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Offshore/ Continental Shelf ................ ............................ ... PAGE 227... Offshore/ Continental Shelf 68' 67' 66 56' 48 65 64 63 62 "7' 47• a,_L~so ~~ ~ 46' 45' .... 45' 44' t----1-=...~ ~-r ·.. I "--,- 1· I 44' 43' L_~ L.-----1 43' 42' r----\. I I h~ / L I I 42' ---+ - . I I .,c::;{§)r- 7 · I I 41 ° r f ......~ fUI IUII:JIIVIII;Jllflf:l l , /"1f''' I __, 41 ' ) \ -J:J----+--- ""' .I f 40' - 40' 68' 67' 66' --.L... 65 57' 55• 55' 54' 64 63 62 61 60' 59' 58' Figure 30: Region 900, Offshore/Continental Shelf, and its component Districts, Units. and sub-Units. Theme Regions: Natural History of Nova Scotia, Vo lume II PAGE • • •• 0 • 0 • • • 0 •••• • •••• 0 . 0 •• 0 0 • • ••• 0 • ••• 0 ••• 0 • • 0 •• • • • 0 0 0 228 900 OFFSHORE/ CONTINENTAL SHELF The following physiographic features are the basis fo r form ations on the adjacent lan d. Areas of complex the d ivision of the Districts of Region 900: geology may have different subtidal bedrock than on • District 910, Inner Shelf, is a zone of gradually the coast. Patterns and variations of bed rock geology sloping bottom adjacen t to sho re and extending are not as easily identified in the offshore but are to depths of about II 0 metres in all areas probably as varied as on land. • District 920, Middle Shelf, is a zone of fi shing Four major geological or bedrock u nits are repre­ banks and deep basins in the mid-portions of sented: (l) the Acadian Basin, an area of Triassic the continental shelf and includes the Scotian rocks in tl1e Bay of Fundy and northern Gulf of Shelf and the Gulf of Maine Maine, (2) terrestrial bedrock extending to 25 km off­ • Distri.ct 930, Outer Shelf, is a zo ne of large shore alo ng tl1e Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia and into offshore ban ks and in tervening channels and basins on the south side of the Gulf of Maine, (3) an saddles on the outer edge of the continental outer area comprising the Middle and Outer Scotian shelf Shelf, consisting of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary • District 940, Scotian Slope, is the deep-water rocks and including Georges Ban k, the outer Gulf of area beyond the shelf break and continental Maine, an d the ou ter part of tl1e Lauren tian Ch annel, slope extending to Canada/Nova Scotia and (4) Sydney Basin, an area of Carbonife rous rocks jurisdictional lim its nortl1east of Cape Br:eto n Island. Northumberlan d Strait is unde rlain in places by Ord ovician to Middle REGIONAL CHARACTE RISTICS Carboniferous rocks of the Antigonish and Cape Breton h ighlan ds, and by horizontal o r gen tly folded The con tinental shelf extends from 125- 230 km off­ Upper Carboniferous and Permian sedimen tary shore to depths of about 200 metres. Major offshore rocks. areas that make up the shelf are the Northumberlan d Strait, southeastern Gu lf of St. Lawrence, Sydney SEABED MORPHOLOGY Bigh t, Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank, Gulf of Main e, 900 and Bay of Fundy. The landscape is that of a sub­ The basic features of th e marine "lan d scape" were Offshore/ merged coastal plain, and the structu re refl ects long fo rmed during long periods of terrestrial erosion o f Continental periods of terrestrial erosion, the passage of con ti­ ancient bed rock surfaces. Th is topography was sub­ Sheff nental ice sheets, and the in fl uence of th e ocean. sequently modifi ed by the passage of glaciers and, on Features include basins up to 280 m deep on tl1e cen­ a smaller scale, by the action of tl1e sea. The large fea­ tral shelf; fi sh ing banks; channels; and Sable Island tures (e.g., banks and basins) are not unlike u plands, (District 890), on Sable Island Bank, extending 26 m peneplains, and val ley system s on the modern main­ above sea level. Waters from tl1e Gulf of St. Lawrence land surface, sharing their elevation and exten t, al ­ and from fu rther offs hore (the slope water) mainly though the continen tal shelf lacks prominent geo­ influence biological processes on the shelf; and the logical features like those found o n land (e.g., Cape animals and plants, and seasonal cycles of productiv­ Breton highlands, Nortl1 Moun tain). Where ancient ity and abundance, fo llow patterns typical o f cool drainage systems reached tl1e edge of the continental tem perate regions. shelf, dramatic, steep-sided submarin e valleys reach Beyond tl1e shelfbreak (200m) tl1e bottom slopes d own tl1e con tinen tal slope. Glacial features create steeply to a depth of 2,000 metres, reaching a maxi­ more localized va riatio ns in landscape an d include mum of 5,000 metres at tl1e edge of the Region. The moraines and other features, such as pockmarks and area experiences full oceanic cond itions. iceberg scours (see T3.4). The surface sedimen t pat­ terns on the continental shelf result from tl1e action GEOLOGY of the ocean and its interacti on witl1 retreating Holocene glaciers. The fi nest surface features are Various geological or bedrock provinces are repre­ caused by waves and curren ts, and include sand sen ted on tl1e continental shelf (see T3.5) . Inshore, ridges, waves, and ripples. Sable Island (Region 890) the bedrock is usually a seaward extension of rock Natural History of Nova Scotia, Volume II: Theme Regions PAGE 229 is a unique offshore feature derived from glacial ma­ • ble and can warm up more. The contrast in the tem­ terial on top of early bedrock features. peratures of these water masses is one of the causes of the frequent fogs in southwest Nova Scotia, par­ CLIMATE ticularly near Yarmouth. The climate of the Offshore/ Continental Shelf Region OCEANOGRAPHY follows the general pattern found on land but does not show the same degree of local variation. In addi­ Tides, winds, buoyancy, and remote forcing are im­ tion to atmospheric factors, the temperature of the portant oceanographic factors on the continental ocean and distance from land influence climate at shelf (see T6.1). The large ocean currents include the sea. The ocean can hold heat and tends to moderate extension of the Gaspe Current in Northumberland the temperature of the air above it. Strait, and the Nova Scotia Current along the conti­ In general, wind speeds are higher over the sea nental shelf. The Gulf Stream comes closest to the than over land because of reduced wind resistance. Canadian continental shelf off East Georges Bank However, offshore winds are reduced within a few (sub-Unit 931a). Other oceanographic features in­ kilometres of the shore because of the shielding ef­ clude coastal upwelling, estuarine circulation, tidal fect of the land. Further out to sea, wind is virtually fronts, tidal gyres, shelf-break fronts, and warm-core unhindered and assumes a speed which more closely rings. resembles the velocity of the wind tens of metres Temperature and salinity are important compo­ above the surface. nents of oceanic climate and influence biological The temperatures of water masses influence air productivity. In February, upper layer temperatures temperatures, significantly in some cases. In early in some areas are at or near freezing, while tempera­ spring the water is cold and cools the air above it, fre­ tures on the South Shore of Nova Scotia and in the quently forming fog. As the season progresses, the Bay of Fundy are considerably warmer. August tem­ surface waters are heated by sunlight and grow peratures are highest in Northumberland Strait and gradually warmer. This rise is punctuated by periods become cooler southwestwards from Cape Breton when storms bring cold water to the surface and along the Atlantic Coast (Region 800). At the sea sur­ bring temporary declines in temperature. The annual face on the Scotian Shelf, temperature and salinity peak water temperature occurs in the fall in the At­ increase as one moves southeastwards from land. lantic (Unit 911) and the Outer Bay of Fundy (Unit 912), but warmer temperatures are observed in late SEDIMENTS summer in the Northumberland Strait (Unit ~H4), 900 Minas Basin (sub-Unit 913a), and shallow coastal Most sediments on the continental shelf originated Offshore/ Continental as glacial deposits. Glacial till was deposited in some bays and inlets (District 460) where water is shal­ Shelf lower and less influenced by colder, deeper water. places, while silt from glacial meltwater extended I The resulting warmer water temperatures make widely. Following glaciation, glacial till on the shal­ these areas popular for tourists. lower parts was exposed to the action of the ocean, Areas where warm and cold water masses meet which washed and sorted it and spread a layer of are also marked by abrupt changes in air tempera­ clays to the deep basins and a fringe of sand to the ture. Just beyond the outer edge of the continental offshore banks, resulting in the general pattern ob­ shelf, a warmer water mass (slope water) meets the served today. Unlike the land, the ocean bottom has shelf water and results in a sudden temperature not been modified significantly by the growth of change for ships passing across the boundary. Fur­ plants and soil formation, and in many cases is being ther offshore, the edge of the Gulf Stream heralds a continually altered, at least in surface layers, by sudden jump in temperatures to near tropical condi­ ocean processes. tions. Even in winter, sailors can work comfortably The tops of banks and shallow coastal areas here in shirt sleeves. In both cases, fog frequently oc­ throughout the Region are generally sandy to gravelly curs along the boundaries as warmer humid air flows in character and occasionally have large boulders over cooler water and condensation (fog) develops.
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