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Fasciation in Lycopersicon. I. Genetic Analysis of Dominance Modification Quentin B

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Fasciation in Lycopersicon. I. Genetic Analysis of Dominance Modification Quentin B FASCIATION IN LYCOPERSICON. I. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DOMINANCE MODIFICATION QUENTIN B. ZIELINSKI' The Blandy Experimental Famz, University of Virginia, Boyce, Virginia Received April 12, 1948 ASCIATIONS are characterized by an increase in weight and volume of F plant tissue and by lack of organized regularity in growth as contrasted with the normal individuals of the same variety or species. As a result, the normal growing point ceases to be a point, but expands into a comb-like struc- ture, often several inches or even feet in width. This definition is primarily based on the morphological classifications of 19th century biologists ( DEVRIES 1894; GORDON1871-72; MASTERS1869; MOLLIARD1897; MOQUIN-TANDON 1841) and on the more recent investigations of WHITE, 1916, 1945; KNOX, 1908; HUS, 1906; and MACARTHUR,1926. The data taken during this investigation lend themselves well to tabulation and have been included for reference. Since marked variability is the rule in the degree of expression of fasciation, such data will permit critical evaluation of the conclusions drawn. THE PROBLEM AND THE LITEKATURE One of the most striking effects of fasciation in the tomato is the increase in number of locules in the fruit, so that any investigation of fasciation neces- sarily involves the study of locule number inheritance. A preliminary survey of the literature shows that locule number, shape and size are closely associated. Since shape is certainly a character which has been subject to selection in the course of domestication, varieties are therefore likely to be very different in their shape genotypes (minor as well as major). Therefore, shape character- istics should also be recorded as far as possible. In this investigation the genetic symbols have been taken from those of previous workers. The gene symbol for locule number is Lc (few) and IC (many) locules. For shape, o (oval) is used to indicate polar diameter 1.2 or more times the equatorial diameter, 0 (round) for a ratio of 0.95-1.2, and 0' (oblate) for a ratio less than 0.95. The following known gene pairs are involved in this study: D,d standard-dwarf plants (YEAGER) S, s simple-compound flower cluster (YEAGER) 0, o oblate-oval fruits (YEAGER) P,f smooth-fasciated fruit (MACARTHUR) A, a purple-green stem (MACARTHUR) Lj, If leafy-nonleafy inflorescence (MACARTHUR) G, g smooth-grooved fruits (POWERS) Present address: Department of Horticulture, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. GENETICS33: 405 July 1948 406 QUENTIN B, ZIELINSKI In the literature, the papers by YEAGER(1937) and POWERS(1939), give the most significant data on locules and shape inheritance. Linkage data, par- ticularly those of MACARTHUR,show that two genes, located on chromosomes one and five respectively, affect locule number or shape. YEAGER,dealing with chromosome one segregations, concludes that locule number and shape are determined by two separate pairs of genes, but his evidence is not conclusive in this respect. POWERSinfers that he also is dealing with chromosome one segregation, and likewise supports the view that shape and locule numbers are determined by different genes, but the evidence is not conclusive in this case either. Further, it is suggested that he was really dealing in a chromosome five segregation. MACARTHUR(1934) has shown that the recessive gene responsible for fascia- tion (f) is located on chromosome five which also carries genes for red-green stem (A, a) and leaf inflorescence (Lf,If). POWERS(1939) has published an analysis of locule number inheritance in a cross between L. esculentum strain Johannisfeuer and L. pimpinellifolium (Ked Currant). From his data it would appear that the locule number segregation is determined by a main gene on chromosome one. POWERSfound a strong correlation between oblate fruit and high locule number. A prominent place among early attempts to advance our understanding of the genetics and cytology of fasciation is due WHITE (1913-1916 and 1945). He presents the first analysis of the phenomena stated in the terms of modern genetics. WHITE particularly emphasizes the part environment as well as heredity plays in the production of this character in plants. A comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the genetics, cytology and morphology of fasciation has been compiled by WHITE (1913, 1916, 1945, and 1948). WARREN’Sdepth-fasciation hypothesis (1924) is of historical interest only. LINDSTROM(1927) disposes of WARREN’Swork by pointing out that WARREN’S hypothesis of complementary action of two pairs of shape factors is not in agreement with the multiple allelic system for the oblate-round-ovate series of fruit shapes. Careful scrutiny of WARREN’Sexperimental data fails to pro- vide convincing proof of his hypothesis. The complementary factorial hy- pothesis for fruit shape accordingly rests on an insecure basis. MACARTHUR(1944) recognized several rather distinct types of fasciation: 1. Old “Trophy” type. Very flat, or concave with 12-20 locules. 2. “Turban” types. With one or a few central locules and a rim of peripheral locules. 3. Ordinary “fasciated” as in “Ponderosa,” unimproved “Earliana,” and most flat fruited varieties. 4. Fasciated as in “Rouge Nain Hative” (Early Dwarf Red) (with fewer locules). 5. Fasciated stem and extreme fasciation of fruit and stem, stem ribbon-like, obviously composed of three or more stems laterally fused. Fruits often obviously composed of two or three fruits joined into one misshapen con- cave mass. FASCIATION IN LYCOPERSICON 407 6. The first flower of an inflorescence is often in fasciated varieties the most extremely fasciated and like a “King flower.” 7. Some commercial varieties are dimorphic (Heterozygous Fj Gg) for fasci- ated (six to 12 locules) and smooth (two to three locules) as in “Tangerine.” MACARTHURthinks that his fasciation gene (j)is present in all the above cases. He has never tried to determine whether there are a series of multiple alleles for the (f) locus or multiple factors modifying it, or the locule gene IC in chromosome one. FRIMMEL(1922) early recognized fasciation in tomatoes. He states that size of fruit is a complex character depending upon number of carpels per fruit and size of individual carpels. In his opinion, fasciation, which is necessary for large fruits, appears to be recessive. HOUGHTALING(1935) in an analysis of size and shape of tomato fruits ob- serves that highly fasciated (multicarpellate) types tend to be both flatter and also larger than bicarpellate types. She found the correlation between size ar d shape to be .3402 _+ .0972 while that between size and number of carpels is .7655+ ,0701. This latter relationship seems to be a mechanical one, for the fasciated types start from a broader meristematic platform. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material upon which this study is based was obtained from genetic stocks from a number of geneticists as well as from commercial seedsmen. Valuable races of fasciated strains were obtained from H. L. BLOOD,J. W. LESLEY,J. W. MACARTHUR,DAVID WHITE, 0. E. WHITE, and A. F. YEAGER. To all of these contributors the writer wishes to express thanks. The Lyco- persicon genus is especially favorable for genetic analyses due to ease of grow- ing, abundance of progeny, degree of homozygosity and term of growth. Varie- ties and species in this genus are often fertile irtter se, thus facilitating inter- specific investigations. During the summer of 1944 125 varieties and strains of L. esculentum were planted, with four replications each, at THE BLANDYEXPERIMENTAL FARM, Boyce, Virginia, and data were recorded for each. All data were submitted to an analysis of variance for significance, and were published by ZIELINSKI (1945). An attempt was made to assemble most of the known many-loculed and likewise the few-loculed types. Crosses were made between 15 fasciated seed parents and ten nonfasciated pollen parents, in all possible combinations, excluding reciprocals. Seed of the f generation were sown in THEBLANDY EXPERIMENTAL FARM greenhouse April 3 and 4, 1945. Approximately 60 plants of each cross were grown in flats and set in a relatively uniform field May 22 and 23, 1945. Only 30 plants were grown of a few crosses due to insufficient hybrid seed. DESCRIPTION OF FASCIATION IN PATERNAL AND MATERNAL VARIETIES AND SPECIES USED Observations on tomatoes reveal that the main stem axis and all flower parts may be intensely modified. The apex of the stem becomes distorted, flattened 408 QUENTIN B. ZIELINSKI and disorganized (figs. 1, 2, 9). As many as 215 locules have been observed in a single fasciated fruit of the variety Beefsteak. Such monstrous fruits when mature may contain up to 250 seeds, as contrasted with approximately 40 seeds in the normal two-loculed fruits of Red Cherry. The peduncle in these fasciated forms may have as many as 120 vascular bundles, while the normal types such as Ked Currant and Red Cherry possess five. Infinite variation in flower structure abnormality exists in fasciated varie- ties. The flowers are often split or dialytic. This condition was most prevalent on the variety Triple-L;Crop. Sepals varied in number from a normal of 5 to a maximum 81 (fig. 7).Often the sepals were yellowish colored either at the tip or for a portion of the entire sepal blade (calycanthemy). Various modifications in the number and arrangement of the floral whorls were evident. Calyx and corolla whorls were found existing in one, two or four series with many inter- grades. The whorls frequently appeared to be intimately fused, sepals and petals being recognized only with difficulty. Occasionally sepals or petals were entirely absent. Not infrequently two flowers were found combined and en- closed in a continuous calyx (adhesion). Likewise flowers consisting of only a corolla (or calyx) and a few stamens, growing on the side of and combined with the main corolla (synanthy), were found.
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