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Britain and the Royal Navy by Jeremy Black
A Post-Imperial Power? Britain and the Royal Navy by Jeremy Black Jeremy Black ([email protected]) is professor of history at University of Exeter and an FPRI senior fellow. His most recent books include Rethinking Military History (Routledge, 2004) and The British Seaborne Empire (Yale University Press, 2004), on which this article is based. or a century and a half, from the Napoleonic Wars to World War II, the British Empire was the greatest power in the world. At the core of that F power was the Royal Navy, the greatest and most advanced naval force in the world. For decades, the distinctive nature, the power and the glory, of the empire and the Royal Navy shaped the character and provided the identity of the British nation. Today, the British Empire seems to be only a memory, and even the Royal Navy sometimes can appear to be only an auxiliary of the U.S. Navy. The British nation itself may be dissolving into its preexisting and fundamental English, Scottish, and even Welsh parts. But British power and the Royal Navy, and particularly that navy’s power projection, still figure in world affairs. Properly understood, they could also continue to provide an important component of British national identity. The Distinctive Maritime Character of the British Empire The relationship between Britain and its empire always differed from that of other European states with theirs, for a number of reasons. First, the limited authority and power of government within Britain greatly affected the character of British imperialism, especially, but not only, in the case of colonies that received a large number of British settlers. -
Age of Exploration Flyer
POSTER INSIDE POSTER Age of Exploration A DIGITAL RESOURCE Introduction Explore five centuries of journeys across the globe, scientific discoveries, the expansion of European colonialism, new trade routes, and conflict over territories. Overview This impressive multi-archive collection focuses on “This remarkable collection European, maritime exploration from the earliest voyages of Vasco da Gama and Christopher provides the documentary Columbus, through the age of discovery, the search base to interpret some of the for the ‘New World’, the establishment of European settlements on every continent, to the eventual major movements of the age discovery of the Northwest and Northeast Passages, of exploration. The variety and the race for the Poles. of the sources made available Bringing together material from twelve archives from opens perspectives that should around the world, this collection includes documents challenge students and bring the relating to major events in European maritime history from the voyages of James Cook to the search for period to life. It is a collection John Franklin’s doomed mission to the Northwest that promotes both historical Passage. It contains a host of additional features for analysis and imagination.” teaching, such as an interactive map which presents an in-depth visualisation of over 50 of these Emeritus Professor John Gascoigne influential voyages. University of New South Wales Highlights Material Types • Captain Cook’s secret instructions, ships’ logs and • Le Livre des merveilles by Marco Polo including the • Diaries, journals and ships’ logbooks journals from three voyages of James Cook, written illuminations of Maître d’Egerton – this illuminated Printed and manuscript books by various crew members and Cook himself which relate manuscript compendium dates from c.1410-1412 and • to early British Pacific exploration and the search for is comprised of geographical works and accounts of • Correspondence, notes and ephemera Terra Australis. -
10 Am Class Syllabus
History 4260.001 Spring 2016 MWF 9 – 9:50 am Maritime History of the Wooten Hall 119 Age of Sail: 1588-1838 Dr. Donald K. Mitchener Office: Wooten Hall Room 228 e-mail: [email protected] Required Books: Hattendorf, John, ed. Maritime History: The Eighteenth Century and the Classic Age of Sail Mack, John. The Sea: A Cultural History Padfield, Peter. Maritime Supremacy and the Opening of the Western Mind: Naval Campaigns that Shaped the Modern World Padfield, Peter. Maritime Power and Struggle For Freedom: Naval Campaigns that Shaped the Modern World 1788-1851 Purpose of this Course: The open oceans of this planet were the great common areas around which Europeans and their social/cultural progeny created what they proclaimed to be the “modern world.” At the heart of this creation lay the European- dominated economic system that depended upon access to and reasonably unfettered use of the sea. This course looks at the development of that system during the period known as the “Age of Sail.” Course topics include the maritime aspects of European exploration of the world, the development of ships and navigational technology, naval developments, general maritime economic theory, and maritime cultural history. Course Requirements and Grading Policies: Students will take three (3) major exams. In addition, they will write two (2) book reviews. All will be graded on a strict 100-point scale. The final will NOT be comprehensive. Graduate Students: Graduate students taking this class will write a 20-page historiographical paper in lieu of the two undergraduate book reviews. The grades will be assigned as Exams, and Papers (percentage of grade) follows: A = 90 - 100 points 1st Exam (25%) Friday, February 26 B = 80 - 89 points 2nd Exam (25%) Wednesday, March 30 C = 70 - 79 points Book Reviews Due (25%) Monday, April 11 D = 60 - 69 points 3rd Exam - Final (25%) Wednesday, May 11 F = 59 and below (8:00 – 10:00 am) Lectures and Readings: 1. -
500 Years of Maritime History
500 Years of Maritime History By the mid-sixteenth century King Philip of Spain felt an acute need to establish a coastal stronghold in the territory he claimed as “La Florida," a vast expanse including not only present-day Florida but most of the continent. The Atlantic coast of present-day Florida was strategically important for its proximity to Spanish shipping routes which followed the Gulf Stream and annually funneled the treasures of Philip's New Above: Traditional Spanish New World shipping routes. World empire back to Spain. The two biggest threats to this transfer of wealth were pirate attacks and shipwrecks. A military outpost on the Florida coast could suppress piracy while at the same time serve as a base for staging rescue and salvage operations for the increasing number of ships cast away on Florida's dangerous shoals. With these maritime goals in mind, the King charged Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés with the task of establishing a foothold on Florida's Atlantic coast. Before leaving Spain, word reached the Spanish court that a group of French protestants had set up a fledgling colony in the region, and Menéndez' mission was altered to include the utter destruction of the French enterprise, which represented not only heresy but a direct threat to Spain's North American hegemony. The French Huguenots, led by René de Laudonnière, had by 1563 established Fort Caroline at the bank of the River of May (present-day St. Johns River at Jacksonville, north of St. Augustine). Early in 1565, France's King Charles sent Jean Ribault to re-supply and assume command of the Fort. -
The Lake Seamen's Union, the Lake Carriers' Association, and the Great
An Unequal Clash: The Lake Seamen’s Union, the Lake Carriers’ Association, and the Great Lakes Strike of 1909 Matthew Lawrence Daley La grève des Grands Lacs de 1909 a été le point culminant d’une lutte de plusieurs décennies entre les marins syndiqués et la Lake Carriers’ Association. Les syndicats maritimes s’étaient efforcés de résoudre les problèmes d’identité, d’autorité et de solidarité depuis les années 1870. À la suite d’une défaite face aux travailleurs en 1901, les propriétaires de navires ont transformé leur association informelle en fédération capable de mettre en œuvre des politiques uniformes pour l’ensemble de ses membres. La défaite des travailleurs lors de la grève de 1909 est née de trois grèves précédentes (1901 à 1906); ensemble, ces conflits ont transformé l’industrie des Grands Lacs et permis aux marins de jouer un rôle dans le système industriel désormais transformé en société. The Great Lakes Strike of 1909 drew together all the factors that had been transforming the Lakes maritime industry during the prior two decades and produced a reshaped environment where sailors operated as components within a fully integrated industrial system. The strike stood as a breaking point between two eras, that of the independent and skills-based sailors as defined by sailing ships and small companies, and the corporate world of steel ships and intensive bulk freight commodity transportation. For vessel owners these same changes had shifted the industry into a high-volume, low-margin operation tied to expensive specialized equipment. Understanding the 1909 strike requires reviewing events and decisions that began years earlier. -
British Imperial Expansion and the Transformation of Violence at Sea, 1600- 1850: Introduction
British imperial expansion and the transformation of violence at sea, 1600- 1850: introduction Article Published Version Blakemore, R. J. (2013) British imperial expansion and the transformation of violence at sea, 1600-1850: introduction. International Journal of Maritime History, 25 (2). pp. 143-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/084387141302500211 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/71906/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/084387141302500211# To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141302500211 Publisher: International Maritime Economic History Association All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online FORUM British Imperial Expansion and the Transformation of Violence at Sea, 1600-1850: Introduction1 Richard J. Blakemore This forum is the product of a panel at the Sixth International Congress of Maritime History at the University of Ghent, 2-6 July 2012, which in turn emerged from the Maritime and Oceanic History Graduate Workshop at the University of Cambridge. All the contributors are or have been conveners of this workshop, and although engaged on individual projects, the wide variety of papers we have hosted has revealed some generally recurring themes rele- vant to all of our work. -
Oporto: the Building of a Maritime Space in the Early Modern Period
Oporto: The Building of a Maritime Space in the Early Modern Period Amândio Jorge Morais Barros Instituto de História Moderna da Universidade do Porto [email protected] Abstract During the 16th century, while the Portuguese Crown was concentrating its best efforts on exploring the Cape sea route (“The India Run”), as well as the far-eastern circuits, from Lisbon, commercial shipping agents from other Portuguese seaports sought alternative outlets for their business. It was due to the existence of ports such as Oporto, Viana do Castelo, Vila do Conde, etc., long considered to be minor, that the Portuguese Kingdom was able to make its definitive contribution to the formation of the first Atlantic system. The present essay follows a tendency in modern historiography and pays attention to one particular case: that of the evolution of the city of Oporto, the building and organization of its seaport, its inclusion in an international port system, the mobility of its merchant fleet and the extent of their enterprise. The influence of the Oportan maritime space was felt across the Atlantic world and helped to improve European trade and the economic system of that period. Keywords Atlantic system, Early Modern period, maritime space, navigation, Oporto; seaport, shipbuilding, shipping, trade 1. The present essay consists of a brief summary of a thesis on the subject, which was defended at Oporto University, in the Faculty of Humanities, on October 20, 2004. Traditionally, the study of both Portuguese and Iberian overseas trade, considered mainly from a macro-economic perspective, has been based upon research into sea routes, predominant colonial products, the rise and fall of different types of merchandise and trade circuits. -
The Politics of Piracy in the British Atlantic, C. 1640-1649
The politics of piracy in the British Atlantic, c. 1640-1649 Article Published Version Blakemore, R. J. (2013) The politics of piracy in the British Atlantic, c. 1640-1649. International Journal of Maritime History, 25 (2). pp. 159-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/084387141302500213 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/71905/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/084387141302500213 To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141302500213 Publisher: International Maritime Economic History Association All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online The Politics of Piracy in the British Atlantic, c. 1640-1649 Richard J. Blakemore1 Introduction Pirates are popular. Inside academia and out, the pirate is a figure command- ing attention, fascination and quite often sympathy. Interpreted in various ways – as vicious criminals, romantic heroes, sexual revolutionaries or anarchistic opponents of capitalism – pirates possess an apparently inexhaustible appeal.2 The problem with “pirates,” of course, is that defining them is largely a ques- tion of perspective: perpetrators of maritime violence from Francis Drake to Blackbeard have been seen as both champions and murderers, and scholars have interrogated this very dimension of piracy as a historical concept. -
Or, Is Chinese Maritime History Coming of Age?
Oceanus Resartus; or, Is Chinese Maritime History Coming of Age? Leonard Blussé, Leiden University Abstract Perhaps the most salient feature of the transformation of China’s economic policy is its tack into the oceanic sphere. This is a break with the country’s traditional past as an inland- looking, continental power: the landscape is now complemented by the seascape. This article suggests that China’s new relationship with the sea asks for a master plan for reclaiming a neglected maritime past—the invention of a national maritime tradition, a newly tailored past to explain China’s former relationship with the sea. Keywords: Chinese maritime history, One Belt One Road policy, maritime anthropology, nautical traditions, mariculture Some forty-five years have passed since the publication of Joseph Needham’s research on Chinese hydraulics and shipping, probably the most acclaimed installment of his magnum opus, Science and Civilisation in China (Needham 1954–2004). Volume 4, part 3, of this work—Civil Engineering and Nautics, a copious study of some 900 pages—was published in 1971, at the height of the Cultural Revolution, when Chinese academic circles showed little interest in nautical matters. Written with the help of such maritime specialists as Lo Jung- pang, J. V. Mills, G. R. G. Worcester, and other old stalwarts of the former Chinese Maritime Customs Service, it was the first serious attempt in a Western language to give an overall survey of the history of Chinese shipping and navigation. Volume 4 is representative of “the Needham question.” In the words of Needham’s biographer, Simon Winchester: “Why did in the middle of the fifteenth century virtually all scientific advance in China come to a shuddering halt?” (Winchester 2008, 190). -
Vignettes of Clifton Park I
VIGNETTES OF CLIFTON PARK I Blythe R. Gehring Gehring, Blythe R. Vignettes of Clifton Park. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland State University 2017. ISBN 13: 978-1-936323-38-8 ISBN 10: 1-936323-38-9 This digital edition was prepared by MSL Academic Endeavors, the imprint of the Michael Schwartz Library at Cleveland State University, February 2017. Permission for MSL Academic Endeavors and Cleveland Memory Project to reprint granted by the original rights holder. Clifton Building Company/Stephan Burgyan - 17853 Lake Road - Built in 1900 The house was built in 1900 by the "Clifton Building Company;" Charles W. Root was the first owner. Originally the house was smaller than today. Mr. Root made improvements con sisting of a large kidney-shaped front porch, a larger front entry and a room at the rear of the house which is now the library. When the term hand made is used in the inter view it means that Mr. Burgyan has constructed the items mentioned. Mr. Burgyan has restored the woodwork on the lower floor to its natural oak. It is easy to state this fact but the process was sand blasting in order to remove many layers of paint and the stubborn stain. The motif of the house is gothic. The gothic arch is seen in door panels and the dining room wainscoting. Wherever the gothiC arch fits in appropriately Mr. Burgyan has made paneling, radiator enclosures and book cases in this motif. The front entry has high wainscoting in the restored oak. A hand made wrought iron coat pole has been installed to take the place of the original coat hook method. -
The Maritime World of Early Modern Britain Modern Early World of Maritime The
1 EASTERNMARITIME EUROPEAN HUMANITIES, SCREEN 1400-1800 CULTURES Blakemore & Davey (eds.) The Maritime of World Early Modern Britain Edited by Richard J. Blakemore and James Davey The Maritime World of Early Modern Britain The Maritime World of Early Modern Britain Maritime Humanities, 1400-1800: Cultures of the Sea Early modern oceans not only provided temperate climates, resources, and opportunities for commercial exchange, they also played a central role in cultural life. Increased exploration, travel, and trade, marked this period of history, and early modern seascapes were cultural spaces and contact zones, where connections and circulations occurred outside established centres of control and the dictates of individual national histories. Likewise, coastlines, rivers, and ports were all key sites for commercial and cultural exchange. Interdisciplinary in its approach, Maritime Humanities, 1400–1800: Cultures of the Sea publishes books that conceptually engage with issues of globalization, post- colonialism, eco-criticism, environmentalism, and the histories of science and technology. The series puts maritime humanities at the centre of a transnational historiographical scholarship that seeks to transform traditional land-based histories of states and nations by focusing on the cultural meanings of the early modern ocean. Series Editors: Claire Jowitt and John McAleer Advisory Board Members: Mary Fuller, Fred Hocker, Steven Mentz, Sebastian Sobecki, David J. Starkey, and Philip Stern The Maritime World of Early Modern Britain Edited by Richard J. Blakemore and James Davey Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Ships off a Rocky Coast, 1621, by Adam Willaerts. Courtesy of the Rijksmu- seum, object number SK-A-1927. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 130 1 e-isbn 978 90 4854 297 0 doi 10.5117/9789463721301 nur 685 © The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2020 All rights reserved. -
The Degenerate Scion of a Noble Line?
STEAMBOAT JACK: THE DEGENERATE SCION OF A NOBLE LINE? CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SAILOR AND THE MEANING OF MARITIME IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY GREAT LAKES MARITIME WORLD by Dana S. Brown A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida May 2013 © Copyright Dana S. Brown 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The late Christian mystic and philosopher Thomas Merton offered an interesting perspective on cultivating a positive attitude when attempting to accomplish what, at the time, might seem an insurmountable task: Do not depend on the hope of results. You may have to face the fact that your work will be apparently worthless and even achieve no result at all, if not perhaps results opposite to what you expect. As you get used to this idea, you start more and more to concentrate not on the results, but on the value, the rightness, the truth of the work itself. You gradually struggle less and less for an idea and more and more for specific people. In the end, it is the reality of personal relationship that saves everything.1 Although I view this thesis as a personal success I cannot take full credit for it truly could not have happened without the assistance received through personal and professional relationships. While I am wholeheartedly indebted to my thesis committee, Dr. Sandra L. Norman, Dr. Stephen D. Engle, Dr. Kristen Block and Dr. Theodore J. Karamanski Loyola University Chicago, Illinois for their support and guidance throughout the entire research and writing process, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to share ideas, laughs and oftentimes tears, with some very special people.