Studi Kasus Di Klenteng Sam Po Kong, Gedung Batu, Simongan, Semarang

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Studi Kasus Di Klenteng Sam Po Kong, Gedung Batu, Simongan, Semarang PEMUJAAN TERHADAP LAKSAMANA CHENG HO (Studi Kasus di Klenteng Sam Po Kong, Gedung Batu, Simongan, Semarang) Skripsi Oleh MUHAMAD USMAN NIM : 101032121624 JURUSAN PERBANDINGAN AGAMA FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN FILSAFAT UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1427 H / 2006 M KATA PENGANTAR Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim Segala puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas karunia-Nya, penulis akhirnya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Shalawat dan salam semoga tercurahkan kepada junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW, segenap keluarga, para sahabat dan semua orang yang mengikuti petunjuk-Nya, sampai hari kemudian. Dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, penulis mengakui bahwa dalam menyusun skripsi ini tidak sedikit hambatan dan kesulitan yang penulis hadapi, namun dengan bantuan dan motivasi yang tidak ternilai dari berbagai pihak, akhirnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan rasa hormat dan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada : 1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Amsal Bakhtiar, M.A., selaku Dekan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, beserta segenap stafnya. 2. Ibu Dra. Hj. Hermawati, M.A., selaku ketua Jurusan Perbandingan Agama dan bapak Syaiful Azmi, S. Ag., selaku sekretaris Jurusan Perbandingan Agama, yang telah memberikan nasehat kepada penulis dan telah membantu dalam penyelesaian kebutuhan administrasi. 3. Bapak Dr. M. Ikhsan Tanggok, M. Si., selaku pembimbing yang senan tiasa memberikan bimbingan, nasehat, pengarahan serta dorongan kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 4. Segenap dosen Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta atas segala didikan, bimbingan, dorongan dan motivasinya kepada penulis dalam mengenyam pendidikan di Fakultas ini. 5. Pimpinan perpustakaan utama UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, perpustakaan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, perpustakaan LIPI, perpustakaan Umum Daerah Semarang Jawa Tengah, beserta segenap stafnya yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyediakan buku-buku yang dibutuhkan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. 6. Bapak Ir. Priambudi, Kwantong Hai, Wen, serta para setaf pegawai Yayasan Klenteng Sam Po Kong yang telah membatu penulis dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. 7. Kedua orang tua penulis, yang selama ini telah memberikan motivasi, bantuan moril maupun materil serta do'anya untuk kelangsungan studi penulis. Serta adik-adikku dan keponakanku tercinta 8. Teman-teman seperjuangan di Jurusan Perbandingan Agama angkatan 2001 (Awad Ahmad, Aang Zaenal Mutaqin, Muhammad Purwadi, Irfan, Ali Imron, Rosim, Atiatiyah, Sri Indah, Nur Hikmah, Kholisoh dan lain-lain yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu), yang telah memberikan motivasi selama perkuliahan dan membatu penulis dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. 9. Teman-teman KPMDB : Hendrik, Margi, Arif, Wakro, Irwan, Alif, Darwanto, Aziz, Saskiah dan lain-lain yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Hanya kepada Allah SWT penulis memohon semoga segala jasa dan bantuan mereka semua mendapatkan balasan yang lebih baik. Mudah-mudahan skripsi ini bermanfaan terutama kepada penulis dan umumnya kepada masyarakat. Jakarta, 11 Juni 2006 Penulis DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. i DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................ 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah.............................................................. 1 B. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah.......................................... 5 ..................................................................................................... C. Metode Penelitian........................................................................ 6 D. Konsep dan Teori ........................................................................ 7 E. Sistematika Penulisan.................................................................. 10 BAB II SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN ORANG CINA DI INDONESIA ............................................................................... 12 A. Sejarah Kedatangan Orang Cina Ke Nusantara (Indonesia) ....... 12 B. Riwayat Hidup Laksamana Cheng Ho ........................................ 17 C. Pelayaran Ekspedisi Laksamana Cheng Ho ................................ 20 D. Sejarah Singkat Laksamana Cheng Ho Ke Semarang................. 25 BAB III KLENTENG SAM PO KONG....................................................... 29 A. Sejarah Singkat Klenteng Sam Po Kong..................................... 29 B. Bagian-bagian dari Klenteng....................................................... 32 C. Makna Simbol-simbol ................................................................. 36 D. Kegiatan dalam Klenteng ............................................................ 38 Peta Lokasi .................................................................................. 41 Tabel ............................................................................................ 42 Grafik........................................................................................... 43 Struktur Pengurus Yayasan ......................................................... 44 Gambar (denah) Klenteng ........................................................... 45 BAB IV PANDANGAN DAN KEYAKINAN TERHADAP LAKSAMANA CHENG HO ..................................................................................... 48 A. Pandangan dan Keyakinan Menurut Umat Peranakan Cina Tridharma dan Islam Jawa ............................................................................ 48 B. Pemujaan Laksamana Cheng Ho................................................. 50 BAB V PENUTUP ........................................................................................ 53 A. Kesimpulan ................................................................................ 53 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................. 55 LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN...................................................................................... 58 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Dalam kehidupan sekarang ini pemujaan terhadap makhluk dan kekuatan supranatural seperti roh leluhur, dewa-dewa dan dewi-dewi yang dapat menangani masalah-masalah penting yang tidak dapat dipecahkan dengan mengunakan teknologi dan teknik organisasi merupakan sebagai bagian dari suatu kepercayaan yang masih hidup diantara sejumlah bangsa. Dan bangsa-bangsa ini tidak selalu bangsa primitif, bangsa yang lebih maju peradabannya pun masih mempercayainya. Bangsa Cina merupakan suatu bangsa yang memiliki sejarah yang cukup panjang konon, dimulai sekitar tahun 2.700 SM. Pada saat itu tradisi dan lembaga- lembaga sudah terbentuk, sudah membudaya dan tersusun secara rapi.1 Kebudayaan, kepercayaan, dan tradisi tetap mereka pelihara. Kegiatan agama orang Cina didasarkan atas fondasi yang berakar pada kepercayaan yang sama, yaitu tentang hakikat alam semesta, pusat hubungan keluarga patrilineal, dan sangat mengagungkan kepercayaan terhadap hal-hal gaib, roh-roh. Dalam perwujudannya yang khas, pada umumnya memiliki kegiatan meliputi pemujaan leluhur, kekuatan alam, penggunaan perantara dan bentuk hubungan lain dengan dunia roh, pengusiran setan dan berbagai usaha penyembuhan, perayaan musiman, serta pemujaan dewa-dewa setempat.2 Hal-hal tersebut bahkan dapat kita lihat pada orang-orang Cina yang telah menetap di Indonesia pada saat ini. 1Romdhon, dkk., Agama-agama di Dunia, (Yogyakarta: IAIN Sunan Kalijaga Press, 1988), h. 217. 2Benjamin Penny, “Agama dan Upacara”, Agama Orang Cina, (Jakarta: Buku Antar Bangsa, 2002), h. 54. 1 Salah satu aspek dari kebudayaan orang Cina di Indonesia yang masih bertahan dan merupakan suatu ciri yang menunjukan kecinaan mereka ialah dalam agama Cina tradisional, yaitu tentang kepercayaan terhadap dewa-dewa dan roh (para leluhur atau nenek moyang). Dalam agama Cina tradisional pemujaan terhadap arwah nenek moyang merupakan hal yang mendasar bagi pandangan hidupnya. Hubungan negeri Cina dengan Indonesia sudah sejak lama. Demikian juga budaya Cina di Indonesia diterima dengan tangan terbuka, maka orang-orang Cina datang ke Indonesia dengan membawa serta kebudayaan dan agama. Mereka dengan demikian, kebudayaan Cina menjadi bagian dari kebudayaan Indonesia. Masyarakat Cina banyak dipengaruhi oleh sistem kepercayaan masyarakat Cina pada umumnya, yakni kepercayaan terhadap agama Budha, Taoisme dan Konfusianisme. Demikian juga perkumpulan Sam Kauw Hwee (perkumpulan tiga agama). Adakalanya kepercayaan ketiga agama itu dipuja bersama-sama atau yang di kenal dengan ajaran Tridharma.3 Tempat pemujaan atau ibadah orang Cina bernama klenteng. Klenteng merupakan istilah paling umum yang digunakan di Indonesia saat ini untuk menyebut Kuil Tionghoa. Istilah lain, seperti Vihara untuk kuil Budha dan lithang untuk tempat suci Konghucu, dan sebagai istilah Cina, Seperti Bio dan Kong, juga biasa dipakai. Istilah klenteng berasal dari frasa Guan-yin ting, ‘Kuil Guan-yin’, yaitu sebuah kuil yang didirikan untuk menghormati dewa di Batavia tahun 1650.4 Di Indonesia baik di kota-kota besar maupun kota-kota kecil terdapat satu atau dua klenteng yang khas dan kaya dengan budaya Cina, yang digunakan sebagai tempat orang-orang untuk meminta berkah, tempat untuk mengucapkan sukur. Untuk itu mereka membakar hio (dupa) kepada dewa yang melindunginya. Besar kecilnya sebuah klenteng tergantung pada 3D. S. Marga Singgih, Tridharma
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