FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT

A Report of the Fish Culture Development Branch of the Conservation and Development Service

, 1950

Reprinted from the Twenty.-first Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries of

FISH CULTURE DEVELOPMENT

ITH fisheries, as with other natural resources capable of self-perpetuation, W conservation is of prime concern. Since fish is a "free" resource, man may catch too many, and deplete the stocks to a point where fishing is no longer profit, able. Therefore, controls are necessary to permit the fisherman to take the maxi­ mum catches on a continuing year after year basis. In the broad analysis Canada follows two definite courses of conservation: 1. The enforcement of various types of catch restrictions to ensure sufficient natural seeding for a sustained maximum yield. 2. To apply where possible, cultural methods of all types both to improve environmental conditions for natural propagation and also to use artificial methods in cases where an aid is needed. The Department's work in this connection is carried out by the newly-formed Conservation and Development Service. One branch of the Service-the Protec­ tion Branch-directs the work of the Protection Officers on both coasts. Another branch of the Service-the Fish Culture Development Branch-is responsible for the construction of fishways to enable fish to by-pass darn:s and fqr the maintenance of hatcheries to re-stock waters in federally administered areas. These two services are closely integrated. The Protection Officers enforce the regulations pertaining to restricted areas, closed seasons, limitations in location and types of gear. · But they are generally responsible for the welfare of the fishery resources in their particufar districts. They inspect spawning streams, clear them of minor obstructions and report regularly on certain conditions affecting the fish. The Protection Officers work closely with the biological-engineering staff of the . Fish Culture Development Branch when the special services of the latter unit are required. The Department's fish culture development programme in the field continued to expand during the fiscal year 1950-51. Engineering-biological work includes strea,m improvement and management, fertilization of waters and predator control. Expenditures, exclusive of oyster culture, totalled $626,294 in 1950-51. The work of the engineers falls into two main categories; the conditioning of streams and dams to allow the free passage of fish to and from the natural nursery areas, and the design, construction and maintenance of Federal fish hatcheries Fish culture development in is concentrated on the salmon fisheries. The Pacific salmon is a highly valuable enterprise, having a marketed value of close to $50 million a year. Because· of high consumer demands, salmon are intensely sought by a highly organized fishing industry. Since they enter coastal waters and river mouths in vast numbers on their way to spawning grounds, they ;i.re caught in great quantities. Wise management of this natural heritage is required if it is to continue to yield high catches. This involves the control over fishing through regulations based soundly on results of biological investigations, but also calls for much attention to streams and rivers used for spawning. 3 54146-2 Fish culture work in the Pacific area during the year was divided into two phases. The first was the improvement of natural spawning streams to increase the productivity of salmon, and the second was the investigation of new industrial water-use projects and the design of fish protective measures to maintain the productivity of salmon. Under the first phase, a major engineering project was undertaken by the Department when fishways on the Bulkley River at Moricetown Falls were built. The fishways are of reinforced concrete and structural steel design, and incorporate the newest vertical-slot bafl:les, which were checked and tested for this installation in the University of British Columbia hydraulics laboratory. Repairs and additions to the Skutz Falls fishway on the Cowichan River were also made. The existing fishway at this natural obstruction is the weir type, and could only be properly regulated at hmited water levels which did not always correspond to those at the time of migration of salmon. The extra baflles added to the upstream end greatly alleviated this difficulty. Biological investigations were made during the year at Sproat Falls on the Sproat River and at Karmutsen Falls on the Nimpkish River. These points were reported to be natural obstructions which seriously endangered the two largest sockeye runs on . The resulting biological reports on these points indicated that definite obstructions existed of varying intensity, and plans were drawn up for a fishway to alleviate the worst ~ondition which was at Sproat Falls. In the meantime, investigations were continued at Karmutsen Falls. Clearance of natural obstructions consisting mainly of log jams was continued on streams to Babine Lake. The work was designed mainly as a follow-up or maintenance programme for streams cleared the year before. There was evidence of good results from the previous year's work, and it was decided to expand the work to other streams in the following years. The regular programme of stream clearance conducted each year by the Fishery Officers was again continued. Virtually all small log jams and similar obstructions have been regularly handled in this manner, freeing engineering personnel for the more intricate technical problems which continually arise. The steady increase in the expansion of industry in British Columbia was · responsible for the creation of many fisheries problems. Industrial projects involving use of water from salmon producing streams were investigated in all stages from preliminary proposals to actual construction. Wherever possible biological surveys of natural conditions before construction were made, so that a complete assessment of the problem would be possible. Each development was then analysed and followed through by engineers and biologists in co-operation, and recommendations made as to the best method of conserving the salmon resource. Following this pattern, biological suveys were continued on the , Kemano River, Nanika River, and Morice River, and the plans for a hydro­ electric project in this area, as far as they were known, were studied. A solution of the fisheries problems involved was tentatively arrived at. A considerable part of this work was done in co-operation with personnel of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. 4 A biological investigation was carried out on the spring salmon runs, be~ause of the public announcement of a proposed hydro.:electric project on this river. Engineering studies of this project were also advanced co-operatively with the engineers of the ·International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, with a view to suggesting alternative developments which would be less harmful to the fisheries. Biological and engineering investigations of the proposed high level dam on the Capilano River were started in co-operation with technical personnel of the British Columbia Game Commission. Investigations of the proposed hydro,electric project on Jones (Wahleach) Creek were continued, and discussions with the company planning the project were held to protect the fishery resource. The salvage programme for spring salmon below the Bridge River diversion dam was continued by the biological staff. A small station was built to eye the eggs taken from ripened females before planting in other streams. Capacity of the eyeing station was one million eggs, and the drip incubator method was used to conserve space. The egg take in 1950 was 390,000 of which 340,000 were placed in the hatchery and the remaining 50,000 were planted green in the Yalakom River. Of the former group, 200,500 reached the eyed stage and were planted in Gates Creek. An engineer and biologist were stationed permanently in both the Prince Rupert and Nanaimo Regional Offices to make technical advice readily available to the Regional Supervisors at all times, as well as to further the long range technical programme by having technicians continuously in each District to familiarize themselves with local problems In the Maritime provinces, the engineering staff completed several important projects directed particularly to developing the stocks of Atlantic salmon. This fish, while less important industrially than the Pacific species, contributes to the earnings of commercial fishermen and is of value to all Maritime provinces as an attraction to sport :fishermen from both Canada and the . A fish ladder was constructed over the Jordan Sanatorium Dam in the Pollet River, N.B., to be used to obtain information on homing of salmon which are marked· as smolts in the experimental area. This ladder differs in baffle design and incor­ porates a trap and pound at its upper end where biOlogists can count and retain ascending salmon as desired. Another :fishway was constructed at Forest City, ' Grand Lake, N.B. Several projects were completed by private companies under the supervision of Departmental engineers-concrete evidence of the co,operation being given the Department by pulp and paper and power companies in keeping streams open to migratory fish. Among these projects were the extension of the Conquerall Mill fish ladder on the Petite Riviere, N.S.; the installation of a new control gate on the headworks of the Ruth Falls fishway on the East River, N.S., and the installation of a new control gate on the fish ladder at Nictaux Falls, N.S. The exit of the St. George fishway on the , N.B., was redesigned to accommodate the greater variation in water level resulting from recent additions to the dam. 5 54146-2! One of the largest fish ladders in the Maritime provinces was completed and put in operation onthe Mersey River, N.S. Repairs were made to fishways on the Tusket and Gaspereau rivers in . A concrete fishway was completed on Indian To~n Brook, N.B., to allow smelt to by,pass a waterfall and gain access to other spawning grounds in the . Many obstructions were removed from streams to facilitate access to spawning areas by migrating fish. The most important of these included obstructions in the Quoddy River, N.S., Donny Brook, N.S., and a dam at Marysville on the , N.B. Other clearance work entailed the bull,dozing of obstructions in the North Aspy and North River, N.S., and dredging the outlet of Trout Brook at Lake Ainslie, , N.S.. Two storage dams incorporating fishways were rebuilt at Hog's Lake and Black Rattle Lake on the Medway River system in Nova Scotia. The dams provide storage for more than 300 million cubic feet of water in the Molega Lake area. Water will be· released from these reservoirs during dry seasons to maintain a suitable flow in the Medway River for migrating salmon. A survey was made of hydro dams on the East River, Sheet Harbour, to obtain information required in planning fishways. A preliminary survey of the St. Mary's River system in Nova Scotia was 'made with a view to providing wate~ storage dams.

Fish Hatcheries Progress was made in the Department's general scheme to improve and extend hatchery facilities in the provinces of , Nova Scotia and Prince 1 Edward Island. Thirty,three new outdoor concrete ponds, each with a capacity of up to 50,000 salmon or trout fingerlings, were constructed at hatcheries throughout Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Operations were carried on at 13 main hatcheries, seven rearing stations, five salmon retaining ponds and several egg collecting camps. In spite of some rather severe losses in fingerling stocks a large number of fish were planted. Details are as follows:- Speckled trout-12,045,408; Saibling or Arctic Char-1,655; Atlantic salmon-13,225,109; Landlocked or Sebago salmon-118,650; Brown trout- 30,655; Rainbow trout-147,176, making a total of 25,568,653. Over 92 per cent of this distribution was made in the fingerling or older stage. Ova collections, while e~cellent in connection with Speckled trout and Land, locked salmon, were average in the case of Atlantic salmon. Total collections by species follow:- ! Speckled trout, 35,106,400; Atlantic salmon, 20,181,200; Landlocked or Sebago salmon, 431,000, and Rainbow trout, 171,800; or a total of 55,890,400. Out of the total collection of Atlantic salmon eggs, 2,028,000 were collected from the· through the courtesy of the Restigouche Riparian Associa, tion and laid down in the Charlo Hatchery. 6 Domestic supplies through exchange were augmented by importations from the United States, including 50,000 eyed Rainbow trout ova from the State of Washington, 316,000 eyed Brown trout ova from Vermont, 199,800 of the same species from New York Conservation Commission and 20,000 advanced Speckled trout fry from the American Fish Culture Company, Rhode Island. Information on smolt descent, anglers' catches, observations, etc., indicate with clarity that plantings of Speckled trout, Atlantic and Landlocked salmon are proving very satisfactory. When non-native fish provide the stocking media, no difficulty is encountered in determining results. In this connection large increases in the Rainbow trout populations of Crooked Creek, Albert County and Big Salmon River, Kings and St.· John Counties, N.B., have been verified. Captures of the same species were also satisfactory in Rumsey Lake, Annapolis County, and in Sunken Lake, Kings County, N.S. Brown trout up to seven and one-half pounds in weight were taken in the Mispec and Little River watersheds, St. John County, N.B. Residual and sea-run Brown trout were captured in increased numbers in Guys­ borough River, Clam Harbour and Salmon River, Guysborough. Large schools of these fish were reported as having reached the spawning grounds of the Guys­ borough. Introduction of Brown trout into the , N.S., yielded satisfactory returns and now provide good angling in the lower reaches of the river. Speckled trout fingerlings planted in Mary Pitcher lake, St. John County, N.B., in July, 1949, produced satisfactory resuts. High percentages of thes~ fish had reached the three-quarter pound mark by August, 1950, and later spawned in the lake and its two small feeder brooks. In 1947 the Department stocked Victoria Lake, Queen County, N.S., with small-mouth black bass. Angling tests were carried out in June, 1950, to deter­ mine the success of this planting. A number of the fish were captured, but these were all large specimens and may have represented the planted individuals only. Large numbers of small bass captured in the lakes of the Shaw Lake chain, St. John County, N.B., indicate the species is weli established in those waters. Sixty small-mouth bass were transferred in 1950 from Lake Utopia to Blair Lake, Cumber­ land County, N.S. Good angling for Landlocked salmon was reported from Chamcook Lakes, Charlotte County, N.B. Unexpectedly, a number of these fish were taken during the hot summer weather as late as mid-August. A heavy run to the main spawning ground in November included 45 · 8 per cent marked hatchery fish. The marked fish represented only a part of the total distributions made in the lakes, their inlet and outlet streams. At Rawdon River and Waverley Run, of Grand Lake, N.S., 28 · 9 per cent of the Sebagoes entrapped had missing fins. • Experiments with different diets were continued. Selective breeding of fish which show high egg yield, rapid growth, early spawning habits, etc., seemed to be giving profitable results. To check movements and survival of planted stock over 69,000 fish were marked by the removal of one or more fins and 922 were tagged; 199 marked fish were captured. Major repair and construction projects included a new sub-hatchery completed at Saint John Hatchery; a small hatchery constructed at Grand Lake Rearing Ponds; double garage and cold storage building constructed at Bedford Hatchery; 7 double garage built at Lindloff Hatchery; cold storage rooms built at Yarmouth Hatchery; garage and cold storage constructed at Miramachi Hatchery; new spawn, ing shed and dam built at Miramichi Salmon Pond; curb,wall type circular concrete ponds built at Cobequid, Coldbrook, Grand Lake, Kejimkujik, Lindloff, Margaree, Charla and Florenceville hatcheries and rearing ponds; concrete longitudinal ponds constructed at the Mersey, Middleton and Charla (Restigouche River) establish, ments. Need for the rapid development of fish culture requires the continued training of field staff personnel. Progress in this training was made during the year. The fish culture programme included the establishment of a training camp on the East Musquash watershed, limnological surveys of selected waters, an inten, sive study of the application of poison as a coarse fish eliminant in deeper lakes and investigations as to the results obtained from poisoning lakes the previous year. Through permission of the New Brunswick Department of Lands and Mines, a temporary camp was set up at the head of Loch Alva, N.B., on the Inglewood Manor Crown Forest Reserve. Instruction was confined to the use of apparatus necessary to limnological surveys. Routine survey work was carried out by a team of assistant student biologists under the direction of a Departmental technical officer. The lakes examined were: Nova Scotia~Echo, Foster, Jellows, Kilkenny, Shields, Williams, Cranberry, Lewis, Zwicker, George, Dollar, North West, Mcintosh, Scott, and Herbert River and Big Pond; New Brunswick-Ashburne, Silver and Cranberry (Harvey Lake). Other members of the field staff made partial examinations of and Turtle Lakes and Loch Alva on the Musquash watersheds and a thorough survey of Ashburne Lake, Saint John, N.B. On winter surveys, soundings of Nelson Lake, St. John and Kings counties, N.B., and of Walton Lake, Kingston Peninsula, N.B., were obtained. Routine surveys were also carried out on Silver Lake, Westmorland County and on Cran, berry (Harvey) Lake, York County, N.B., by senior inspectors. A complete, detailed survey of Ashburne Lake during the late summer and early fall, followed by its treatment with powdered cube root, was carried out. Data obtained are considered of great value by indicating a procedure which should permit the re,establishment of trout fisheries in many lakes formerly considered too deep to make feasible the elimination of their coarse fish populations. . During the winter three members of the field staff were employed at hatcheries to obtain experience and increase their knowledge of hatchery operations. Two remained at Regional headquarters to compile records and to carry out soundings of Walton and Nelson lakes. The field staff assisted in the capture, marking and transfer of undersized Speckled tr~ut from the Upsalquitch spawning grounds to the Meadow and Tongue lakes of the same watershed. They also assisted in the installation and operation of the trap in Crow Brook, an affluent to Big Salmon River. Some 2,000,000 smelt eggs (Variety B) from Utopia Lake were transferred to Wheaton and Chamcook lakes in approximately equal quantities. Co-'operation was maintained between this and other branches of the Depart, ment, the Provincial Governments of the Maritime Provinces, the Fisheries Research Board an