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A Maritime History of the Port of Whitby, 1700-1914

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A Maritime History of the Port of Whitby, 1700-1914 A MARITIME HISTORY OF THE PORT OF WHITBY, 1700-1914 - Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London STEPHANIE KAREN JONES UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 1982 2 A MARITIME HISTORY OF THE PORT OF WHITBY, 1700-1914 ABSTRACT This study attempts to contribute to the history of merchant shipping in a manner suggested by Ralph Davis, that 'the writing of substantial histories of the ports' was a neglected, but important, part of the subject of British maritime history. Rspects of the shipping industry of the port of Whitby fall into three broad categories: the ships of Whitby, built there and owned there; the trades in which these vessels were employed; and the port itself, its harbour facilities and maritime community. The origins of Whitby shipbuilding are seen in the context of the rise to prominence of the ports of the North East coast, and an attempt is made to quantify the shipping owned at Whitby before the beginning of statutory registration of vessels in 1786. A consideration of the decline of the building and owning of sailing ships at Whitby is followed by an analysis of the rise of steamshipping at the port. The nature of investment in shipping at Whitby is compared with features of shipowning at other English ports. An introductory survey of the employ- ment of Whitby-owned vessels, both sail and steam, precedes a study of Whitby ships in the coal trade, illustrated with examples of voyage accounts of Whitby colliers. The Northern Whale Fishery offered further opportunities for profit, and may be contrasted with the inshore and off - shore fishery from Whitby itself. A quantification of the importance of Whitby shipping in the Baltic is followed by a study of Whitby ships carrying emigrants to Canada and convicts to Australia. The impact of war, especially in the late eighteenth century, brought unprecedented prosperity to the port, where the continued significance of the local shipping industry was always at odds with its small population and landward isolation. 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements . .page 4 Abbreviations. • . • • • ...... .............. 5 Listof Tables, Appendices and Maps... ....................... 6 INTRODUCTION.. ........... 14 SECTION ONE: SHIPPING CHAPTER ONE: SHIPBUILDING IN WHITBY 1700-c.1815 ........... .. 22 CHAPTER TWO: SHIPOWNING IN WHITBY 1700-c.1815 ............... 60 CHAPTER THREE: WHITBY SAILING SHIPS :.1815-1914............. 99 CHAPTER FOUR: STEAMSHIPPING AT WHITBY c.1865-1914 .......... 154 SECTION TWO: TRADES CHAPTER FIVE: THE EMPLOYMENT OF WHITBY SHIPPING 1700-1914 SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION ..... 'Igs SECTION TWO: THECOAL TRADE .................. 244 SECTIONTHREE:WHALING 278 SECTION FOUR: OTHER TRADES 1. Fishing...... .. .. .. 309 2. The8altic 338 3. The Emigrant Trade 357 SECTIONFIVE: WARTIIIE........................ 374 SECTION THREE: THE PORT CHAPTER SIX: THE PORT AND HARBOUR OF WHITBY 1700-1914. ..... 407 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE MARITIME COMMUNITY OF WHITBY 1700-1914... 436 CONCLUSION... 471 APPENDIX ONE: BANKING AND THE WHITBY SHIPPING INDUSTRY...... 478 APPENDIX TWO: MARINE INSURANCE AND THE WHITBY SHIPPING INDUSTRY 487 BIBLIOGRAPHY... ........... ........... ........ 494 Inside Back Cover: Offprints from the Mariner's Mirror and Cymru .'r Mr4'1aritime Wales 4 ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS Thanks are due to the staff of the libraries, museums and archives which I have visited in the course of my research, of which the Collection of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society at Whitby Museum deserves particular mention. I am also grateful for financial support from the Social Science Research Council. Above all, I wish to acknowledge the advice and help of my supervisor, Mr. Robin Craig, of University College London. 5 ABBREVIATIONS P p . Parliamentary Papers P.R.O. Public Record Office N.M.M. National Maritime Museum B.L. British Library Wh. Lit. & Phil. Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society, Whitby Museum Wh. Gaz. Whitby Gazette Reg. Ship. Registers of Shipping, Custom House, Whitby 6 LIST OF TABLES, APPENDICES AND MAPS CHAPTER ONE Table 1: Ports supplying vessels for the Newcastle Coal Trade, 1702-4 Table 2a: Year of build of Whitby-built vessels registered at Whitby, 17861815f4- Table 2b: As above, analysed by tonnage categories 'FS Table 2c: Place of build of vessels registered at Whitby, 1786_1815r_ Table 2d: Output of Whitby shipbuilders, 1790-1815 94.7 Table 3a: Vessels built at Whitby compared with tonnage of those built at Liverpool, Bristol and Hull, 1787-1808 pS2. Table 3b: Whitby annual shipbuilding returns as percentage of national output, 1787-1808 p53 Table 4a: Number and tonnage of ships built at Whitby, 1790-1, 18O4-5pS Table 4b: As above, compared with other selected ports pS'i Appendix 1: The proportion of Whitby-registered tonnage that was built at Whitby, compared with other ports, in the eighteenth century pSS Appendix 2: Whitby-built ships on the Liverpool 'Other Ports' Registerp^ Appendix 3: Lloyd's Classification of Shipping, as quoted in the Whitby Board to Collector Books CHAPTER TlilO Table 1: Shipping belonging to the outports in 1701 Table 2: Shipping owned at Whitby and other principal ports, 1701-2 pS3 Table 3: Tonnage owned at Whitby 1709, 1716, 1730, 1737, 1744, 1751_82pS3 Table 4: Tonnage owned at Whitby 1772-85, 1789-1808, compared with England Table 5: Tonnage registered at Whitby, 1786-1815 Table 6: Ownership of Whitby-registered vessels, 1786-1815: number of owners Table 7: As above, average number of owners per vessel Table 8: Number of owners per vessel: Whitby compared with other portsp Table 9: Relationship between size of vessels and number of owners, 1786, 1798-9 ,qo Table 10: Age structure of shipping registered, Whitby and other ports, 1786 pI 7 Table ha: Occupations of Whitby shipowners in the eighteenth century pql Table llb: Whitby shipowners' occupational groups, 1786 compared with 1797_3 Table lic: Whitby shipowners who changed their occupations in the eighteenth century p3 Table 12: Occupations of Whitby shipowners compared with those of other ports, eighteenth century 2j'- Table 13a: Geographical distribution of the ownership of Whitby ships pqs Table 13b: As above, compared with other ports p'IS Table 14: Vessels owned by James Atty of Whitby, 1786 to 1799 gOf CHAPTER THREE Table 1: Shipping registered at Whitby, 1815-1914 I2-t- Table 2: Net gains and losses to the Whitby register, 1815-1914 Table 3: Index of average price per ton of Whitby-built vessels, 1815-183k Table 4a: Vessels built and registered at Whitby as a proportion of the' total new built tonnage on the Whitby register, 1815-1914j0l2.1 Table 4b: Vessels built at Whitby, 1815-1832, 1871-1914 p131 Table 5: Output of Whitby shipbuilders in the nineteenth century ptZ Table 6: Number and tonnage of Whitby-built and Whitby-registered sailing ships, by decade, 1820-1900 rt37A Table 7: Number of owners per vessel in registration at Whitby, 1815-1914 ?LS Table 8a: Place of residence of owners of Whitby-registered vessels, 1815-1914 Table Sb: As above, including register transactions, 1876, 1882, 182pj37 Table 8c: Places of residence other than Whitby of investors in Whitby ships p131 Table 9a: Occupations of owners of Whitby-registered vessels, by shares9IS Table 9b: As above, by individuals Table lOa: Number of owners per vessel at Whitby compared with other portspjj Table lob: Place of residence of owners compared with other ports p(q_ Table lOc: Occupations of Whitby shipowners compared with other ports Table 11: Sailing ships registered at Whitby compared with U.K., 1815-1914 Appendix I Reports of surveyors of Lloyd's Register on their visit to Whitby p.147 Graph 1: Tonnage registered at Whitby, 1815-1914, sail and stea11p1 Map One: Shipbuilding yards of Whitby, 1700-1914 Map Two: Settlements within twenty miles' radius of Whitby. See Table Sc 8 CHAPTER FOUR Table 1: Steamship building at Whitby compared with the output of the North East ports and national totals, 1870-1914 Table 2: Steamships built by Thomas Turnbull & Son, 1871-1902 Table 3: Steamships registered at Whitby, 1849-1914. List of shipsrlS'2. Table 4: Steamships registered at Whitby with annual net increases and decreases, 1865-1914 Table 5: Capital formation in Whitby-registered steam shipping, l855_1914 r Table 6: Dividends declared by Whitby steamship owners in selected years between 1887 and 1914 Table 7a: Whitby steamship owners and companies r L89 Table 7b: Whitby steamship owners and managers in 1914 Table 8: Place of residence of Whitby steamship owners, 1849-1914 Table 9: Number of owners of Whitby-registered steamships, 1849_1914fIL Table 10: Occupations of Whitby steamship owners, 1849-1914 pIZ Table 11: Profits of the Everilda, Gwendoline, Eric and Bernard, 1882-1905 Table 12: Bunkering costs of the Everilda, Gwendoline, Eric and Bernardf' lCt 1882-1906 CHAPTER FIVE, SECTION ONE Table Ia: Number and tonnage of Whitby-owned vessels entering London, 1725-1830 Table Ib: The port of departure of Whitby-owned vessels entering London, 1725-1830 r2-14 Table 2a: Whitby-owned vessels engaged in the foreign trade, 1772-1786p2.i Table 2b: Whitby-owned vessels engaged in the coasting trade, 1772-178692J1 Table 3: Areas of employment of vessels licenced at Whitby, 1808-1838pZJ Table4: Whitby-owned vessels entering London, Liverpool, Bristol and Hull, 1839, 1842, 1847 )O'2.t1 Table 5: Destined voyages of Whitby-owned vessels surveyed by Lloyd's, 1834-1856 Table 6a: Intended voyages of Whitby ships, 1780, 1814, 1850, 1870 Table Sb: Detailed breakdown of intended voyages of Whitby-registered sailing vessels, 1850 Table 7: The voyages of 208 masters born at Whitby, 1868-1873 Table 8: The voya;es of a sample of eighty-two sailing ships, i863_i9i4p22C Table 9a: The voyages of Whitby steamships: usual port of departure on outward voyages, 1870-1914 9 Table 9b: The voyages of Whitby steamships: first port of call after departure, arrivals on outward voyage, 1870_1914p? Table 9c: The voyages of Whitby steamships: last port of call before arrival at port of discharge, 1870-1914 Table lOa: Shipments of cargoes to and from Whitby, ports of' origin and destination, 1790 ('22.1 Table lOb: Vessels and their number of voyages each year exporting and importing goods in Whitby's coastwise trade, 1790 p2Z2.
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