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South Korea 8 International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Oak Foundation, Irish International, Regional and National Aid, and the Hilton Prize Coalition ECPAT A report on the scale, scope and context of the sexual exploitation of children International Table of contents Acronyms 1 Preface 2 Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 This publication has been produced with The Context of the Sexual Exploitation the financial assistance of the Swedish of Children in South Korea 8 International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), The Oak Foundation, Irish International, Regional and National Aid, and the Hilton Prize Coalition. The views Commitments and Legislation on the expressed herein are solely those of ECPAT Sexual Exploitation of Children 16 International. The support from these donors does not constitute endorsement of the National Response to the Sexual opinions expressed. Exploitation of Children 24 This publication was written by: Child, Victim and Survivor Participation 31 Kevin Ryu (in conjunction with work on his Recommendations for Action 32 Master's degree thesis) with assistance from: Andrea Varrella This report was also developed in collaboration with Tacteen Nail/ECPAT Korea, the ECPAT Member in the country. Editorial assistance: Franseza Pardoe Extracts from this publication may be reproduced only with permission from ECPAT International and acknowledgment of the source and ECPAT International. A copy of the relevant publication using extracted material must be provided to ECPAT. © ECPAT International, 2018 Design and layout by: Manida Naebklang Published by: ECPAT International 328/1 Phaya Thai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand Tel: +662 215 3388 |www.ecpat.org | [email protected] Acronyms ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CEFM Child, early and forced marriage CMR Country Monitoring Report CSAM/CSEM Child sexual abuse / exploitation material CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSEC Commercial sexual exploitation of children GDP Gross Domestic Product ICSE DB International Child Sexual Exploitation Database ILO International Labour Organisation INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organisation IOM International Organisation for Migration KCSC Korea Communications Standards Commission KOCCONET Korea Council of Children’s Organisation MGEF Ministry of Gender Equality and Family NPA National Police Agency NGO Non-governmental organisation OCSE Online child sexual exploitation OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPSC Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography SAIEVAC South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SEC Sexual exploitation of children SECTT Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USFK United States Forces Korea UNWTO United Nations’ World Tourism Organisation Country Overview: A report on the scale, scope and context of the sexual exploitation of children inSouth Korea 1 Preface Over a decade since the publication of its first Furthermore, the ECPAT Country Overviews Country Monitoring Reports (CMRs) on Sexual provide well-organised information and research, Exploitation of Children, ECPAT International is which can be used in preparing Alternative Reports sharpening its monitoring efforts in order to better and Additional Submissions to the Committee address and represent the evolving incidence and on the Rights of the Child and the Human Rights existence of the sexual exploitation of children in Council. the world today. The preparation of this report is based on a review Recent years have seen some unprecedented of the literature available on sexual exploitation. opportunities that have embedded the child’s right Drafts are shared with ECPAT members, relevant to protection from sexual exploitation more deeply organisations, partners and local experts working into the global agenda, no more so than the global on the ground who review the content and mandate to eliminate the sexual exploitation supplement the information with other local of children (SEC) enshrined in the Sustainable sources and analysis. ECPAT International greatly Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by world relies on the contributions of all those involved in leaders in 2015. ECPAT International’s decision producing these reports and would like to express to transform its Country Monitoring Reports its profound appreciation for their invaluable into more concise and targeted ECPAT Country inputs. Overviews on SEC will ensure a more effective tool for advocacy at all levels and monitoring, including This particular report addresses the different forms commitments made in the SDGs to end violence of sexual exploitation of children in South Korea. against children in all its different forms by 2030. Children in South Korea are vulnerable to various forms of sexual exploitation including exploitation The report’s structure aims at providing a in prostitution, and online. Furthermore, South comprehensive baseline of information on Korea is also a destination country for the all manifestations of SEC in a country and an trafficking of children for sexual purposes and assessment of achievements and challenges there are cases of sexual exploitation of children in implementing counteractions - including in travel and tourism. While South Korea has the participation of children themselves - to sustained its efforts to address the issue of access eliminate SEC. They also suggest concrete priority to justice, it needs to improve child victims’ and actions urgently needed to proactively advance survivors’ participation. It is worth mentioning that the national fight against SEC and enable the South Korea has recently submitted a Voluntary monitoring of the implementation of international National Review Report on its progress and instruments on child rights related to sexual implementation towards achieving the Sustainable exploitation that have been ratified by the State. Development Goals. 2 Country Overview: A report on the scale, scope and context of the sexual exploitation of children inSouth Korea Executive Summary The Republic of Korea (hereinafter South Korea) prostitution, but also OCSE. Although it enacted is a presidential democracy and is geographically the Act on the Punishment of Arrangement located in East Asia. Children (persons under the of Commercial Sex Acts to criminalise the sale age of 18 as defined by domestic law) represent and trafficking of children for sexual purposes, around 17% of the population. Despite the South Korea does not have any explicit legislation devastation of the Korean War, South Korea is regarding SECTT. now the 11th largest economy in the world. Even though children generally enjoy high living At the national level,several pivotal bodies standards, numerous factors may lead to their coordinate and design both international and sexual exploitation. national policies on children and youth, such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry South Korea accomplished a spectacular economic of Gender Equality and Family Affairs (MGEF), development and turned into a highly consumer- the Child Policy Coordination Committee and driven country. Children are heavily affected by the National Human Rights Commissions. They consumerism and the pressure of money, which adopted and formulated several National Plans of makes them vulnerable to sexual exploitation in Action and Measures, which are rather broad, yet prostitution and online child sexual exploitation include SEC-related policies. Unfortunately, there is (OCSE). Child sexual abuse/exploitation materials currently no comprehensive strategy, which solely (CSAM/CSEM) are produced not only by adults, focuses on SEC. but also self-produced by children who are very familiar with high technology. Although it is In terms of preventive measures, the government making efforts to eliminate thesale and trafficking has established various programmes and of children for sexual purposes, South Korea is entities.The Korea Communications Standards still considered a source, transit and destination Commission (KCSC) accesses and orders the country. In line with such a trend, the sexual correction or deletion of harmful materials online exploitation of children in travel and tourism for children and juveniles. Recognising that South (SECTT) is a considerable problem, as South Korean Korea is a source of demand for SECTT, the police nationals are one of the main sources of demand and the prosecutors organised a joint investigation for SECTT in Asia. Furthermore, although cases team dispatched to many East Asian countries. of child early and forced marriages (CEFM) are almost non-existent in South Korea, some cases Several national laws and bodies allowchildren’s of international child marriage brokers have been access to justice. The Civil Act, the Civil Procedure revealed in recent years. Act, the Child Welfare Act, and the National Human Rights Commission uphold children’s The South Korean government takes the right to justice. However, despite such options, eradication of SEC very seriously with strict there is not yet a specialised juvenile court in and harsh punishments. It enacted the Act place. Fortunately though, there are several child- on the Protection of Children and Juveniles sensitive procedures. Unfortunately, it appears against Sexual Abuse to not only penalise SEC in that child victims are often denied the status of Country Overview: A report on
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