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IJRF Vol 11 Issue 1/2 2018 Vol 11 Issue 1/2 2018 ISSN 2070-5484 From marginalization to martyrdom international journal for religious freedom International Journal for Religious Freedom (IJRF) Journal of the International Institute for Religious Freedom The IJRF aims to provide a platform for scholarly discourse on religious freedom and persecution. It is an interdisciplinary, international, peer reviewed journal, serving the dissemination of new research on religious freedom and contains research articles, documentation, book reviews, academic news and other relevant items. The editors welcome the submission of any contribution to the journal. Manuscripts submitted for publication are assessed by a panel of referees and the decision to publish is dependent on their reports. The IJRF is listed on the DoHET “Approved list of South African journals” and subscribes to the Code of Best Practice in Scholarly Journal Publishing, Editing and Peer Review of 2018 as well as the National Code of Best Practice in Editorial Discretion and Peer Review for South African Scholarly Journals and the supplementary Guidelines for Best Practice of the Forum of Editors of Academic Law Journals in South Africa. The IJRF is freely available online: www.iirf.eu, as a paid print subscription, and via SABINET. Editorial Committee Founding Senior Editors Prof Dr Christof Sauer, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] Prof Dr Thomas Schirrmacher, Bonn, Germany Excecutive Editor Prof Dr Janet Epp Buckingham (LLD Stellenbosch University), Ottawa, Canada [email protected] Book Reviews Dr Werner Nicolaas Nel, Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected] Noteworthy vacant [email protected] Editorial Board Prof Dr P Coertzen, Stellenbosch, South Africa Prof Dr Dr J W Montgomery, Straßbourg, France Prof Dr R Velosso Ewell, Londrina, Brazil Rev P Netha, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Prof S A de Freitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa Prof Dr A Ojacor, Kampala, Uganda Prof Dr L Fernandez †, Cape Town, South Africa Prof Dr B J G Reitsma, Amsterdam, Netherlands Prof Dr K Gnanakan, Shillong/Bangalore, India Prof Dr R Rothfuss, Tübingen, Germany Dr B Intan, Jakarta, Indonesia Prof Dr C Schirrmacher, Bonn, Germany Prof Dr T K Johnson, Prague, Czech Republic Prof Dr D L Stults, Oklahoma, USA Dr B Konutgan, Istanbul, Turkey Prof Dr J P J Theron †, Pretoria, South Africa Dr P Marshall, Washington DC, USA Subscriptions 2018 Annual subscription fee: Bank details SA Rand 300 Beneficiary: International Institute for Religious Freedom, VAT and postage included. Cape Town · Bank: Standard Bank · Branch: Sea Point See subscription form in the back. Branch Code: 02 41 09 · Account Number: 071 117 431 For international payments use: SWIFT Code: SBZAZAJJ http://iirfct.givengain.org IJRF · P.O. Box 1336 · Sun Valley 7985 · Rep South Africa (pay in Rand!) [email protected] International Institute for Religious Freedom (IIRF) of the World Evangelical Alliance www.iirf.eu Bonn · Brussels · Cape Town · Colombo · Brasília · Delhi · Tübingen International Journal for Religious Freedom Volume 11, Issue 1/2, 2018 ISSN 2070-5484 ISBN 978-3-86269-211-8 Articles and opinions published in IJRF do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors, of IIRF or of the sponsors. © Copyright 2018 is with the individual authors or bodies mentioned in the respective items. Printed with permission. Acknowledgement of Sponsors We would like to thank the sponsors who supported the editing, printing and distribution of this issue of IJRF. Their views and opinions are not necessarily those of IIRF and vice versa. · Evangelical Lutheran Church in Württemberg, Germany www.elk-wue.de/landeskirche/international- information-en/ · Gebende Hände (Giving Hands), www.gebende-haende.de Subscribe to get IJRF via email (time delayed – 1 March; 1 September) ¾ To receive new issues of IJRF electronically on release, send an email to: [email protected] ¾ To receive an email notice about a new issue of IJRF available online, send an email to: [email protected] Note to librarians: IJRF is also available as an ePublication from Sabinet (www.sabinet.co.za). The first full volume of IJRF appeared in 2009. There was only one pilot issue in 2008. Typesetting: Ben Nimmo (Solid Ground), www.solidground.training Language editing: Bruce Barron Proofreading of layout: Barbara Felgendreher Cover Art Nick Bendor-Samuel, Touching Glory Photo credit: Emma Dipper Nick Bendor-Samuel painted this piece as prophetic art. Those who face persecution and martyrdom reach out in ultimate hope of heaven. Contents International Journal for Religious Freedom Volume 11, Issue 1/2, 2018 ISSN 2070–5484 Editorial: From marginalization to martyrdom ������������������������������������������������������ 5 IJRF founding editor takes inaugural professorial chair in religious freedom Lena Ohm and Janet Epp Buckingham ��������������������������������������������������������������� 7 In My Opinion Legislators lead the way to freedom of religion and belief David Anderson and Joycelin Mosey ������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Articles The vulnerability of religious minorities A literature review Dennis P� Petri ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Carrying ourselves back How a religious document contributed to religious freedom Leah Farish �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 The state’s duty of neutrality and freedom of religious association Case law of the European Court of Human Rights André Fagundes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Combating religious discrimination in the workplace Approaches by the EU Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights Eugenia Relaño Pastor �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 Freedom of learning and teaching The importance of denominational schools in the realization of the right of choice of parents in the education of their children Sindy Oliveira Nobre Santiago and Fernanda Bezerra Martins Feitoza ���������� 71 Panic, persecutions and penalties The impact of Fr. Augustine Urayai’s new theology of original sin on the Roman Catholic Church in Zimbabwe Misheck Mudyiwa ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������85 Religion, politics, and death Martyrdom and persecution in twentieth-century Latin America Marisol Lopez-Menendez����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97 4 IJRF Vol 11:1/2 2018 Noteworthy ..................................................................................................... 111 Review Article Newly rising urban churches in China and their relationship to the party state A review of recent publications Meiken Buchholz ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 Book Reviews ................................................................................................ 131 Guidelines for authors �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������143 Subscriptions .................................................................................................146 Religious Freedom Series 5, VKW: Bonn, 2021, 496 pp, ISBN 978-3862692040, € 34 Free: www.iirf.eu Editorial: From marginalization to martyrdom 5 Editorial: From marginalization to martyrdom We are glad that IJRF is continuing to catch up on its backlog. Although this volume is labelled as 2018, its publication occurs in early 2021. Some of the articles had their genesis in papers presented at the Second International Researchers Consultation on Freedom of Religion or Belief, held at Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil, on 17-18 September 2020 by IIRF and its partners. Many papers are current to 2018 but some have been updated to 2020. This issue covers a wide variety of topics from a truly global array of authors. Several authors show that Christians face marginalization, particularly in the West, for their faith. Christians can even be marginalized within their religious communities. But we are also aware that Christians face death for their faith and we honour those who have been martyred for their faith. We are very pleased to include an opinion piece by former Canadian MP David Anderson about the founding of the International Panel of Parliamentarians for Freedom of Religion or Belief (IPPFoRB). Anderson was one of the founding parliamentarians in this organization and still plays an active role in it. Dennis Petri provides a literature review on some of the current important theoretical frameworks for observing violations of the religious freedom of religious minorities. He evaluates these frameworks and explains why a more comprehensive framework is necessary. Leah Farish writes on the origins of the US Bill of Rights’ provision on religious freedom, arguing that it has its genesis in the Westminster Confession. The US is often seen as a model of religious freedom, and understanding the origins of the peculiar wording in the First Amendment may prove helpful to ensure its robust interpretation. André Fagundes and Eugenia Relaño Pastor have both contributed articles analysing religious freedom in Europe, where Christians experience marginalization for their faith. Fagundes focuses on a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights in the case
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