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2. Annual Summaries of the Climate System in 2011 (Pdf: 5.9MB) 2. Annual summaries of the climate system in 2011 Annual sunshine durations were above normal on the 2.1 Climate in Japan Pacific side of eastern Japan, below normal in western - Above-normal annual precipitation in western Japan and significantly below normal in Japan and on the Sea of Japan side of northern Okinawa/Amami. and eastern Japan - Below-normal annual sunshine durations in 2.1.2 Seasonal features western Japan and Okinawa/Amami (a) Winter (December 2010 – February 2011, Fig. - Below-normal temperatures nationwide in spring, 2.1.4a) and above-normal temperatures nationwide in Intraseasonal temperature variations were very summer and autumn large nationwide. From the end of December 2010 - Significantly earlier onset and end of the rainy to the end of January 2011, temperatures were below season in many regions normal nationwide, and snowfall amounts were above - Record-breaking heavy rainfall in the prefectures normal in all areas on the Sea of Japan side due to of Niigata and Fukushima at the end of July intermittent cold surges. Conversely, in the first half - Record-breaking heavy rainfall due to typhoons of December and the last half of February, Talas and Roke in September temperatures were above normal nationwide due to the weak winter monsoon. 2.1.1 Average surface temperature The annual anomaly of the average surface (b) Spring (March – May 2011, Fig. 2.1.4b) temperature over Japan (i.e., averaged over 17 Temperatures were below normal nationwide. In observatories confirmed as being relatively unaffected the first half of the season, values were significantly by urbanization) for 2011 is estimated to have been below normal in western Japan, while precipitation +0.15°C above the 1981 – 2010 average, making it the amounts were below normal and sunshine durations 17th highest since 1898. On a longer time scale, were above normal on the Pacific side due to the average surface temperatures have risen at a rate of strong winter monsoon and anti-cyclones bringing about +1.15°C per century since 1898 (Fig. 2.1.1). cold air. In the second half of the season, temperatures were below normal in northern Japan 2.1.2 Annual features due to the presence of cold vortexes. Temperatures tended to be below normal nationwide until May due to the effects of cold surges, (c) Summer (June – August 2011, Fig. 2.1.4c) and above normal from June through November. Although seasonal mean temperatures were above Annual mean temperatures were near normal except in normal, intraseasonal temperature variations were Okinawa/Amami. very large nationwide. The onset and end of the Annual precipitation amounts were above normal rainy season were significantly earlier than normal in except in Okinawa/Amami and on the Pacific side of many regions. At the end of July, record-breaking northern and eastern Japan. In particular, values heavy rainfall caused disaster conditions in the were significantly above normal on the Sea of Japan prefectures of Niigata and Fukushima. side of northern Japan, which is subject to the effects of low-pressure areas and fronts. (d) Autumn (September – November 2011, Fig. 2.1.4d) 6 As the westerly jet was shifted northward of its cyclones during the period resulted in above-normal normal position, seasonal mean temperatures were precipitation amounts nationwide. In September, above normal nationwide and significantly above record-breaking heavy rainfall brought by typhoons normal in eastern and western Japan and Talas and Roke caused disaster conditions in many Okinawa/Amami. The formation of typhoons and areas. Fig. 2.1.1 Long-term change in the annual anomaly of average surface temperature over Japan Anomalies are deviations from the baseline (i.e., the 1981 – 2010 average). The black line indicates the annual anomalies of the average surface temperature for each year. The blue line indicates the five-year running mean, and the red line indicates the long-term linear trend. Table 2.1.1 Regional average and rank of annual mean temperature anomaly, annual precipitation ratio, and annual sunshine duration ratio for divisions and subdivisions (2011) 7 Table 2.1.2 Number of observatories reporting record monthly mean temperatures, precipitation amounts and sunshine durations (2011) From 154 surface meteorological stations across Japan. Temperature Precipitation amount Sunshine duration Highest Lowest Heaviest Lightest Longest Shortest January 2 31 16 7 February 3 3 March 2 7 1 April 1 9 9 May 22 4 June 6 2 July August September 7 7 2 October 1 1 November 19 2 1 1 December 3 2 Table 2.1.3 Onset/end of the Baiu (Japan’s rainy season) for individual subdivisions (2011) Area Average Average date of date of averaged Onset of rainy End of rainy precipitation Subdivisions season* onset of season* end of ratio during rainy season rainy season (1981 – 2010) (1971 – 2000) rainy season (%) Okinawa 30 April 9 May 9 June 23 June 138 Amami 30 April 11 May 22 June 29 June 128 Southern 23 May 31 May 8 July 14 July 135 Kyushu Northern 21 May 5 June 8 July 19 July 119 Kyushu Shikoku 21 May 5 June 8 July 18 July 146 Chugoku 21 May 7 June 8 July 21 July 74 Kinki 22 May 7 June 8 July 21 July 95 Tokai 22 May 8 June 8 July 21 July 103 Kanto- 27 May 8 June 9 July 21 July 83 Koushin Hokuriku 18 June 12 June 9 July 24 July 96 Southern 21 June 12 June 9 July 25 July 110 Tohoku Northern 21 June 14 June 9 July 28 July 70 Tohoku * The onset/end of the rainy season normally has a transitional period of about five days. The dates shown in the table denote the middle day of this period. 8 Fig. 2.1.2 Five-day running mean temperature anomaly for divisions (January – December 2011) Annual temperature anomaly (°C) Annual precipitation ratio (%) Annual sunshine duration ratio (%) Fig. 2.1.3 Annual climate anomaly/ratio for Japan in 2011 9 (a) Winter (b) Spring (c) Summer (d) Autumn Fig. 2.1.4 Seasonal anomalies/ratios for Japan in 2011 (a) Winter (December2010 to February 2011), (b) spring (March to May), (c) summer (June to August), (d) autumn (September to November). 10 2.2 Climate around the World northern Mexico, and in central Polynesia (Fig. 2.2.1 Global average surface temperature 2.2.6). The annual anomaly of the global average Major extreme climatic events and surface temperature for 2011 (i.e., the combined weather-related disasters in 2011 were as average of the near-surface air temperature over follows (Fig. 2.2.2): land and the SST) is estimated to have been 0.07 (1) Light precipitation in southeastern China ± 0.12°C above the 1981 – 2010 average, (January – May) making it the 12th highest since 1891. On a (2) Flooding on the Indochina Peninsula (July – longer time scale, global average surface December) temperatures have risen at a rate of about (3) Tropical storm in the Philippines +0.68°C per century since 1891 (Fig. 2.2.1). (December) 2.2.2 Regional climate (4) Heavy precipitation in southern Pakistan Annual mean temperatures were above (August – September) normal from Siberia to western Europe and from (5) Light precipitation in Europe (March – May, eastern North America to northern Central September – November) America, while they were below normal from (6) Drought in eastern Africa (January – Mongolia to Central Asia, around the Indochina September) Peninsula, in western North America, and in (7) High temperatures from the Seychelles to northern Australia (Fig. 2.2.3). Extremely high Mauritius (April – December) temperatures were frequently observed around the southern USA, and extremely low (8) Heavy precipitation around the northeastern temperatures were frequently observed in USA (February – May, August – September) northern Australia (Fig. 2.2.5). (9) Tornados in southeastern and central parts of Annual precipitation amounts were above the USA (April – May) normal from the Philippines to the Indochina (10) High temperatures around southern parts of Peninsula, around southern Pakistan, around the the USA (March – September) northeastern USA, in northern South America (11) Light precipitation from the southern USA and in Australia, while they were below normal to northern Mexico (January – November) in southern China, Saudi Arabia and Europe, from the southern USA to northern Mexico, and (12) Torrential rains in southeastern Brazil in central Polynesia (Fig. 2.2.4). Extremely (January) heavy precipitation amounts were frequently (13) Light precipitation in central Polynesia observed around the northeastern USA, while (March – October) extremely light amounts were frequently (14) Low temperatures in northern Australia observed in Europe, from the southern USA to (January – June) 11 Fig. 2.2.1 Long-term change in the annual anomaly of global average surface temperature Anomalies are deviations from the baseline (i.e., the 1981 – 2010 average). The black line indicates annual anomalies of the global average surface temperature for each year. The error bars indicate 90% confidence intervals. The blue line indicates the five-year running mean, and the red line indicates the long-term linear trend. Fig. 2.2.2 Extreme events and weather-related disasters in 2011 Schematic representation of major extreme climatic events and weather-related disasters occurring during the year 12 Fig. 2.2.3 Annual mean temperature anomalies in 2011 Categories are defined by the annual mean temperature anomaly against the normal divided by its standard deviation and averaged in 5° × 5° grid boxes. The thresholds of each category are -1.28, -0.44, 0, +0.44 and +1.28. The normal values and standard deviations are calculated from 1981 – 2010 statistics. Areas over land without graphical marks are those where observation data are insufficient or where normal data are unavailable.
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