see Vehicular Safety Communication 89–91 packet loss, 181 position-based, 119, 163 WiMAX predictive maintenance, 84 safety message latency, 185 rapid deployment, 40 VSC application, see also VC application remote diagnostic, 196 CCTV, 90 remote repair, 196 Basic Safety Message set, 159 remote situation analysis, 37 collision avoidance, 136, 158 Seat Reservation Display, 89 cooperative awareness, 119, 177 software update, 91, 194, 196 crash avoidance, 150 surveillance, 32 driver assistance, 5 traffic management, 5, 158, 177 intersection collision avoidance, 151 train management, 136 malfunction identification, 196 transportation efficiency, 6 road safety, 177 VANEMO, 76 soft safety, 151 VANET, 109, 122 speed control, 84 vehicle tracing, 40 speed enforcement, 136 video streaming, 32, 90 traffic safety, 150 VoIP, 30–32, 37 train control, 136 VeHIL, see Vehicle Hardware In the Loop, VANET, 63, 68 207 vehicle safety, 5

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