:

" THE " ; u^*. j $1\ First Hundred Years

CHUBOH . OF . . 0N1TED HBCHWES

MODERN MISSIONS.

BY

REV. J. S. ROSS, M.A., D.D

WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY

REV. A. SUTHERLAND, D.D.

SECOND EDITION—REVISED, ENLARGED AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE.

TORONTO WILLIAM BRIGGS,

29-33 Richmond Street West.

Montreal: C. W. COATES. Halifax: S. F. HUESTIS. tDOUQLAS LibKARy

Presented by

THE JACKMAN FOUNDATION, 1987

IN MEMORY OF

JAMES HENRY COYNE, LL.D., 1909

Queen-s University at Kingston

The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION of CANADIANA

Queen's University at Kingston :

THE

FIRST HUNDRED YEARS

OF

MODERN MISSIONS

REV. J. S. ROSS, M.A., D.D.

WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY

REV. A. SUTHERLAND, D.D. ^& ^&

SECOND EDITION—REVISED, ENLARGED AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE.

TORONTO WILLIAM BRIGGS,

29-33 Richmond St. West.

Montreal: C W. COATKS. Halifax: S. F. HUESTIS 1S«.)S

CONTENTS.

PAGE Prefatory Note by Rev. Dr. Sutherland ------5

Modern Mission Chronology - 9*

Previous to the Opening of the Missionary Era 14

America — Missions to the Indians _--_--._ 17 Indian Population and Languages ------18 Other Missions in ------19 Notes on ------20 Statistical Summary ------22

Pacific Islands— Polynesia ------23 Melanesia ----- 25

New Hebrides ------25

New Guinea - - ---.'------27 New Zealand ------27 Fiji ------28 Micronesia ------29 Hawaiian Islands ------29 Notes on - ._-.-. 30 Statistical Summary ------32 Africa— " Spheres of Influence " 33 Races and Climate ------33 West Africa ------35 South Africa ------35 Central Africa ------37

Story of Livingstone - 37 Congo Basin ------39

Soudan ------. - - 40

East Africa (Uganda) ------41 IV CONTENTS.

PAGE Africa (Continued)—

Madagascar . - _ _ _ - - - - 42 Notes on ------44 Statistical Summary ------46 Asia— Burmah ------47 Karens, The ------48 Siam ------49 Thibet ------50 India ------50 Carey's Work ------52

Notes on India ------55 Japan ------56 Notes on Japan ------60 China ------60 Notes on China ------65

Notes 011 Corea and Formosa ------66 Statistical Summary ------67 Woman's Work ------68

Young People's Work ____'_ - 71 Medical Missions ------74 Bible and Missions - - ______74 Theological Ideas in Heathen Lands ------75 Needs and Present Extent of the Missionary Enterprise 77

Proportion of Missionaries to Ministers and Members at Home - 79

Protestant Missionary Statistics, 1894 _',___ - 80 Latest Missionary Statistics of the World ------81 Missionary versus Liquor Expenditure ------81 Missions and Wealth ------82 Missions as a Business Investment ------83 Liberality and Missions ------84 The Spirit of Liberality ------85 Notes of Missionary Progress ------85 Time between First Preaching and First Convert 86

Past Prophecies versus Present Prospects - - - 87 Achievements of Christianity ------88 Some Sharp Contrasts ------90 Striking Mottoes and Sayings ------92 General Notes 92 PREFATORY NOTE.

THE following extract, from a recent number of the Missionary Outlook, will serve very well as the first paragraph of this " introductory note : The story of missions is the most fascinating story in the literature of the last hundred years, but in order to tell the story effectively, those who speak in our missionary meetings must steep themselves in the literature of missions—now so abundant —and then tell the story as men and women who are thoroughly in earnest about the matter. Next to this is the work of scattering information broadcast by means of the printed page. And just here lies a difficulty ; missionary literature, though abundant and deeply interesting, is not available, for the most part, in condensed form, such as can be read by busy men in moments of leisure. It would pay the Missionary Society many times over to have a man or woman of the right stamp to do nothing else but condense and print mis- sionary information and scatter it broadcast through the churches."

This witness is true. Missionary facts are the fuel for missionary fire, but the facts are so widely scattered through a voluminous literature that few, comparatively, know anything about them. A few years ago Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls, of New York, issued a " Cyclo- paedia of Missions," consisting of two royal 8vo volumes of over 600 double-column pages each. Such a mass of digested information on missionary topics was never before brought together in one publication.

But the price was $12.00 for the two volumes, which put it beyond the reach of many. Some cheaper method of circulating the infor- mation so laboriously gathered was demanded, and in the following pages Dr. Ross has made a laudable effort to satisfy the demand, at VI PREFATORY NOTE.

least in part. Of course, it was impossible to condense more than a

tithe of the information into so small a compass, nor has this impos-

sible task been attempted, but we have instead a boldly outlined

sketch of the great missionary movement of the last hundred years,

with a bird's-eye view of the field of its operations. To read this

sketch without being profoundly impressed with the vastness of the

work, and inspired by the grandeur of to-day's opportunities, would

be impossible, and we anticipate the best results from this attempt to

bring the magnitude of the missionary problem home to the thought and conscience of the Church.

But however well-intentioned and well-executed this attempt may

be, it will result in nothing unless followed by appropriate action

throughout the Church. The first duty is to secure the widest

possible circulation of this pamphlet, which we hope is but the avant

courier of a multitude of missionary tracts and leaflets ; the next is

to utilize the information thus supplied in the home, the prayer- meeting and on the missionary platform. Keep the great theme

before the churches; let there be "line upon line, precept upon

precept." The great facts will tell, and when these are vitalized by

the Holy Spirit's baptism, they will kindle a flame of missionary

enthusiasm that will light up the world.

A. SUTHERLAND.

Methodist Mission Rooms, Toronto. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

/AVER five years have elapsed since the former edition of " The

First Hundred Years of Modern Missions " was published.

How fast events travel in the missionary world, and how anxious is

everyone to obtain the latest information ! This is scattered through

fugitive publications, and difficult to lay one's hand upon when

wanted. Over four thousand pages (principally of the Missionary

Revietc of the World, for the past five years) have been gleaned to

bring this condensed work up to date. Important events are here

recorded which occurred only a few weeks ago.

In this edition new departments have been added, such as

"Woman's Work," "Young People's Work," "Medical Missions,"

" Theological Ideas in Heathen Lands," " Liberality and Missions," etc. We trust that, in its improved form, this compendium will prove to be a valuable magazine of interesting facts for all pulpit and platform speakers, and also serviceable in Young People's and

Woman's Missionary meetings.

Brantford, May, 1898.

THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.*

" Ride on, triumphant Lord, A hundred years record Thy victories won ; Hasten the glorious day When all shall own thy sway, And earth and heaven shall say,

The work is done."

A CENTURY OF MODERN MISSION CHRONOLOGY.

1792. The first British Foreign Missionary Society organized through the efforts of Carey. 1703. Carey landed in India. 1795. London Missionary Society organized. 1796. First mission of London Missionary Society opened at Tahiti, Society Islands. 1798. Death of Schwartz. 1799. Dr. Vanderkemp (Lon. Mis. Soc'y) opened mission to Kaffirs in South Africa. 1804. British and Foreign Bible Society organized. Mission to Sierra Leone opened. 1807. Morrison (Lon. Miss. Soc'y), first missionary to China. Slave-trade in British dominions abolished by Parliament. 1810. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions organized. 1812. Church Missionary Society organized (in 1799 organized under another name). Wesleyan mission to South Africa opened.

"Authorities consulted : Encyclopaedia of Missions, 2 vols., Funk & Wagnalls, 1891 ; Repori of Missionary Conference, London, 1888, 2 vols. ; Report of First and Second (Ecumenical Meth- " Missions" odist Conferences ; Patterson's Prize Essay on Missions ; Seelye's Christian ; Pierson's "Crisis of Missions"; Pierson's "Miracles of Missions"; Withrow's "Romance of Missions"; Gracey's "China"; Robson's "Outlines of Protestant Missions"; Dorchester's "Problem of or Religious Progress " : Read's "Hand of God in History"; Montefiore's "Life Livingstone"; Myer's " Life of Carey"; Dean's "Life of Moffat"; Townsend's "Life of Morrison"; " )•>. date: Hall Lectures" ; Gospel in all Lands; Missionary Review of tht World, to Mott's "Stra- tegic Points in the World's Conquest." "

10 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

1813. East India Co. compelled by Parliament to tolerate missionaries. Judson arrived at Rangoon, Burmah. 1814. American Baptist Missionary Society organized. Mission to New Zealand opened by Church Missionary Society. Death of Dr. Coke, on Indian Ocean, aged sixty-seven. 1816. American Bible Society organized. Moffat sailed for Africa. 1817. Wesleyan Missionary Society organized. 1818. Conversion under Moffat of Africaner, "the terror of South Africa." Madagascar Mission opened (Lon. Miss. Soc'y). Death of Samuel J. Mills, off west coast of Africa, the originator of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and of the American Bible Society. 1819. Missionary Society of Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S., organized. First Christian book printed in Siamese. Whole of Bible translated into Chinese by Morrison, assisted by Milne. 1820. Mission to Hawaiian Islands opened. 1821. Mission to Liberia opened. 1822. Missions to Tonga Islands and to New Zealand opened by the Wes- leyan Missionary Society. 1823. Conversion of Peter Jones, first Indian missionary in Upper Canada. New Testament printed in language of Greenland. Raratonga Island, which had eluded the search of Capt. Cook, dis- covered by John Williams, and mission opened.

1824. Missionary Society of Methodist Church of Canada organized ; also

that of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America ; and that of France. 1826. Mission to the Karens (" wild men of Burmah ") commenced. 1828. First Karen convert. 1829. Widow-burning abolished by the British Government in India. 1830. Duff arrived in India. 1833. Slavery abolished in the British Empire. (Act went into operation August 1st, 1834). First foreign mission of Methodist Episcopal Church of U.S. to Liberia commenced. Death of Melville B. Cox, first foreign missionary of Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S. 1834. Emancipation Act passed to free all slaves in the British Empire. 1835. Malagasy Bible completed.

' Death of Carey, ' the pioneer of modern missions. Death of Morrison, "the pioneer missionary to China." Mission to the Fiji Islands opened by the Wesleyan missionaries, Cross and Cargill. 1836. Missionaries banished from Madagascar. UNITED CHUROM ARCHIVES

A CENTURY OF MODERN MISSION CHRONOLOGY. 11

1837. First native Madagascar martyr. Krapf set out for East Africa. First church of Chinese disciples in all Asia formed by Dr. Dean among resident Chinese in Bangkok, Siam. 1838. Slavery abolished in the British Empire. Raratonga New Testament published by John Williams. 1839. John Williams, "the apostle of Polynesia," murdered at Erromanga, aged forty-four. 1840. Livingstone sails for Africa. Canton, China, taken by the English. 1841. The first Medical Missionary Society organized in Edinburgh.

1842. Hong Kong ceded to the English ; Canton and four other cities opened. 1844. Missions to China re-opened through the French treaty. Missionary Society of Presbyterian Church in Canada organized. 1845. Evangelical Alliance organized. 1846. Death of James Evans, Canadian Methodist missionary, and inventor of the syllabic characters. 1848. Mission to the New Hebrides Islands commenced by Dr. Geddie, of the Presbyterian Church, Nova Scotia. 1850. Missionary Society organized by the New Zealanders. Death of Judson, " the apostle of Burmah." 1851. First Zenana teaching in the East begun in Siam. 1853. Missionary Society organized by Sandwich Islanders. Wesleyan Mission in China opened. Com. Perry (U.S.) sails into Yeddo Bay, Japan. 1856. Famous Hatti-Sheris Edict of Toleration for Christianity in the Ottoman Empire. 1858. Japan opened by Townsend-Harris Treaty to the Western world, after being closed 219 years (treaty went into full operation the following year). Christianity tolerated in China by the Treaty of Tientsin (carried into effect in 1860). Government of East India Co. abolished by British Parliament.

Mission to Siam opened. . 1859. First missionary in Japan. 1861. Persecution in Madagascar ceased and mission re-opened. 1862. Jesuits enter Madagascar. Emancipation proclamation by President Lincoln abolishing slavery in the United States. Protestantism introduced into Mexico. King George of Tonga gave a constitutional government founded on Christian principles. 1864. First convert in Japan. 1865. China Inland Mission commenced. 12 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

1870. Missionaries to Hawaiian Islands made last report to their society, those islands having ceased to be missionary ground. 1871. First Protestant Church opened in Rome. Bishop Patteson, of Melanesian Islands, murdered at Nukapu. Mission to New Guinea opened (largest island in the world). Livingstone found by Stanley at Ujiji. 1872. First Protestant Church organized in Japan. Mission to Formosa, China, opened by Presbyterian Church in Canada. 1873. Livingstone found dead at his bedside on his knees at Ilala, Lake Bangweolo. Canadian Baptist Missionary Society organized. First foreign mission of Methodist Church of Canada commenced in Japan. Edict against Christianity in Japan taken down. 1874. Livingstone buried in Westminster Abbey.

Fiji Islands ceded by their chiefs to Great Britain. 1875. King Mtesa desires missionary teachers to be sent to Uganda, East Africa. Presbyterian Church in Canada opened a mission in Central India. 1876. Mission to Uganda commenced. Woman's Presbyterian Missionary Society of Canada organized. 1877. Stanley's journey across Africa from Zanzibar and emerging at the mouth of the Congo, 7,000 miles, completed in 999 days. 1878. Missions to the Congo opened. Great revival at the Baptist Mission among the Telugus ("Lone Star Mission"); 10,000 baptized between June and December. Consecration of the great Memorial Hall by the Karens on the fiftieth anniversary of the first convert. Buddhist temple in Province of Shantung, China, deeded as a free gift to missionaries for Christian uses. Death of Dr. Duff, aged seventy-two. 1881. Woman's Methodist Missionary Society of Canada organized. Canada Congregational Missionary Society organized. 1882. Corea, "the hermit nation," the latest opened to the Gospel. 1883. Death of Moffat. Church of England Missionary Society in Canada organized.

1884. Stanley opened the Congo basin ; 5,249 miles of navigable rivers ;

eleven million square miles of territory ; inhabited by forty-three millions of people.

Berlin Conference for government of the Congo country ; agreement signed by fifteen ruling powers. 1885. Congo Free State organized. Bishop Hannington murdered at Uganda by orders of Mwango. Missions to Chinese in British Columbia begun by Methodist Church. A CENTURY OF MODERN MISSION CHRONOLOGY. 13

1887. First church opened for divine service in Corea (Presbyterian). 1888. The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions organized in United States and Canada. First railroad built in China with sanction of the Government. First mission of Presbyterian Church in Canada to China mainland opened. Whole Bible translated into Japanese. 1890. Memorable Missionary Conference at Shanghai, China. Sultan of Zanzibar issued decree against the slave-trade. Death of McKay, of Uganda. 1891. Susi, who brought Livingstone's body and papers to the coast, a journey of nearly 1,000 miles, and of a year's duration, died at Zanzibar. Edict of Chinese Emperor proclaiming toleration of Christianity. First section of Congo River railroad completed. Latest new mission, in totally unoccupied territory undertaken—the Central Soudan. Death of Samuel Crowther. "Born a slave, died a bishop." 1892. Death of James Calvert, noted Wesleyan missionary to Fiji. The Brussels Treaty respecting the prohibition of the slave trade, fire-arms, and the liquor-traffic in the Congo Free State and in- terior of Africa, covering an area twice the size of Europe, with a population of twenty-five millions of souls, signed by seventeen powers. Mission opened in a populous but unevangelized province of West China, by the Methodist Church, Canada. The Student A^olunteer Movement for Foreign Missions organized in Great Britain. 1895. The World's Students' Christian Federation formed at Vadstena, Sweden. 1896. Slavery abolished in Madagascar. The "Students' Missionary Campaign" organized in the Canadian Methodist Church. 1897. Slavery abolished in Zanzibar. Mission to Klondike Gold Fields, Northern Canada, opened by Presbyterian Church of Canada.

1898. Opening of mission to the Klondike by Methodist Church of Canada ; also by Salvation Army. After eight years of construction, Congo River R. R. opened to Stanley Pool, by which 10,000 miles of navigable rivers become connected with the outside world. Five missionaries of the American United Brethren Church mur- dered in Sierra Leone. 14 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS

PREVIOUS TO THE OPENING OF THE MISSIONARY ERA.

" Some day Love shall claim his own, Some day Right ascend the throne, Some day hidden Truth be known, Some day—some sweet day."

Missions Undertaken.

By common consent the year 1792 marks the beginning- of the modern missionary movement—a distinct epoch in the develop- ment of Protestant Christianity. Yet this does not imply that there were no missions before that date. The names of Egede, Stack, Ziegenbalg and Schwartz are well known in this period. The Moravian brotherhood rose to notice when the zeal of all Churches was at the coldest. Driven from Moravia, Count Zinzendorf (author of the hymn, " Jesus, Thy blood and right- eousness,") bought an estate for the refugees near the foot of a hill. This they called Herrnhut—the Lord's Shelter—a name which has since gone round the world. The society was com-

posed of about six hundred laborers and artizans : yet, in the short space of eight or nine years, commencing in 1732, they had sent missionaries to Greenland, the West Indies, the Indians of North America, the negroes of South Carolina, to Lapland, Tartary, Guinea, South Africa and Ceylon. They now report 392 ordained ministers, preaching at 133 stations, to 23,901 communicants. Their missionaries frequently started without knowing how to reach their destination, and often had to procure support by working with their own hands. As showing their spirit, Count Zinzendorf went to a brother and " said : Can you go as a missionary to Greenland ? Can you " " go to-morrow ? And the reply was : I will start to-morrow if the shoemaker has finished my shoes which I ordered." So long as mankind can appreciate purity of intention, self- sacrifice, and heroism, the name of the Moravian brotherhood will never die. Missions to the heathen were not undertaken by the Wes- leyans until 1786, when Dr. Coke, destined for Nova Scotia, was providentially driven by a storm to the British West Indies, PREVIOUS TO THE OPENING OF THE MISSIONARY ERA. 15 where a mission to the slaves was immediately begun at Antigua. " During his (Dr. Coke's) life it was not deemed necessary to organize a missionary society among the Wes- leyans, for he embodied that great interest in his own person." He crossed the Atlantic eighteen times in prosecution of the work of God. " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" was formed in 1701, rather for colonial than foreign missionary objects. This society became distinctly missionary in 1821. Thus, with the exception of the Danish missions represented by Ziegenbalg and Schwartz, and the work of the Moravians and Wesleyans, the whole heathen world, previous to the opening of the missionary epoch, was left in spiritual destitution, not " a solitary representative of the Churches of Great Britain being found on earth preaching Christ to those who had never heard His name."

Condition of the Churches.

It has been truly said, "Never has there been a century in England so void of faith as that which began with Queen Anne and ended with George II., when the Puritans were buried and the Methodists not born." Blackstone, about this period, said he had heard every clergyman of note in London, but not one discourse that had more Christianity in it than the orations of Cicero, or showed whether the preacher was a disciple of Confucius, Mohammed, or Christ. What missionary activity could there be in Churches of this description ? To diffuse such a Christianity would be a

calamity ; but happily it has no inherent diffusiveness. The only hope of the Churches themselves, and of the world, lay in a revival of religion. This occurred under the labors of Wesle}7 and Whitfield, and one year after Wesley was dead, William

Carey, clariim et venerabile nomen, succeeded, despite many discouragements, in organizing the first British Foreign Mis- sionary Society, under the auspices of the Baptist Church.

To understand his difficulties it may be necessary to recall the prevailing sentiments of the people at the time, both in and out of the Church. When Carey proposed in the Baptist Association to discuss the advisability of sending missionaries :

16 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS to the heathen, Rev. Dr. Ryland is reported to have said " Young man, sit down ; when God pleases to convert the heathen, He will do it without your aid or mine." Dr. Ryland simply expressed the prevailing sentiment of the majority of Christian people at that time. The East India Company refused to take Carey to India in one of their vessels. When they found he intended to be a missionary they ordered him off the vessel, but he reached Calcutta by a Danish ship. Even after his arrival, but for the firm conduct of the governor of the little Danish settlement at Serampore, to which he was invited, Carey and his family would have been seized and sent back to Europe by the first vessel. Charles Grant, who ulti- mately rose to be the head of the East India Company, wrote to the Rev. Charles Simeon to send out missionaries to the East, and promised to support them. Simeon failed to find " one. Grant afterwards wrote : I had formed the design of

a mission to Bengal ; Providence reserved that honor for the Baptists." A bishop of the Church of England said he had in his diocese a very good clergyman, but one who was very eccentric, and gave as proof of it the fact that the said clergyman actually

believed the Red Indians of North America could be converted ! Fuller, who was collecting for the new Baptist society, went aside into the by-ways of London city to weep over the callous- ness of wealthy Christians. Three years after Carey had arrived in India, the Assembly of the Church of Scotland denounced the scheme of foreign missions as " illusive," " visionary,". " dangerous to the good order of society," and as " improper and absurd to propagate the Gospel abroad, so long as there remained a single individual at home without the means of religious knowledge." But the above was mild compared with the diatribe of the Rev. Sydney Smith, who pronounced the scheme of foreign missions as " absurdity in hysterics," " preposterousness run mad," " illusion dancing in maddest frenzy," " the unsubstantial dream and vision of a dreamer who dreams that he has been dreaming." In the United States, Mills, Judson, Newell and Nott held the now famous " haystack " meeting, to start a foreign 7

AMERICA. 1 missionary society; and because public opinion was opposed to them, by article 4, the existence of their society was made secret. When a few years aftewards it was proposed to charter the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by the Massachusetts Legislature, Mr. W. B. Cronin- shield objected on the ground that " it would export religion, whereas there was none to spare away from ourselves," to which the proper rejoinder was made that " religion is a commodity, the more of which is exported the more we have remaining." At first the Senate rejected the bill, but of five Boston papers, not one gave a report of the debate, or even an

abstract of it ! What surprise and comment would such a

legislative act excite to-day !

AMERICA.

' k Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutored mind Sees God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind."

Missions to the Indians.

In 1649, the New England Company was founded by Act of the Long Parliament, and incorporated by Royal Charter 1662.

In ]704 it sent missionaries to Indians in what is now the

State of New York. In 1778 it extended the work to the Indians of Canada, and the company now conducts excellent schools on the Grand River Indian Reserve, near Brantford, Ontario. The first missionary to the Indians was Rev. John Eliot. At Nonantum, Mass., on October 28th, 1646, he preached the first sermon ever delivered in North America to the Indians in their native tongue. He took a language which had no litera- ture, and had never been reduced to writing, and in eight years had the whole Bible translated. It was absolutely the first case in history of the translation and printing of the whole Bible for evangelizing purposes. It was issued in 1663, being the first Bible printed in America.

It is frequently said that no living man can read Eliot's

Indian Bible, but this is incorrect. It is found to be a good stepping-stone to the remoter forms of Algonquin speech. 18 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

He was accustomed to say, " Prayers and pains through faith in Christ will do anything." Respecting his preaching to the Indians, both in Old and New England, it was declared the whole scheme was to make money, and that the conversion of Indians was a fable. He lived, however, to see six Indian churches and a thousand members. Southey pronounced him " one of the most extraordinary men of any country." He was followed by Brainerd in the same work. Another name in connection with Indian missions which deserves to be perpetuated in history is that of Rev. James Evans, a Canadian Methodist Missionary and the inventor of syllabic characters for the Cree Indians, and by which they are enabled to read with surprising facility. Lord Dufferin " said to Rev. E. R. Young : Why, what a blessing to humanity that man was who invented this alphabet. I profess to be a kind of literary man myself, and try to keep up my reading of what is going on, but I never heard of this before. The fact is," he added, " the nation has given many a man a title and a pension, then a resting-place and monument in Westminster Abbey, who never did half so much for his fellow-creatures."

Indian Population and Languages.

In the United States there are 250,000 Indians, of whom 60,000 are members of Evangelical churches. In Canada the Indian population amounts to 109,205. Of this number the Methodist Church of Canada has 5,043 members. On the Pacific coast of the Dominion of Canada reside 12,000 Indians, of whom 8,000 have been baptized or attend Christian worship. The Gospel has been printed for them in four languages. Most of the Indians of the North-West may be divided into four great nations—Ojibways, Crees (Swampy, Wood and Plain), Blackfeet and Sioux. The language of the Crees and Ojibways may be called sister languages, but those of the Blackfeet and Sioux are very different. Among the Methodist missionaries the names of James Evans, George Macdougall, Henry Steinhaur, Rundle and Woolsey are the more prominent. "

AMERICA. 19

Other Missions in America.

Iceland.—In 1896 just 900 years had elapsed since Iceland was evangelized by Scandinavian missionaries. The population consists of 75,000 Protestants. The only Roman Catholic family is that of the French Consular Agent. In 1894 mass was said on the island after a period of 365 years. Tlie Eskimo are almost in sole possession of Arctic North America. They number about 40,000, of which Alaska con- tains 13,000, Greenland 11,000, and Labrador 2,000. Work among them began in 1733 by the Moravians, who Imve nearly 3,000 communicants. Greenland.—For thirteen years in northern Norway, Hans Egede heard the Macedonian cry to go to Greenland. His proposal to set out for that inhospitable region raised a storm of opposition, but after a voyage of eight weeks he landed there in 1721. Thus began the Danish mission. He was three years in learning the language, and remained there fifteen years. The Moravian mission began in 1733 (twelve years after Egede), under the Messrs. Stach and Christian David. Before they departed, Count Von Pless recounted the difficulties. " " " How will you live ? he asked. We will cultivate the soil." " But there is no soil—only ice and snow." Then we must try and live as the natives do." " But in what will you live ? " We will build ourselves a house." " But there is no wood in the country." " Then we will dig holes in the ground and live there." " No," said the count, " here are $50, and take wood with you." Their voyage lasted six weeks. The natives were very indifferent to their teachings and mimicked them. They laboured live years before they had one convert. Though zealous and self-sacrificing, Egede, the Danish missionary, had little success,, from the fact he did not give due prominence to the direct preaching of redemption through the blood of Christ. The truth was preached as part of a creed. The Moravians, on the other hand, addressed the heart rather than the reason and had greater success. Labrador.—Labrador has 420,000 square miles, and is under the Governments of Newfoundland and Quebec. The Eskimos —

20 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. and Indians are dying out. The population consists of 2,000 Eskimos, 4,000 Indians, and 7,000 whites; total, 13,000. The country is visited for fishing purposes by some 20,000 or 30,000 persons every May and June. In 118 years (1770-1888), the missionary vessel of the Moravian Brethren, which left London (not the same vessel, but a succession of them), never failed to cross the Atlantic in safety, and to reach Labrador with provisions and reinforce- ments for the missionaries. There has never been a wreck during that long history. At the present writing the time now reaches to 127 years. West Indies. —The Moravian Missionary Society began in 1732, its first mission being to the West Indies. The masters and overseers strenuously objected on the ground that they did not want the slaves " to become better Christians than they were/' though the slaves knew nothing of God save from the oaths of the overseers. In course of time, however, it was found that " Moravian " slaves brought higher prices in the market, which fact somewhat reconciled them. Mexico.— Mexico has a population of about 12,000,000, of whom one-fifth are white. There are nine Protestant missionary societies at work, and 10,000 Catholic churches in the country. Spanish is the language generally spoken.

Mexico is called a Christian country, but Bishop Hurst, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, says there are 8,000,000 people in Mexico who never saw a copy of the Holy Scriptures. " Upon the development of Protestantism largely depends the future happiness of our country." President Juarez, of Mexico, shortly before his death. South America. —Ecuador and Bolivia have as yet no Pro- testant missionaries ; Peru and Venezuela have but one each. Out of a population of 35,000,000 in South America it is estimated that 32,000,000 never heard a pure Gospel. It has been rightly called " The Neglected Continent."

Notes on America.

The first subscription ever given by any Englishman for missionary purposes was one of £100, made by Sir Walter —

AMERICA. 21

Raleigh in 1589, for the State of Virginia, "in special regard and zeal of planting the Christian religion in those barbarous places." In connection with the American Board, in the years from 1810 to 18(50, 704 voyages were successfully completed by 49(>

of their missionaries ; and of these, 467 voyages were from 15,000 to 18,000 miles in length. In all that time, no individual connected with the Board was ever shipwrecked, or lost his life by drowning. In the Province of Quebec the ratio of Roman Catholic population to Protestant is 1,000 to 1. The first missionary to Prince Rupert's Land paddled his way up north in a birch-bark canoe in 1820. The Indians gave him a name meaning " Prayer Master." Bishop Bompas, of Athabasca, N.W.T., speaking of his diocese says: " The chief characteristic of an Arctic life consists not so much in what is present as in features conspicuous by their absence. No cities, towns or villages ; no streets, roads

markets, or bazaars ; flocks, or or lanes ; no farms no herds

carriages : no money, whether coin or notes ; no railways, mails or telegraphs ; no Government, soldiers or police ; no prisons, taxes, lawyers or doctors."

" Epitaph at Northampton, Mass. : Sacred to the memory of Rev. David Brainerd, the faithful and laborious missionary to the Stockbridge, Delaware and Susquehanna Indians of America, who died in this town, October 10th, 1747, aged 30." " What can be done in order to revive the work of God where it is decayed ? " " Let every preacher read carefully over the life of David Brainerd." John Wesley in one of his Conferences. Charles Darwin, while on a tour as a naturalist, visited the island of Terra del Fuego in 1831, and declared the people, in many respects, worse than brutes, and incapable of elevation. The British Admiralty forbade all ships" in future to touch at that port. Before he visited that island again, the Rev. Thomas Bridges had brought the Word of God to the people, and Mr. Darwin was so satisfied of the power of the Gospel to redeem even the vilest savage tribes that he became a subscriber to South American missions. .

22 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Canadian Missionary Societies—Foreign Work.*

CO o B CO 00 CO '3 CO Country Where NAME S o § O P-H .2 3 r=5 Mission '55 Situated. Kj CO co o o -U CO s CO ° £ s m o oo

1

1 Methodist 1873 $123,573 112 2,137 40 2,500 Japan, West China, Indians. I Presbyterian 1844 116,714' 127 3,240 169 7,338 China, India, New Hebrides, W.Indies. ! I Church of Englandt 1883 84 2,286 54 1,557 (See note below, f)

Baptist 1873 46,752 51 3,631 81 1,258 India (Telugus).

Congregationalist . . 1881 5,600 .4 26 2 105 Africa (West Central).

* Compiled from Missionary Review of the World, January, 1897.

t The figures given above are for the year 1892, and represent the totals of work in the dioceses of the North Pacific, Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, Athabasca and Mackenzie River and Selkirk. These missions are supported by the Church Missionary Society of England and the Church of England Missionary Society in Canada.

Summary of Missionary Work in America.

{Compiled principally from Funk & Wagnalls > "Encyclopaedia of Missions" and " Missionary Review of the World.")

03

3 03 CO o3 G .A "3 pur- # CD Con- '+3 _o 13 03 •!« Native Ordained Minsters. o Sabbath School poses. '-£» Scholars. COUNTRY. co o tributions all CO "O'o3 O O o o Q02 o Native m m Q O for

Greenland 9,780 1 6 16 32 780

Alaska 30,426 3 5 14 60 3

Labrador 4,211 1 6 38 6 496

Indians, Canada. 109,205 4 85 62 6,041

U.S.A. 249,273 12 163 60,000

West Indies 5,720,876 10 289 112 488 148 43,593 169 69,707 $863,166

11,632,924 9 269 50 128 201 7,689 138 13,263 20,360

Central America. 3,172,684 2 15 22 6 1 805 12 871 15

Sauth America . 35,250,224 17 276 200* 116 3,910 63 29,000 57,168

Totals 56,186,603 59 677 56,057 180,158 .«Q40 700

1

* Including native ordained ministers. :

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 23

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.

" The immense Pacific smiles Round a thousand little isles, Haunts of violence and wiles; But the powers of darkness yield,

For the Cross is in the field, And the Light of Life revealed."

There are about twelve thousand of these islands, and by many they were long supposed to be the homes of happy savage innocence. Stern facts, however, in missionary life have dispelled the illusion. Dr. Geddie, of the New Hebrides mission, says, " the spectacle of a father and mother with their children, as one happy social band, is what I have never yet beheld here." Of the three hundred islands inhabited by the Papuan race, not one has been found where cannibalism did not exist. Female virtue was so unknown in the Hawaiian Islands that the inhabitants had no word in their language to express it. Divisions.

The islands of the Pacific are separated into four main divisions. Take 180° longitude. The islands east of that are called Polynesia. The islands west of 180° longitude are separated into two divisions. Those south of the equator are called Melanesia, and those north of the equator Micronesia. The Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands make the fourth division they are situated north of Polynesia, and about half way between Australia and Vancouver. These are not mere geo- graphical divisions, but the names given indicate differences also in race, color and language.

Polynesia.

Polynesia consists of the following principal groups : the Society, Austral, Hervey (or Cook's), Taumota, Marquesas, Samoan, and the Tonga (or Friendly) Islands. The publication of the narrative of Captain Cook's voyages caused the early selection of these islands as missionary ground.

It is an interesting fact that the reading of this same book first ! !

24 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. stirred the soul of Carey, and led him to decide upon this field, but God willed India instead. The good ship Duff, sent out by the London Missionary Society, set sail in 1796, bearing thirty missionaries—the first purely missionary expedition Pro- testantism had sent forth to conquer heathenism. Curious, in the light of the present day, is the fact that these pioneer missionaries were advised, among other things, to procure four pipes of the best wine at Rio, to be put into hogsheads, and paid for by draft on the London Missionary Society After a tedious six months' voyage they reached Tahiti, one of the Society Islands, having a population of about sixteen thousand. Referring to the effort to evangelize the islands of the South

k Seas, Captain Cook in 1777 wrote: ' It is very unlikely that any measure of this kind should ever be seriously thought of, as it can neither serve the purpose of public ambition nor private avarice, and without such inducements I may pro- nounce that it will never be undertaken." How mistaken! How greatly he had miscalculated the unselfish power of Chris- tian enthusiasm The Duff returned to England, and sailed again with a band as large as before, but was captured by a French privateer. A third expedition sailed in 1800, but discouraging news came from the South Seas. Instead of conquering heathenism, it seemed Christianity was likely to be conquered by heathenism. In twelve years the mission seemed decidedly to have failed,

though on the other side it is to be said the missionaries had only received supplies and heard tidings from home twice. A change came over the Christian public of England. Missions were scouted and laughed at. A proposition was made to abandon the mission. This was stoutly opposed by Messrs. Haweis and Wilkes. It was concluded to send letters of encouragement to the missionaries instead. The very ship bearing these letters was crossed in mid-ocean by another con- veying the glad tidings that idols had been rejected by the people, and not only the account of the rejection, but bearing " the idols themselves ! Before they call I will answer." Thus broke the dawn after a sixteen years' night of toil THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 25

" Of Tahiti Captain Cook said : There is a scale of dissolute sensuality to which these people have descended wholly un- known to every other people, and which no imagination could possibly conceive." He further said, " This island can neither serve public interests nor private ambition, and will probably never be much known." But there are now sixteen Protestant churches with 1663 members. He little dreamed that the name of Tahiti would go round the world. It was in reference to this island that Darwin said, " The lesson of the missionary

is the enchanter's wand." The establishment of Christianity in the islands was precipi- tated by an attack of idolaters, in 1815, upon the king, after- wards known as Pomare II. They were defeated in what was intended, and proved, to be the crisis battle between the two systems. Christianity was thus established, human sacrifices abolished, concubinage prohibited, the Sabbath observed as a day of rest and worship, a printing press set up, and a mis- sionary society organized. The king became the first president, and its first year's contribution amounted to $2,500. From this society 160 missionaries have gone forth to neighboring islands. The king also gave a code of laws and a constitution in 1819. He died in 1821. In consequence of the intrigues of Roman Catholic missionaries, Tahiti was taken possession of

by the French in 1 843. The Tongan Islands were visited by the Wesleyans in 1822. The king was converted, and baptized under the name of King George. The people, intellectually, are far in advance of most of the Polynesian race. Christianity spread to the Austral

group in 1816 : to the Hervey Islands in 1821 : to Raratonga, one of the Hervey group, in 1823 ; and to the Samoan Islands in 1830. This latter group has a Christian population of thirty thousand souls, and in 1890 sent a thank-offering to the parent Missionary Society in London of $9,000.

Melanesia.

Melanesia consists of New Guinea, New Ireland, Solomon, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Ellice Islands,

with many other small groups. It is called Melanesia because 26 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. the inhabitants have more of the negro characteristics than the typical Malay races to the north of the equator, in Micronesia.

The Story of John Williams and Erromanga.

The principal agent in spreading the Gospel in all these islands, irrespective of geographical lines, was John Williams, "the apostle of Polynesia," the narrative of whose life and death is very thrilling. He discovered Raratonga Island, which had eluded the search of Captain Cook, The record of his successes produced a profound interest in England. In 1839 he landed at Erromanga, one of the New Hebrides group, noted for its enormous wealth in sandal wood. With his helper, Harris, he was suddenly attacked and murdered by the natives. Rev. G. N. Gordon and wife, from Nova Scotia, landed on this same island in 1857, and after laboring four years were both likewise murdered by the natives. Nothing daunted, Gordon's brother stepped into the breach in 1864. After eight years the natives murdered him also in similar circumstances. Then followed Rev. H. A. Robertson of the

Presbyterian Church in Canada ; he now has over two hundred communicants, one thousand church adherents, ten churches, and thirty-three schools. In forty years Nova Scotia has sent ten missionaries to the South Seas. In 1889, on the fiftieth anniversary of John Williams' martyr- dom, a monument was erected at Erromanga to his memory. A descendant of the same man who dealt Williams his death- blow laid the corner-stone, and the youngest son of the murderer is now preaching the Gospel in Australia.

New Hebrides.

Aneityum is the most southern island of the New Hebrides. The Rev. John Geddie, from Nova Scotia, arrived in 1848. The story of his success is told on a tablet in the little church on

that island, and reads : when he landed in 1848 there were no christians here ; and when he left IN 1872 THERE WERE NO HEATHEN. THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 27

On this island, when Rev. John Inglis arrived in 1852, there was not a widow, nor any word in the language for one. The wife was always strangled on the death of her husband. The Rev. John Geddie, after eighteen years in Aneityum, wished to bring away some idols as relics, but none could be found.

New Guinea.

Don George, a Portuguese navigator, discovered by accident New Guinea, which (omitting Australia) proved to be the largest island in the world. It is only ninety miles north from Australia, and has a population of 150,000. When the mission was begun, in 1871, the natives did not know what money was; but when Dr. McFarlane left for London, in 1887, they gave him a collection of £64 10s. A copy of the New Testament in the Motu language of] New Guinea was recently presented to the Queen. A converted Chinaman on the Pacific Ooasfc, hearing that many of his own countrymen were residing in New Guinea, sold himself to workHhere as a coolie slave in order to teach them salvation, and was the means of leading two hundred of them to Christ before he died. In New Guinea, in connection with the London Missionary Society, there are 6 missionaries, 30 native Christians teachers, and 3,000 in attendance at the various schools. In the Wes- leyan Mission are 4 ordained missionaries, 26 teachers, and the heathen attendants upon worship number 5,790.

New Zealand.

The Church of England commenced the first mission here in 1814, followed by the Wesleyans in 1822. A recent census shows that 95 per cent, of the population is Christian. The name of Bishop Selwyn, of New Zealand, deserves special mention for his self-denying and successful labors among the Melanesian Islands. The Rev. Sydney Smith, in his bantering " way, wrote to one of his correspondents thus : The advice I .sent to Bishop Selwyn, of New Zealand, when receiving the

-cannibal chiefs, was to say, ' I deeply regret, sirs, to have nothing on my own table suited to your tastes, but you will 28 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. plenty of cold curate and roasted clergyman on the sideboard/'

And if, in spite of this prudent provision, his visitors ate him likewise, I could only add, I sincerely hoped he would disagree with them." Of the 40,000 remaining Maoris in New Zealand, about one- half belong to the Church of England, one-quarter are either Wesleyans or Roman Catholics, and the remaining fourth semi- heathen.

Fiji.

The Fiji Islands, though not far from Tonga, are considered as belonging to Melanesia, because the inhabitants are of the Papuan race. They were once ferocious cannibals, and language fails to describe the atrocities committed by these people. The Wesleyans originated the mission here, and through the patron- age of King George of Tonga secured a favorable reception. It was probably owing to his influence that their lives were often spared during the frightful scenes they were compelled to witness. They have now ten missionaries (never having exceeded thirteen at any one time). The churches are well manned by these, and seventy-two native ordained ministers, with hundreds of local preachers, who preach in 909 churches and 414 other places of worship to 27,097 church members and to 103,775 adherents out of a population of 125,441. A mis- sionary among 10,000 Fijians said, "I do not know of a single house in which there is not family worship." These islands were ceded to Great Britain in 1874, and are now ruled by a British governor. No English soldiers are needed to pre- serve loyalty, the only armed force being a handful of native police. The Fijians have the entire Bible in their own language, and 83 per cent, of the population are communicants of Protestant churches, mostly Wesleyan Methodists.

For general Church funds in 1 896 they raised almost as much as the Wesleyan churches of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, West Australia and Tasmania combined. But in these same islands, in 1850, one could buy a man for $7.50, and butcher him and eat him without public remonstrance. THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 29

In 1835 there was no native Christian in all Fiji; in 1885 there was not an avowed heathen among its eighty inhabited islands. The thrilling story of the conquests of Christianity in Fiji ranks with that of Madagascar or Japan.

Micronesia.

Micronesia consists of the Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, La- drones, Bonin, and many smaller groups of islands. They have been colonized by Spaniards, and the native races are nearly extinct. Missions to these islands commenced in 1852 by American missionaries, accompanied by two Hawaiian helpers. Twelve years afterwards they were carrying on missionary operations themselves to the surrounding islands. Out of a population of 84,000, 50,000 have heard the Gospel. There are 8,000 con- verts, and twice as many adherents. In 1880 a mission was beo-un in the island of Ruk, " the terror of the Pacific," where there are now eight or nine churches. The missionary vessel Morning Star, thrice rebuilt by the Sunday School children of America, was an invaluable aid to missionary work in these islands. Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands.

These consist of eiMit islands, the largest of which is Hawaii. They are the most northerly of the Pacific groups. Here Captain Cook was murdered in 1779. A little over one hundred years ago there was a population of 400,000, but by the process named " civilization " the native population is now reduced to less than 80,000. Of 90,000 of a

population, it is said there are 55,000 foreigners. No snakes nor any deadly animals exist there, and the islands are ten degrees cooler than any country of the same latitude. They possess the only coaling stations, the only harbors, the only watering places, the only source of supplies, the only naval stations, the only place of refuge, repair or defence for

thousands of miles in every direction. The capital is Honolulu. At the college gate in New Haven, Conn., one morning in 80 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

the year 1809, a youth of color was found weeping because there was no one to instruct him. His name was Obookiah, a native of Hawaii. He was distressed both for himself and his countrymen, but was soon taken in hand by Christian people, and ten years afterwards was sent out by the American Board with seven Americans to open a mission on these islands. To their surprise they found that idolatry had been abandoned, temples burned, human sacrifices abolished, and the nation waiting for a religion. But they also found a horrible tabu system in ojDeration, no written language, and the common people slaves of the kings and chiefs. Great revivals followed, and by 1870 the missionaries made their last report to the parent society, these islands having ceased to be missionary ground. Now all know how to read and write, and the land is dotted over with churches and school-houses built by them- selves. Life and property are safer than in the United States. The largest church membership in the world, numbering

4,500 communicants, is on the island of Hawaii, and every Sunday morning 60 per cent, of the population of these islands

is found in the pews of Protestant churches. In 1852 these islanders commenced missionary operations themselves, and have already sent missionaries south and west to the Marquesas, Gilbert, Marshall and Caroline groups of islands.

Notes on the Pacific Islands.

When John Williams visited Raratonga in 1823, he found the people all heathens ; when he left in 1834, they were all professed Christians. He left 6,000 attendants upon Christian worship; the Word of God in their own tongue, where formerly they had no written language ; and he left them with family prayer morning and evening in every house on the island. A young man, a few years ago, visiting the British Museum, saw among the many wonders there the first Raratonga idol his eyes had ever beheld, though he was born and had lived nine- teen years in Raratonga. Yet there had been once 100,000 idol-gods in that island. " I have now been reading the twenty-ninth chapter of the — — —

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 31

Acts of the Apostles."—Exclamation of the Bishop of Ripon as he laid down the wonderful story of John Williams' mis- sionary career. " Where a trader will go for gain, there the missionary ought to go for the merchandise of souls. ,In these islands something

must be risked if anything is to be done. Bishop Selwyn. " It isn't High, or Low, or Broad Church, or any other special name, but the longing desire to forget all distinctions that seems naturally to result from the very sight of these heathen people." Bishop Patteson. " A man who takes the sentimental view of coral islands and

cocoanuts is worse than useless ; a man possessed with the idea

that he is making a sacrifice will never do ; and a man who

' thinks any kind of work beneath a gentleman ' will simply be in the way." Bishop Patteson. It has been mathematically demonstrated that in the South Seas a soul is saved for every $5 spent on missions. The translation of the Bible into the Gilbert Island tongue was finished in 1893 by Rev. Hiram Bingham, who had labored upon it for thirty-four years. The king of one of the islands of this group recently refused to have his people go to San Francisco for the purpose of exhibiting heathen manners and customs. The King of Samoa in 1893 issued a proclamation forbid- ding, under pain of heavy penalties, any native Samoan or Pacific Islander to sell or give away any intoxicating drinks whatever. Who is the barbarian ? How the good and bad are taken together from Christian lands is illustrated in the fact that in the South Seas the first word usually learned is " missionary," and the next " tobacco," with " whiskey " following hard after. Maoris who attended religious meetings used to receive blankets. One native applied too frequently, and was refused.

! " No more blankets " " he cried ; well, then no more halle- lujah ! " and departed. The Hawaiian Islands were Christianized by the American missionaries ; the Society, Samoan, Hervey and Loyalty groups, by the London Missionary Society ; the Fiji and Tonga groups, .

32 F1KST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. by the Wesleyans, and the New Hebrides, by the Canada Presbyterians. In the islands of the sea there are 12 societies, with 212 stations, occupied by 190 missionaries (not counting Australia), and over 100,000 converts. No fewer than 350 of these islands have been more or less fully evangelized in this century, and the Word of God rendered into 50 languages, in whole or in part, with 500,000 adherents in the churches. The whole expense has been about $10,000,000.00, and the rate of converts about 5,000 per year.

Summary of Mission Work in the Pacific Islands.

(Compiled principally from "Encyclopedia of Missions" published hy Funk

Wagnalls. )

DO Con- pur- Popula- *! Missionaries Native Ministers. Ordained Ordained Churches. Sabbath School Scholars. poses. Stations. Common Schools. Communi- Country. cants. tributions tion. all

Native for

1

Polynesia*. . . . 4 44 24 366 1,049 57,320 483 44,430 SI 7, 495

1 3 13 10 5 3 100 344 65

97 10 40 81 7,729 3,571

Isl's ; 9 36 62 Hawaiian • 58 2,769 5,049 20,132

Totals of above 1,550,640 12 212 46 447 1,195 60, 089 i 583 57,552 41,263

Australia & 1 90 680 New Zealand/ 3,628,211 6 171 39,743i 127 19,016 3,285

Malaysia 8 198 77 3 96 1,346 170 32,767 6,109

1 Totals.. . 94 500 994 450 .971 101,178 sso 109,335 $50,657

* These figures for Polynesia include the Wesleyan members for Fiji, which mis- sion is usually considered as belonging to Melanesia. AFRICA. 33

AFRICA.

" There is a morning star, my soul,

There is a morning star. 'Twill soon be near and bright, my soul, Though now it seems so dim and far. And when time's stars have come and gone, And every mist of earth has flown, That better star shall rise On this world's clouded skies " To shine forever !

Population and " Spheres of Influence."

The population of Africa has been estimated variously from 162,000,000 to 300,000,000 of souls. Of the population, 77,000,000 are Mohammedans, and 95,000,000 pagans. The work of partitioning Africa among the various European nations has been industriously pursued for several years past, with the result that only about 2,500,000 square miles remain unappropriated, France leading the list. The "spheres of influence" (as they are technically called) extend over the

following areas : France, 2,300,248 square miles ; Great Britain, 1,909,445; Congo Free State, 1,508,000; Germany, 1,035,720, with many smaller divisions held by other countries Great Britain's " sphere of influence " in Africa is now almost equal in size to that of the United States.

Lay the western edge of Africa at San Francisco, and it would cover land and sea to the coast of Ireland. Only forty years have elapsed since the mighty prize of the source of the Nile was rescued from oblivion, and more has been done to reclaim the " Lost Continent " in the last thirty-three years than in the previous 3,300 years.

Races and Climate.

It is a mistake to suppose that the people of Africa are all negroes. They are only one race out of six. The African races are as follows: 1. Berber—color, black to dark bronze or copper; home, North Africa. 2. Coptic—color, brownish ;

34 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

yellow; home, northern Egypt. 3. Nilotic—color, between

black and brown ; home, Nubia, Abyssinia and that part of East Africa south of Abyssinia. 4. Negro—color, black general physical characteristics well known; home, the

5. color, Soudan. Bantu— warm chocolate ; a fine, tall, handsome race. One subdivision of this race (the Kaffirs proper) will never be made slaves. Home, southern half of

Africa. 6. Goriepine—color, dull yellow tint : small size, slightly resembling Malays ; the Hottentots and Bushmen of South Africa. The great majority of the African tribes are devil- worshippers. Africa has been called the " martyr land," and also the " white man's grave," from the astounding mortality of the missionaries sent out. In forty years, of eighty-seven men sent by the Church Missionary Society, thirty died in the first twelve years. The Wesleyan Missionary Society up to 1864 had in their burial ground on the west coast of Africa, graves of more than forty missionaries and their wives. The Moravians sent nine missionaries to Guinea, and in two years they were all dead, and the mission had to be abandoned. Fifty-five missionaries, nearly all of whom labored on the Lower Congo, died within ten years. Professor Druinmond, a few years ago visited the Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyassa. He found houses, but they were all empty. One by one the missionaries had sickened and died of fever. Four or five mounds under the shadow of a huge granite mountain told the sad tale of Africa's deadly climate. This -continent cannot be evangelized by Europeans alone. With the exception of the Soudan, where it is said from 60,000,000 to 80,000,000 of people reside, and where no mission- ary has yet penetrated, though an attempt is being made at the

present time, Africa is no longer " the dark continent. In our school-boy days, the centre of Africa was marked over with pictures of lions and camelopards to show that these only

inhabited this region, or that it was entirely unknown. How surprising to find by the journeys of explorers (not the least of whom were missionaries), that the country is densely populated by millions of people. In consequence, missionary societies are •eagerly seizing the magnificent opportunities presented. AFRICA. .)0

West Africa.

Sierra Leone was founded by the British, and Liberia by the Americans, each for the purpose of putting down the slave- trade —for rescuing, liberating and educating those who had been slaves. The Wesleyan Methodists of Sierra Leone sonic years ago celebrated their centenary anniversary. During the War of Independence, 1,131 slaves fled to Nova Scotia. They succeeded in 1792 in gaining a home in Sierra Leone, 223 of them uniting with the Wesleyan Church. This mission, at its centennial, reported forty churches and thirty-eight other preaching places, sixteen native missionaries, 6,387 communi- cants and 20,676 adherents, with an annual income of $21,757. The Church Missionary Society opened a mission in Sierra Leone in 1804. At the beginning the work was very discour- aging— the first signal success being under a Lutheran school- master named Johnston. The Yorubu and Niger missions were opened by Bishop Crowther, who had been carried off as a slave-boy, rescued by the British, educated at Sierra Leone, and was subsequently ordained Bishop of the Niger. Years afterwards he had the satisfaction of finding his mother in the interior, from which part he had been carried off' as a slave. He died a few years ago, "full of years and honors." The old Calabar mission originated with the Presbytery of Jamaica ; the Cameroons with the Baptists; the Gold Coast and Gambia missions with the Wesleyans, and the mission to Liberia with the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States. The English Wesleyans entered Sierra Leone in 1808, and in less than forty years some fifty-five missionaries had lost their lives.

When Bishop Taylor first went to Liberia, the only small currency in use in portions of the Kroo coast was leaf tobacco. The Bishop substituted laundry soap, and from three to five tons have been sent in a single shipment.

South Africa.

The first mission to the Hottentots was commenced by the Moravians, under George Schmidt, from Holland, in 1737. The 36 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Dutch farmers compelled him to return to Europe in 1744.

With the history of missions in South Africa is imperishably bound up the name of Dr. Vanderkemp—physician, cavalry officer, scholar and sceptic — the son of a Dutch clergyman. Through the drowning of his wife and daughter in Holland he was led to Christ, and by a series of strange providences, became, in 1799, the London Missionary Society's agent in South Africa. He preached among the Kaffirs and Hottentots, though over the church doors in Cape Colony he read, " Dogs and Hottentots not admitted." He was the first missionary to the Kaffirs. When converted they walked arm in arm with their wives to church. On seeing this their heathen neighbors rushed to the doors of their huts, exclaiming in indignation, " There's a man yonder who has made himself into a woman's walking-stick."

Among the chief names in this part of the continent is that of Robert Moffat, especially in connection with the conversion of Africaner, " the terror of South Africa," the most cruel and bloodthirsty chief of modern days. A price was set on his head many times over. That Moffat should risk himself in his company, whatever professions he made, was considered foolishly reckless. But iVfricaner, by the consistency of his

life, convinced the most incredulous at last. On one occasion, after the efforts of the rain- maker had been in vain, the natives blamed the missionary for the drought. The chief came with his followers and told him he must leave the country, brandishing at the same time his weapons in a threatening manner. Mrs. Moffat, with the babe in her arms, was watching the crisis at the cottage door. Moffat told them he was resolved

to abide by his post, and throwing open his waistcoat, said : " Now then, if you will, drive your spears to my heart." At " these words the chief said : These men must have ten lives when they are so fearless of death," and slunk away. Moffat translated the Bible into the Sechwana language. The narra- tive of his work at Kuruman is most interesting. Mrs. Moffat was a true heroine, and rightly shares the honors of her husband. Dr. Livingstone married one of their daughters. A striking providence was manifested in the life of Barnabas AFRICA. 87

Shaw, the Wesleyan missionary to South Africa. He was for- bidden by the Government to preach, or build a chapel in Cape

Town ; and the Dutch farmers even forbade him preaching to slaves. He then determined to push into the interior, being " seconded by his noble wife, who said : If expense be a

difficulty, each little property in Yorkshire let it we have a ; go for this." After journeying three hundred, miles, he camped on the twenty-seventh day near a party of Hottentots, who, with a chief, were going to Cape Town for a missiona^ to teach them the great Word of God of which they had heard. Had either party started on its journey half an hour earlier they would have missed each other. A Zulu church recently organized has among its by-laws, " No member shall be permitted to drink the white man's grog."

It is now (1898) 155 years since the first Hottentot was baptized by the Moravian missionary George Schmidt.

The area of South Africa adapted to white occupancy is six times that of France. Central Africa.

The Story of Livingstone.

With Central Africa the name of Dr. Livingstone is imperish- ably associated " Traveller, explorer, geographer, astronomer, zoologist, botanist, physician, missionary—what a many-sided man ! " At starting out he told the directors of the London Missionary Society that he was at their disposal " to go any-

where, provided only it be forward," and plunged into the very heart of darkest Africa." As exhibiting his cheerfulness, on setting out for Loando on the west coast, on one occasion, he remarked that he was glad that the Boers had taken pos- session of his goods, " for it saved him the trouble of making a will." Hoiv Stanley found him.

For a long time no word of him had been heard by the out- side public, save a rumor which had come to the east coast that he was dead. There was so much uncertainty about the matter that Mr. Bennett, of the New York Herald, commissioned Henry 38 FIRST HUNDRED \EARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

M. Stanley to find Livingstone, which he did after a journey of nearly two years. He was discovered at a most critical juncture. In 1871, when Livingstone was near the sources of the Nile, his men absolutely refused to proceed one step farther. All usual and unusual appeals were in vain. There was nothing therefore for him but to tramp back to Ujiji, where his supplies were stored. But sorrows never come singly. He found his supplies had been stolen and sold, and the thieves, to save themselves, had started the story that he was dead. To add to his distress, there were no letters from home, and Livingstone found himself sick, forsaken, and almost at death's door. But, sixteen days after, a strange party arrived in his camp. It was Stanley's. Who can describe the joy and grati-

tude of that moment ? If Stanley had not been delayed by the war with Mirambo, he should have gone on to Manyema, and very likely lost him. They remained together four months,

and Stanley admits that the greatest impulses of his life, especially his attitude toward Christianity (for he had pre- viously been somewhat sceptical), were due to the influence of Livingstone.

His last hours and honors.

After Stanley left him he continued to prosecute his journeys, but the strong iron constitution was beginning to give way at

last. In 1 873, at Ilala, Lake Bangweolo, the great Livingstone died, aged sixty years. He was found by his ever- faithful Susi at four o'clock in the morning in his grass hut, on his

knees by his bedside, dead ! How symbolic that his heart should be buried beneath a moula tree in Africa, while his body should be borne to the resting-place of England's greatest dead. The expedition, led by his devoted blacks, Susi and

Chuma, bearing Livingstone's body from Ilala to Zanzibar, is one of the most remarkable on record. This dangerous journey of nearly a thousand miles, and which occupied nearly a year, was successfully accomplished, and not one paper of all the last seven years of Livingstone's life was lost. The body was ulti- mately conveyed to England, identified by Moffat, his father- in-law, and buried in Westminster Abbey, amid the profoundest AFRICA. 39

respect and sympathy of the nation. Livingstone was attacked with fever forty times, travelled 29,000 miles, and added to the known part of the globe about one million square miles. All Europe could be put into an area in Central Africa, that has not a single missionary.

The Congo Baslv.

One of the greatest feats of modern times is the journey of Stanley across Africa, a distance of 7,000 miles, which he successfully accomplished in 1877, emerging at the mouth of the Congo, on the west coast, 999 days after he had left Zanzibar on the east. This opened to the world the great Congo basin, with its 5,249 miles of navigable rivers, an area of 11,000,000 of square miles, inhabited by 43,000,000 of people, speaking 108 languages. For navigation purposes

the Congo is spoken of as the Lower and Upper. The Lower

Congo is only 100 miles long, from its mouth to Underhill, where cataracts and other impediments begin, and continue to Stanley Pool, a distance of 268 miles. To overcome these obstructions a railway was completed and opened in March, 1898, after eight years of construction. At Stanley Pool, where

the Upper Congo begins, there is a clear and uninterrupted course for 1,000 miles. This does not include its tributaries. The Lulongo River, which meets the Congo a little north of

the equator, including its branch, Lopori, is navigable a dis- tance equal to that between Quebec and Hamilton. By another branch steamers have travelled a distance as far from Port Arthur to the foot of the Rocky Mountains. Commencing

at Stanley Pool, there is river navigation on the Congo and its branches of from 7,000 to 10,000 miles, which by means of this

new railroad is now connected with the outside world. After King Leopold of Belgium lost his son, he adopted

Africa instead. He is at the head of the Congo Free State, gives princely sums to it annually, and intends to will it to Belgium at his death. This new state covers an area of 1,508,000 square miles, about equal to the Dominion of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, and contains a population esti- mated at 39,000,000. In order that the state should have a —

40 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

foundation for permanent prosperity, Stanley in two years concluded treaties with 450 kings or chiefs. In the Congo region at the present time there are three

Roman Catholic missions and eight Protestant, among which is that founded by the celebrated Bishop William Taylor. There are twenty-eight stations and ninety-five missionaries. The Protestant missions have been undertaken by the Swedish, English and American societies. About 130 miles of the Congo railway are in operation. Up to 1881 the natives of the Upper Congo had never seen

a steamboat. Now there is a fleet of twenty steamers on the upper river.

The Congo Basin has an area greater than that of all India. The English Baptists have a line of stations 1,000 miles long.

The Soudan.

For forty years missionaries have looked toward the interior and sought to find a way into the Soudan country. Krapf, with great modesty and bated breath, revealed his thoughts of

establishing a chain of stations from the east coast ; the Presby- terians tried to enter from the west coast by the Calabar and Gaboon Rivers, and the Baptists sought an entrance by way of the Cameroons, but all in vain. Stanley, however, lias proved that after the cataracts are passed, the Congo is the best way

to the Soudan. By it three routes are offered to this, the greatest unevangelized territory now on the face of the earth. The Soudan may be said to be bounded on the north by a line joining Cape Vercle to Khartoum, and on the south by the eighth parallel of north latitude, a vast region of 3,500 miles across the continent, by 500 miles broad. It has an area of 4,000,000 of square miles —greater than that of all Europe and a population of from 00,000,000 to 80,000,000—as many as the whole of the United States. And this vast territory is not occupied by a single missionary of the cross ! But we are now at the back door of this great dark land. A company from Kansas, U.S., started out about seven years ago, but they all died before reaching their destination. Two societies in England and two in America have lately been organized to evangelize this vast country. AFRICA. 41

East Africa.

The first missionary of note in East Africa was a young German from Basle Missionary Society, Ludwig Krapf, who began operations in 1837. His name ought to be as well known as Livingtone's, whom he preceded by four years. At Mombasa, he buried within six months his wife and child.

" ' Writing home he said : Tell our friends you have now a grave in East Africa, and are therefore summoned to the " conversion of Africa from its eastern shore.'

Uganda.

In East Africa lies the kingdom of Uganda, with a population of about 5,000,000, and directly south lies Lake Tanganyika, discovered by Speke in 1867—the largest and longest lake in the world, having a coast line of over 2,000 miles. Mtesa, King of Uganda, expressed to Stanley his desire to have missionaries sent to him. Stanley wrote a letter to the

Daily Telegraph urging that it be done. That letter had a strange history. Stanley gave it to Linant de Balfonds, one of the officers of Gordon Pasha. When the former was killed by the Baris, the letter was found in his boot and forwarded by Gordon to England. The Church Missionary Society responded to the call. Mwanga succeeded Mtesa, and persecution soon began. The martyrdom of three boys took place, followed by the murder of Bishop Hannington, in 1885, McKay in the meantime holding bravely on. Mwanga was driven out of his kingdom, professed conversion, was then restored, and joined the Roman Catholic Church. Two-thirds of the country is allotted to the Protestants, and one -third is beingr divided between the Roman Catholics and Mohammedans. The Roman Catholic bishop has lately been compelled to publish the New Testament, in order to meet the Protestants, who spread it everwhere, and which he cannot prevent his own people from buying. In Uganda there are one hundred native laborers in the field, all supported by native contributions. Ten thousand copies of the Gospel were sold in five months. 42 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

When Stanley was at Lake Victoria Nyanza twenty-one years ago there was not a missionary there. Now Uganda has 500 churches, 600 teachers and 57,300 readers under instruction, with a Sunday church attendance of 25,300. Stanley says " the natives are enthusiastic converts. They would spend their last penny to acquire a Bible." The railway in Uganda extends 650 miles. The country contains a population of 10,000,000. In order to tell the neighborhood that next day was the Lord's Day, the missionaries in East Africa used to raise a white flag with a red cross upon it on Saturdays. Hence

Sunday is called " flag-day." Mtesa, King of Uganda, after inquiring of Stanley respecting the health of Queen Victoria and the Emperor of Germany, " asked, " What tidings can you bring me from above ? Unfor- tunately the great explorer was not versed in these matters, but gave the King a copy of the New Testament, which, he declared, contained the only answer man would ever receive to that momentous question.

Madagascar.

Geographical and Historical.

Omitting Australia, Madagascar is the third largest island in the world. It has an area four times the size of England and Wales, and is divided into twenty- eight provinces. The population is about 3,500,000 and the capital, Antananarivo, contains 100,000 inhabitants. The Hovas are the principal tribe. The Opening of the Mission.

The French governor of the Island of Bourbon told the first Protestant missionaries that they might as well try to convert cattle as to make Christians of the Malagasy. Now Madagascar is one of the miracles of modern missions, and the crown of the London Missionary Society. The mission began in 1818, and by 1828 there were 100 schools, and 10,000 scholars connected with them. The king, Radama, issued a proclamation giving liberty to his subjects to receive baptism and to profess Christianity. Soon afterwards AFRICA. 43 he died at the early age of thirty-six, his untimely end being brought on by his vices, especially the habit of intemperance, which he had learned from the Europeans at Tamatave.

The Era of Persecution.

His successor, Queen Ranavalona I. (the "bloody Mary" of Madagascar), alarmed at the progress of Christianity, ordered a general and horrible persecution of the Christians, which has been unequalled in modern times. Four hundred officers were reduced in rank, and two thousand were fined. In 1835 the profession of the Christian religion was declared illegal, and during the next twenty-five years strenuous efforts were made to stamp it oat. The missionaries were ordered to leave the island, except a few to teach the natives soap-making. This opportunity they employed to press forward the transla- tion and printing of the Bible in Malagasy. By the time they had taught the natives the useful art above referred to, they had the whole of the New Testament and the greater part of the Old printed and in circulation Now all human teachers were gone, and for a quarter of a century the poor hunted Christians had only this Bible. In one district they kept the only copy they had during all this time in a cave which was used for a small-pox hospital, and where the Government officers would not go. When the last missionary was expelled in 1836, there were 300 Christians in full communion while they were absent ; upwards of 1,600 had been murdered for Christ's sake; and yet when the missionaries returned in 1861, there were found to welcome them back 740 members, and 7,000 adherents (five- fold more than when the work of extermination began). " The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church."

There were four special places of martyrdom : One where the victims were speared and thrown to dogs ; one where they were hung over a precipice 170 feet high by a rope around the waist. Being asked if they would renounce Christ, on refusal the rope was cut and they were dashed to pieces on the rocks below. Another was where they were stoned to death, and the fourth where they were burned, straw being stuffed into their mouths to prevent their praising God. — — — — — — —

44 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

These four places, after the persecution ceased, were made over to the missionary of the London Society, and on their sites four memorial churches were built at an expense of £12,000, subscribed in England. The French Jesuits found their way to Madagascar in 1862, and by their intrigues have managed to keep up a constant irritation between the Government and France, which has now a protectorate over the island. To the disgrace, however, of the English Government, be it said, it is responsible for the prevailing intemperance, as it forced the vile rum of Mauritius on the island in spite of the strict prohibition of the Govern- ment. Though three missionary societies are working, scarcely one- half of the population has yet been reached by the Gospel. In

February, 1869, the Queen Ranavalona II., with her husband, were publicly baptized, and on the following September she publicly burned the national idols. The present queen, Rana-

valona III., has reigned since 1883, and is a noble, patriotic, Christian woman.

Notes on Africa.

" Africa — the last stronghold of paganism." Dr. Sims. " An African is the image of God carved in ebony." Dr. Fuller. " An African slave-dealer is the image of the devil carved in ivory." Dr. Johnston. " Let a thousand fall before Africa be given up."—Dying words of Melville B. Cox, first foreign missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S., who died of African fever less than four months after his arrival.

" The end of the geographical feat is the beginning of the missionary enterprise. " Livingstone. " I have been in Africa for seventeen years, and I have never met a man who would kill me if I folded my hands." Stanley.

" If I am to go ' on the shelf,' let that shelf be Africa." Livingstone, in 1867.

" To exaggerate the enormities of the slave trade is simply impossible." Livingstone. — ! —

AFRICA. 45

" All I can add in my loneliness is : May heaven's rich bless- ing come down on every one, American, Englishman, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of the world." Living- stones last message to the outer world in reference to the slave

trade. This sentence is carved on his memorial slab in Westminster Abbey. " Every tusk, piece, and scrap of ivory in possession of an Arab trader has been steeped and dyed in blood. Every pound

weight has cost the life of a man, woman, or child ; for every

five pounds a hut has been burned ; for every two tusks a

whole village has been destroyed ; every twenty tusks have been obtained at the price of a district, with all its people,

villages, and plantations. It is simply incredible that because

ivory is required for ornaments or billiard-games, the rich heart of Africa should be laid waste at this late year of the nineteenth century." Stanley. In Stanley's journey of 7,000 miles, from Zanzibar to the mouth of the Congo, he neither saw a Christian nor one man who had even heard the gospel message

The curious fact is noted by Sir Samuel Baker that no negro has ever been known to tame an elephant or any wild animal. The languages of Africa number 438, with 153 dialects, making a total of some COO. Into only about 70 of these languages has any portion of the Bible been translated. Five hundred of them have not even been reduced to writing. When the King of Ashantee sent an embassy to Queen Victoria, the envoys were met at Liverpool with the official message that " Her Majesty could not, under any circumstances,

receive a mission from a ruler, who, there is good reason to believe, allows and countenances the practice of human sacrifice." In 1835 many deemed establishing a mission in West Africa

to be a foolish and wicked waste of life. But in forty years seventeen separate expeditions left Europe to ascertain the source and termination of the Niger, causing the loss of nineteen leaders and men of education, besides scores of attendants, while the greatest minds of Europe dreamed the object worthy of the cost. ..

4(> FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Africa has 3750 miles of completed railroads and 400 miles under construction, and surveys are being made for twice as much more. A telegram from Blantyre, in Central Africa, was recently received by a missionary secretary in Edinburgh in about three hours. In 1894 the Sultan of Turkey, at his own expense, sent Mohammedan missionaries to Africa for the avowed purpose of checking Christianity. To protect an Englishman (Rev. Mr. Stein, a missionary, and other prisoners) England sent an army of 10,000 men to Abyssinia, which killed King Theodore, and destroyed Magdala his capital. This expedition cost $45,000,000. When national honor is at stake there is no lack of either men or money.

Summary of Mission Work in Africa.

(Compiled from "Encyclopaedia of Missions," published by Funk & Wagnalls; " Lc Journal des Missions Eva/ngeliques," of Paris, and Rand <( McNalhfs "Atlas of the World, 1804.";

03

n3 School -i. £ 71 o Con- Purposes. Schools. Popula- o Country. Scholars. tributions tion. Common Native all O Sunday o O for

Madagascar . . 3,500,000 3 1,250 143 1,800 $4,400

(Protestant) . . 74 1,313 137,350 115,787

(Rom. Catholic) 80 26,730 15,000

The Continent. 250,000,000* 43 1,352 611 209 565 29,730 839 101,212 179,650

Totals 253,500,000 46 2,602 765 1,522 708 193,810 2,639 231,999 $184,050

* Stanley's estimate. ;

ASIA. 47

ASIA.

"The night is well-nigh spent, my soul,

The night is well-nigh spent And soon above our heads shall rise A glorious firmament, A sky all clear, and glad and bright, The Lamb, once slain, its perfect light, A star without a cloud, Whose light no mists enshroud, Descending never?"

BURMAH.

Adoniratn Judson and his wife, with other missionaries, were sent out from America to India. On their arrival at Calcutta they were ordered to be put on board a ship and sent to England. Judson and his wife, however, escaped to the Isle of, France. An order was sent to the governor, Sir Evan Nepean, to expel them, but, being a man of deep religious feeling, he secured instead their residence in the country till the next year (1813), when the arbitrary power of the East India Compairy was broken. They ultimately arrived at Rangoon, Burmah. The first baptism of a convert took place in 1819—six years after Judson's arrival. In 1823 war broke out with England. The Burmese entered upon it with great spirit. Being ignorant and very conceited, they anticipated speedy victory and great glory. On gaily caparisoned boats they went dancing and singing to meet the " enemy—their only anxiety being lest " the cock-feather chief should get away before there was time to catch any of his army for slaves. One Burmese lady sent an order for four English soldiers to manage her household, as she had heard they were " trustworthy," while a courtier sent an order for six

" to row his boat." From this it is evident that, during the intervening centuries, the reputation of Britons for making efficient slaves had considerably advanced since the time when Cicero advised a Roman general to make slaves of all his prisoners except the Britons, who, he said, were too lazy and

illiterate for any good ! It is well to look betimes at "the hole of the pit whence we were digged." :

48 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

The Burmese were everywhere defeated. " Seize the mis- sionaries," cried the people in revenge. Judson was thrown into the death-prison at Ava, Mrs. Judson, however, being left free. The record of her devotion during these trying nine months, makes one of the most thrilling chapters in all the history of female heroism. " The annals in the East present us with no parallel." Judson labored in that country for six years without a single convert. When it was hinted to him that the mission was a total failure, a seraphic glory lighted up his countenance as he " exclaimed : The conversion of Burmah is as bright as the promises of God." There are now over 29,000 communicants. Burmah was finally annexed to British India in 1886. In Maiden, Mass., the Baptist meeting-house contains a tablet bearing the following inscription

IN MEMORIAM. Rev. Adoniram Judson,

Born August 9, 1788, Died April 12, 1850. Malden His Birthplace, The Ocean His Sepulchre. Converted Burmans and The Burman Bible His Monument. His Record is on High.

(For the latest missionary statistics of Burmah, see the " Summary of Mission Work in Asia.")

The Karens.

Scattered throughout Burmah and parts of Siam and China is a race inhabiting jungles and mountainous districts. These are the Karens, or " wild men of Burmah." The Burmese virtually made slaves of them. About 1826, Judson purchased the freedom of the first Karen convert, Ko-thah-byu. He became a preacher, and had won- derful success. His name will never be forgotten so long as the annals of Christianity are written. Boardman was also a successful missionary amongst them. Though the people —

ASIA. 49 offered sacrifices to propitiate demons, they had no idols. They welcomed the Bible in their own tongue, as they had a tradition that books once existed in their language, although they had no literature of any kind. No people were ever dis- covered who were so prepared to receive the Gospel. The fiftieth anniversary of the first convert was celebrated in 1878. To commemorate this event they built a Jubilee Memorial Hall, at a cost of $15,000, for school and mission purposes. It represented 20,000 then living disciples. At the present time there are about 80,000 baptized members and 100,000 adherents. They have a missionary society of their own, sending agents to people of other tongues. In 1880, Burmah ranked third on the list of donors to the Baptist Missionary Union, only Massachusetts and New York outrank- ing her: and of $31,616 from Burmah, the Karen churches contributed over $30,000.

Siam.

Siam is called " the land of the white elephant." It has a population of 6,000,000. Its capital is Bangkok, " the Venice of the Orient," with a population of about 400,000. The only mission in the kingdom is carried on by the American Baptists.

The present king is about forty-three years of age, and is the first king of Siam who ever travelled abroad. Next to the Mikado of Japan, he is pronounced to be the " most progressive sovereign of Asia." For many years the missionaries enjoyed high favor at the court. In one of their reports, as far back as 1 855, the missionaries of the American Baptist Society express grave doubts whether they can justify making themselves useful to the king by translating official documents, instead of giving their whole time to preaching the Gospel. Fancy Jesuits in the

same circumstances burdened with such scruples ! Probably the largest idol in the world (the " Sleeping Idol ") is at Bangkok, Siam. The feet are five feet long and the soles beautifully inlaid with mother-of-pearl. " You are the only people arriving here who do not come to squeeze my people." King of Siam, to the missionries. (For the latest missionary statistics of Siam, see the " Sum- mary of Mission Work in Asia.") 4 50 first hundred years of modern missions.

Thibet.

Thibet is one of the few countries of the world closed to the

missionaries of the Cross ; but Miss Annie R. Taylor is endeavor- ing to secure ten or twelve men to learn the Thibetan language at Darjeeling, India, so that they may be in readiness when

Thibet opens to the Gospel. The latest information is that Miss Taylor and party have moved to Gnatong in Sikkim, and are ready for immediate entrance when the way opens. A Moravian missionary has been stationed on the outskirts of this country for thirty years, translating books, so as to be ready when the door opens. Already the New Testament and part of the Old have been translated into the Thibetan language.

In Thibet, almost every crime is punished by a fine, not excepting murder. The fine for the latter varies according to the social standing of the victim, from $42 (120 bricks of tea, at thirty-five cents each) for the "upper class," down to seventy cents for a pauper. Almost every grown-up man in the country has a murder or two to his credit.

India.

Population, Religions and Languages.

According to the official census of India for 1891, the popu- lation numbers 288,159,672. This is an increase of 26,000,000 since 1881 —10 per cent, in a single decade. Of the above population, the Hindus number 207,654,407 ; the Mussulmans, 57,365,204 ; the Forest Tribes (animal wor- shippers), 9,402,083; Buddhists, 7,101,057; and the Christians, 2,284,191. The balance is composed of Jains, Sikhs, Parsees, Jews, Atheists and Agnostics (the two latter classes together numbering 289). This enormous population is kept quiet by only 60,000 English troops, assisted by native auxiliaries. The Roman Empire at its zenith had but little more territory than India, aud less than half its population. India is forty times as populous as the Dominion of Canada, four times that of the United States, and stands only second to China. The Hindus are as numerous as the combined populations of France, ASIA. 51

Germany, Austria, Italy and Great Britain. The population in

the province of Bengal numbers 500 to the square mile ; in British India, 233. The density of population in the whole of

India is 187 to the square mile. In England there are 498 to the square mile, twenty-one in the United States, and five in the habitable parts of Canada. India contains one-fifth of humanity, and 23,000 souls pass from that country into eternity every day. The idols wor-

shipped number, it is said, 330,000,000. The number of spoken languages in British India is seventy- eight, seven of which may be considered chief languages. The

Bengali is spoken by 42,000,000, and the Hindi by 103,000,000. Those who can understand English only number 3,000,000. Lord DufTerin has stated that of the 200,000,000 under English rule, not, more than 5 or 6 per cent, can read and

write, while less than t per cent, has any knowledge of English. A large number of the trading classes can write business letters and keep accounts, but cannot read a page of a printed book.

Opposition to Missionaries.

The policy of the East India Company was decidedly an- tagonistic to the admission of missionaries into India. In 1793 (the year Carey arrived), Mr. Lushington, a director said, "if there were only a hundred thousand natives converted to

Christianity, he should hold it as the greatest calamity that could befall India." Another of the directors said he " would rather see a band of devils than a band of missionaries in India." In 1813, Wilberforce, in the House of Commons, in spite of most determined opposition, led a movement against the Company to compel the toleration of missionaries, and won. " He said : I heard afterwards that many good men were pray- " ing for us all night." In writing to his wife he said : Blessed be God, we carried our question triumphantly about three or later this morning." But even as late as 1852, over three and three-quarter millions of dollars were paid from public funds to repair temples, support a pagan priesthood, and provide new

idols and idol-cars ! When the first tidings of the mutiny :

52 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

reached the India House, one of the directors threw up his hat and shouted, " Hurrah, now we shall get rid of the saints." Vain prediction. The saints got rid of them. Their power was abolished by the British Parliament in the following year.

First Missionaries.

The three great names connected with Protestant missions in India, are Schwartz, Carey, and Duff. The pioneer mission was undertaken by the King of Denmark, who sent out missionaries in 1706. The first converts were five slaves baptized in 1707 ; the first Protestant church was opened in the same year, and by 1711 missionary Ziegenbalg had completed the translation of the New Testament into the Tamil language, which is spoken by 15,000,000 of people. Schwartz, of the same mission, arrived in 1750. His personal influence was so great that both the English and Rajahs alike desired to use it. Sultan Hyder Ali, the bitter foe of the English, positively refused to trust any ambassador save Schwartz. " Send me the Christian,'' he cried, " he will not deceive me." At his death in 1798, both the Rajah of Tanjore and the East India Company erected memorial churches in his honor. Carey, the founder of the first British missionary society, who had been refused a passage on any English ship, arrived at Calcutta by a Danish vessel in 1793. The East India Company endeavored to have him expelled, but the Danish governor invited him to the little settlement at Serampore, and protected him there. He was soon joined by Marshman and Ward, and in course of time was appointed professor of Sanskrit in Fort William College, being the best scholar of that language in India, or perhaps, in the world. Thus the humble cobbler developed into the learned "Dr." Carey. He had a peculiar gift in learning languages.

Summary of Carey's Work.

The record of Carey's life may be told in brief as follows The first complete or partial translation of the Bible into forty of the languages and dialects of India and neighboring ASIA. 53

of the first vernacular news- countries ; the publication Bengali paper, the language of 70,000,000; the first printing-press,

paper-mill and steam-engine ever set up in India ; organization

of the first schools for native girls and women ; of the first

college to train native pastors ; the first medical mission, the first savings-bank, and the first translations of the Sanskrit into English. The British authorities denied Carey a landing-place on his arrival in Bengal ; when he died the Government ordered all its flags to be dropped to half-mast.

Other Missions.

The Rev. Dr. Duff' arrived in 1830. He made a distinct departure by making a specialty of education in connection with mission work. The Wesleyans began a mission as early as 1814 in Ceylon, and now have extensive missions in Madras, Mysore, Calcutta and Lucknow. The Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States has prosperous missions in Ouclh and the north-west provinces. Even in conservative India, quiet but important changes are being constantly inaugurated. The agitation for increasing by law the marriageable age, is likely to be successful. Medical and Zenana missions are also increasing at a remarkable rate. The scheme which Lady DufFerin began twelve years ago, for the amelioration of the physical condition of the women of

India. -is already producing striking results. Last year 466,000 women received medical treatment. A wide field is hereby opened for lady medical missionaries.

The Telugu Mission.

The great revival among the Telugus in the south of India deserves special mention. Their language is spoken by 16,000- 000 of people. For many years the American Baptists had a mission there, marked on their map by a red star, their only mission on that side of the Bay of Bengal. For thirty years they labored with scarcely any success, till at last at their annual meeting in Albany, N.Y., in 1853, it was seriously —

54 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. proposed to abandon what came to be called their " lone star mission." The proposal was opposed, and the discussion led

Dr. S. F. Smith, the author of " America," to' write what proved

to be a prophetic hymn, commencing with :

4 ' Shine on Lone Star ! thy radiance bright,

Shall yet illume the western sky," etc.

In 1877 the revival began. The people came to the mis- sionaries in thousands, piling up their idols in the missionaries' back yard, and asking for baptism. The missionaries had no leisure even to eat, and were staggered by success. Had they come one at a time they would have known what to do, but when they came in thousands, the task of examining and deciding who were fit for baptism was very trying indeed. In 1860 the converts only numbered 38: in 1877, 4,517: in 1878, 10,000: in 1890,33,838. Within six months in 1878, 10,000 converts were baptized near the town of Ongole. Thirty thousand have become converted in twelve years. In one day,

2,222 converts were baptized — " the nearest parallel to Pente- cost since the Book of Acts closed." It is doubted whether in all missionary history there is a better illustration of the passage— " a nation born in a day."

Increase of Christianity.

In North- West India Bishop Thoburn, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, reports an average of all years, of aboat fifty converts a day. From 1889 to 1894 this mission received 45,000 converts. " We now receive more converts in a month than we used to receive in a decade. When I return to my field I shall expect to greet 10,000 new converts—men and women who were wor- shipping idols four months ago." Bishop Thoburn, of India, before the Methodist Episcopal General Conference at Omaha, May, 1892. More than 19,000 heathen in India broke their idols in 1891, and united with the Methodist Church. In India there are 65 Protestant missionary societies, with 857 ordinary missionaries. In addition, there are 711 ordained —— — —

ASIA. 09 lay helpers and 114 lady assistants, and 3,491 native lay preachers. The number of native Protestant Christians

(adherents) is 559,661, an increase of 150,000 in ten years. Of these 182,722 are communicant members of the churches, an increase of 70,000 in the last decade. There is one foreign missionary to 325,000 people. In 1851 there were twenty -one native ordained pastors in India in a growth of forty-three-fold in forty years. ; 1891, 912, The increase of native Protestant Christians the first fifty years, was twenty-five fold ; between 1851 and 1891 (forty years) the increase was eighty-fold. During the last decade (1881-91), the Hindu population increased ten per cent.; the Mussulman, fourteen, and the Christian population, twenty-two per cent. (For the latest mission statistics of India, consult the " Sum- mary of Mission Work in Asia.")

Notes on India.

" I make Christ my heir." Schivartz, who willed all his pro- perty for missions to the heathen. " I am now dead to Europe and alive to India." Dr. Coke, 1813. " If ever I see a Hindu converted to Jesus Christ, .1 shall see something more nearly approaching the resurrection of a dead body than anything I have seen." nenry Marty n. To-day there are 222,000 native communicants in India. " We are indebted more to William Carey and the £13 2s. 6d., which was the first sum subscribed for him, than we are to all the heroism and cunning of Clive, and to all the genius and rapacity of Warren Hastings." Canon Farrar. The average per capita income of the people of India is only about $7 per year. In India there are 20,000 miles of railroads and 12,000,000 of people who speak English.

Of the non-Christian countries of the world India is the best educated. In the Punjab more than half the native ministers are con- verts from Mohammedanism. — —

56 FIHST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

The year 1894 will ever be memorable as that in which it was impossible to secure a sufficient number of people to pull the famous Juggernaut car.

" This terrible crusade " (for the extinction of Hinduism) " is now carried on by native Christians with a tenacity of purpose and a devotion which in themselves defy failure." Brahmin editor of Madras vernacular newspaper, 1891^. Some of the missionaries of the London Missionary Society account for the success of the Salvation Army in India to the fact that it does not administer either baptism or the Lord's

Supper, and if one is not baptized he neither breaks caste nor encounters persecution. The reforms in India during the last one hundred years, and due wholly to Christian influence, are laws against murder of parents, murder of children, human sacrifices, suicide, voluntary torment, involuntary torment, slavery, extortions, religious intolerance, and support of caste by law, and yet there are 22,000,000 widows doomed to a life of misery. " Christ, not the British Government, rules India. Our hearts have been conquered not by your armies, gleaming bayonets, and fiery cannon, but by a higher and different power No one but Christ has deserved the precious diadem of the Indian crown, and He will have it." Keshub Chunder Sen.

Japan.

Japan consists of 3,000 to 4,000 islands to the north-east of China, though only four are of any considerable size, contain- ing a population of 40,072,020, and is the most progres- sive of all the Asiatic nations. There are six cities of over 100,000—Tokio leading with 1,315,000. The first ruler of Japan was contemporary with Nebuchad- nezzar, and the nation has records reaching back to the time of Croesus. On the 11th of February, 1889, the twenty-four hundredth anniversary of the landing of the first Emperor of Japan on Niphon, the present Emperor voluntarily changed the basis of government so as to allow constitutional govern- ment by means of an elected Parliament. ASIA. 57

Edict Against Christianity.

Roman Catholic missionaries early entered the country, but by their political intrigues were ultimately driven out, and Japan became hermetically sealed against foreigners for 219 years. The following edict was posted up at all the leading

cross-ways in the empire : " So long as the sun shall warm the earth, let no Christian

be so bold as to come to Japan ; and let all know that the King of Spain himself, or the Christian's God, or the great God of all, if he violate this command shall pay for it with his head." This edict was not taken down till 1873—fifteen years after the country was opened to foreigners. Even after the restora- tion of the Mikado in 1868, penal laws against the "evil sect" were re-enacted, and as late as 1871 the teacher employed by a missionary, who had asked to be baptized, was thrown into prison, where he died, November, 1872. After the English and United States Governments had plainly intimated that if the persecutions of Christians con- tinued they " could not regard Japan as a friendly nation," the edicts against Christianity, so long exposed, were quietly removed from the notice boards.

The Opening of the Country.

In consequence of the complaints of American seamen who had been wrecked off the coast of Japan, the United States Government sent Commodore Perry to arrange matters with the Japanese Government. He dropped anchor in Yeddo Bay in 1853. After five years' deliberations certain ports, by the Townsend- Harris Treaty, were thrown open to the Western world, which treaty went into effect the following year. Three missionary societies were ready to enter at once. Drs. Cochran and Macdonald, the first Canadian Methodist missionaries, went out in 1873.

Progress of the Empire.

Since the treaty above referred to, the progress of the country has been without parallel. Thirty-six years ago Japan had no newspaper, but in 1886 she was publishing more than 58 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Italy, or Austria, or Spain, or Russia, or all Asia, In 1881 the total literary publications were above 5,000. There are now 575 daily and weekly newspapers. 35 law magazines, 111 scien- tific periodicals, 35 medical journals, and 35 religious news- papers. In 1860 Tokio, its capital, had 700,000, inhabitants, and to-day it is estimated at 1,500,000. The Roman characters are displacing the signs of their own alphabet. In 1873, the calendar of Christian nations displaced the pagan. In 1876, the national "fifth day" gave way to the " one day in seven." The establishment of schools and univer- sities, along with the construction of ships, railways and tele- graphs, is progressing at an amazing rate. Their postal system is one of the best in the world. In 1890 they elected a Parlia- ment under a written constitution. Two decades ago Japan was reckoned as "hardly worth trading with," now the volume of exports and imports equal $162,000,000. In 1870 there was not a mile of railway, while there are now 2,100 miles of railroad in existence, with 850 more to be constructed. In 1894 these railways carried 36,000,000 passengers. In 1890 there were no steamships, to-day (1896) there are 700. The Japanese have never been conquered by an outside nation, and have had but one civil war, which occurred in the last century.

Of all non- Christian states Japan exists, not by sufferance, but by its own strength, and it is the only one which has jurisdiction over Christian foreigners within its bounds. It only forms treaties on the basis of absolute equality.

Progress oj Christianity.

One evening, in 1860, Murata picked up a book floating in the water. The writing to him seemed to be curious, running from side to side "like the crawling of crabs." It was the

Christian Bible. He took it to Dr. Verbeck, of the Dutch settlement at Nagasaki, for interpretation. In consequence Murata's name now stands first on the roll of Protestant Christians in Japan. The Christians number about one in one thousand of the ASIA. C>9

population ; in no province do they even approach a majority, yet one in twenty-eight of the first Parliament was a church member. In the House of Peers there were three professed Christians. Eleven Christians were elected as members of the first House of Representatives, one of whom has had the high honor of being chosen its first President. In 1864 the first convert was enrolled; in 1872 the first Christian congregation was formed at Yokohama with eleven members According to the latest reports there are now in Japan, 39,240 adult members, and a Christian community of 150,000. There are 226 male missionaries, 258 native pastors and 536 other native helpers. There are 364 organized churches, 50 Young Men's Christian Associations, 57 Christian Endeavour Societies, 18 Circles of King's Daughters, and 6 native Missionary Societies. The Japanese workmen average less than twelve cents a day for wages, and yet the contributions of native Christians in 1894 aggregated over $100,000. Japanese Christians have sent, and will support, five mission- aries to their own countrymen in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1870 the laws of Japan inflicted the penalty of death

upon any native who accepted Christianity ; now the Japanese Christians are raising $3,000 to begin missionary work in Formosa.

In 1868 the first building for Christian uses was erected in

Tokio ; now in that city there are 92. There are 5,000 more men members of the Church in Japan than women. The reason is, pastoral work among women is difficult, and public sentiment prevents a large attendance of women at evening meetings. By the treaties which will go into operation next year (1899) the whole of Japan will, for the first time, be open for mission- ary residence and work. The converts have doubled every three years since 1872. If the same ratio should continue, by 1900 there will be 256,000 members. Dr. Seelye, at the meeting of the American Board " at Syracuse, in 1879, said : We talk about the early triumphs of Christianity, but the early records of the Church, bright as 60 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. they may be, pale in the light of what is taking place before our eyes at the present time. Even Madagascar offers nothing to compare with Japan." Notes on Japan. Japan—the " rudder of Asia." On account of the majority of the doctors in Japan being thoroughly equipped men, medical missions are not much needed in that country. The first Ph.D. degree conferred by the University of

Chicago was upon a Japanese who is to be a Professor of Old Testament Literature in a Methodist College in Tokio. The ratio of Protestant churches in Japan to Buddhist temples is one to two hundred. The Buddhist priests of Japan are so illiterate that the Government issued an order about two years ago requiring that priests should receive the equivalent of a common school educa- tion. The Government has also issued edicts reprimanding them for their bad morals, which are notorious (For the latest mission statistics of Japan, consult the " Sum- mary of Mission Work in Asia.")

China.

Population.

Various estimates have been made of the population of China.

The Chinese ambassador in Paris stated it to be 400,000,000. Dr. Legge, forty years a missionary in China, and late professor of Chinese in the University of Oxford, thought no one can say anything more definite than this. Several expedients have been adopted by various writers on China, to enable the mind to take this " great idea " in, such as the following: If one should count 2,000 an hour, day and night without stopping, it would take him twenty days to count one million—and yet China contains four hundred millions. The population is more than six times as large as the United States. The population of Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France and Russia combined only make sixty-one per cent, of the population of China. Should ;

ASIA. (Jl all come over to the Dominion at once, the Canadians would be out- voted eighty to one. If all the world were placed in a row, every fourth man, woman, or child would be a China) nan, a Chinese woman, or a Chinese child. In other words, to evan- gelize China means to evangelize one-quarter of the popula- tion of the globe. Thirty-three thousand (more than in the city of London, Ont.) die every day ; and as many as the popu- lation of the whole Dominion are buried every five months. In China there are about 30,000,000 Mahommedans, 1,000,000

Roman Catholics and 5."), 000 Protestants.

Extent and Resources.

China can be dissected into 104 Englands, or 176 Scotlands it is seven times the size of France, and has one plain greater by half than the German empire. One river is larger than even the Mississippi. Lay China on the United States and it will overrun into the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. It is divided into eighteen provinces, each one on an average nearly as large as Great Britain. Even if China has 400,000,000 of a population this is only ninety persons to the square mile, and the density is less than England or Scotland. Its coal-fields are twenty times greater than those of all

Europe. The conditions of its climate and soil have made intercourse with the rest of the world needless, teeming millions having been sustained there since the patriarchal age.

History.

When Abraham was leaving Ur of Chaldea, Chinese astrono- mers made observations which have since been verified. Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome have all risen and fallen since its history began. With the mariner's compass, porcelain, and gunpowder, the Chinese were familiar hundreds of years in advance of other nations. They were dressed in silk when the inhabitants of Britain wore coats of blue paint. They

manufactured paper 1,200 years before it was known in Europe, and invented printing 500 years before Caxton was born. Their laws were codified 2,000 years ago, and have been revised every

five years since. They had a lexicon of their language 1 ,700 62 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. years ago— still a standard. China was 700 years old when the Israelites crossed the Red Sea, She had already existed 1,500 years, when Isaiah (Isa. xlix. 12) prophesied of her future conversion. Her civilization is founded upon Confucius, who was born 550 B.C., and whose death preceded the birth of Socrates. The Chinese text-books are the same as they were 2,000 years ago. Their geography gives nine-tenths of the globe to China, a square inch to England, and the United States and Canada are left out altogether. A Chinese graduate who may have spent fifteen years in study knows no history or geography of other nations, nor anything of science, mathematics or astron- omy. The people still think China celestial as compared with other nations. Their isolation is founded upon inordinate conceit arising from ignorance. Consequently, when Westerners attempt to preach to them salvation through Christ they scorn-

fully ask : What can these people teach us, who themselves only yesterday emerged from barbarism ?

The Opening of China.

The taking of Canton, China, by the English in 1840, followed by the ceding of Hong Kong, and the opening of five cities, paved the way for the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 by which Christianity was tolerated. On the authority of Hon W. B. Reed, American ambassador, toleration was introduced at the suggestion of the Chinese officials themselves. The Roman Catholics have had missionaries in China for nearly 600 years. In 1870 they claimed 404,530 adherents, and yet in all that time they have not given the Bible to the

Chinese, nor any portion of it. Morrison was the first Protes- tant missionary, arriving there in 1807. By 1819, he had, with the assistance of Milne, the whole Bible translated into the language. During his whole career in China, Morrison could only work for Christ in secret.

Opening of Methodist Missions.

The Wesleyan mission to China commenced strangely. George Piercy, son of a Yorkshire farmer, applied to the Con- ASIA. 63

ference to be sent there. They were not prepared to open a mis-

sion then, and it is not very clear he would have been sent even if they had been. He solemnly believed, however, that it was his duty to go, and go he would, and go he did. He returned written answers to the usual disciplinary questions for the reception of candidates (having, of course, no chairman or district meeting to examine him), with the result that he was duly received. The circumstances attending the opening of the Methodist Episcopal U. S. mission were somewhat similar. J. D. Collins wrote to Bishop Janes to place his application before the Board once more, and should they decline, asked that a passage might be engaged for him before the mast, on the first vessel sailing for China, adding, "my own strong arm can pull me to China, and support me after I get there."

The Empress.

A few years ago, a pious lady at Pekin called on a Manchu lady of high rank, and read some portions of the Scriptures. A young lady present listened to the old Gospel story with interest. When the Christian visitor had concluded, she said: "lam glad you have come to tell me this. Some day I will have a place built where people can meet to worship this God, and hear this

Gospel preached." That young lady is now the Empress of China. She recently permitted a student of the Mission College to explain Christianity to her, remarking at the close, " I under- stand the Christian doctrine much better now."

Progress of Christianity.

The progress of Christianity in China has been discourag- ingly slow—more so than in any other portion of the globe.

At the end of seven years, Morrison had one convert : at his death in 1834, there were only four. Fifteen years after the translation of the Bible (a work which occupied twelve years of time), there were only four native Christians in the whole

empire to read it. In 1843 there were six converts reported; in

1855, 301 ; in 1863, 2,000: in 1873, 6,000: in 1882, 20,000: in 1885, 25,000. In 1890 the Shanghai Conference reported 64 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

31,000 communicants, and 100,000 native nominal Christians; in 1891 the communicants returned number 40,350. This represents the gain during forty-nine years, as work only fairly began in 1842, when China first became open for resident missionaries at the treaty ports. Taking simply the ratio of " increase, Dr. Legge, at the London Conference, said : The converts have multiplied during thirty-five years at least two- thousand-fold, the rate of increase being greater year after year. Suppose it should continue the same for other thirty-five years, then in A.D. 1913, there will be in China 26,000,000 of communicants, and a professedly Christian community of 100,000,000." After twenty-seven years of incessant toil Morrison died and had never, during all that time, been allowed to hold a public service. Yet every Sunday, behind locked doors, he expounded the Gospels to a few natives.

Within a life-time what progress has been made ! Bishop Moule said when he reached China there wT ere less than fifty

Christians ; and Dr. Muirhead said that when he came there were less than twenty. Now there are 55,000. In 1894, from the Methodist press at Foochow, the Presby- terian press at Shanghai, and the Central China Religious Tract Society, there were issued 64,000,000 pages. There are sixty-six Societies at work employing 1,977 missionaries, including their wives. There are also over 143 medical missionaries and 182 hospitals and dispensaries. Native churches number 525, and native helpers over 20,000. A memorable missionary conference was held at Shanghai in 1890. More than 400 delegates, representing over forty separate organizations, were present. One decision arrived at will have a far-reaching influence, namely, to undertake the production of a Standard Version of the Bible, which in various editions may suit alike the scholar and the peasant. The diffi- culty in making such a version may be learned from the fact that the language has a singular incapacity for expressing sacred ideas, so much so that for half—a century translators have doubted what name to use for God '/ the Chinese tongue seeming to be Satan's master-device to exclude the Gospel." — — —

ASIA. 65

Notes on China.

"0 rock! rock.' when wilt thou open?" Xavier, 1552. Opened, 1842. " It is a great step towards the Christianization of our planet if Christianity gain entrance into China." Neander, in 1850, a week before his death. Christianity tolerated in China by the Treaty of Tientsin, 1858.

" When China is moved, it will change the face of the globe." —Napoleon.

" In China the sense of truth is not only almost unknown, but is not even admired."—Rev. F. Horton. " The only real interpreter of the thought and progress of

the West to the millions of China is the missionary." London Times. The Chinese language contains no word for " liberty." The lines of no two human hands are exactly alike, and the Chinese put this fact to practical use. A passport in China consists of an impression of the palm of the hand on thin oiled paper, officially signed.

In China the average wages of a workingman is 20 cents per

day. In cities, carpenters and masons 30 cents ; farm hands, $17.50 a year, without food. In some of the cities common laborers will work for six cents a day. Railways were objected to in China because laying the ties would disturb the graves of their ancestors and anger the guardian dragon. After years of battling against this prejudice almost 300 miles have been constructed.

It is estimated that China spends every year $130,000,000 on ancestral worship, as against $13,000,000 spent by the Christian world on missions. Speaking of the density of population in China a missionary said he never had been out of sight of a living Chinese, or the grave of a dead one. Morrison, before he knew where he was to be appointed, prayed that God would station him where the difficulties were greatest, and to all human appearance the most insurmountable. His prayer was answered. He was sent to China. 66 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Milne offered to go to China as a missionary, but was refused ; he offered to go as a servant and was accepted ; he blackened Morrison's shoes, and ultimately became a great missionary. Rev. W. H. Murray is the inventor of a marvellous system by which the Chinese language of 4,000 symbols is reduced to 408 sounds, and by which the blind are enabled to read. (For latest missionary statistics of China see table below.)

Notes on Corea and Formosa.

Corea, " the hermit nation," the latest country opened to the Gospel, was entered in 1882 through a medical missionary. The first attempt to Christianize the country was made by Roman Catholic priests, who arrived in 1835. The area is the same as Great Britain and the population

13,000,000. There is as yet no legal toleration for natives professing Christianity. All the Government offices are closed from Saturday afternoon to Monday morning. The king does not hold court on Sunday. There are eighty missionaries at work. Soap was an unknown article in Corea until introduced by missionaries.

It is twenty-five years since Rev. Dr. McKay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Church, went to Formosa. There are under his charge two ordained pastors, fifty native preachers and 2,605 baptized Christians. 1

ASIA. 67

Summary of Mission Work in Asia.

(Compiled Principally from "Encyclopaedia of Missions," published by Funk

'A for '5 Con- CD ^ . p u purposes. Popula- O .2 Native Ordained Ministers. School Country. •S3 Sabbath Scholars. tion. d.2 Sh *y o O O S3 tribu'ns << o $ Native

m m O all

8,500,000 1 1 i 2

Persia 7,653,000 3 11 22 44 27 5,210 177 2,399 $2,200

Turkey, Bui- 27,078,275 11 402 98 117 147 31,611 640 14,938 54,022 garia & Syria/

Burmah 8,000,000 3 622 44 147 521 3,957 449 29,816 52,312

Siam 6,000,000 1 5 8 1 42 676 21 1,114 304

India 288,159,672 65 4,223 857 912 1,855 117,707 6,574 222,283 477,283

Corea 13,000,000 2 2 2 2 43 149

Japan 40,072,020 18 422 226 258 207 17,092 72 39,240 99,403

China *400,000,000 (56 1,071 537 247 439 10,377 700 55,000 36,865

Totals.. .. 798,4(53,567 170 6,759 1,799 1,728 3,240 186,673 8,635 364,939 722,389

Estimate of Chinese Ambassador in Paris. — : —

C>8 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

WOMAN'S WORK.

Its Extent and Value.

There are no less than seventy-five women's organizations for missions, fifty of which are in the United States and Canada. The Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church of Canada reported as follows for 1897

Life members, -842 ; annual members, 14,229; total, 15,071.

Members in Mission Bands, 6,476. Income, $39,133. Field ; Japan, West China, French in Province of Quebec, and Indians and Chinese in British Columbia. The Woman's Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church

in Canada reported the following items for 1897 :

Eastern Section : Members, 5,000 ; scattered helpers, 409. Income, $7,624. Western Section: Members in General Society, 3,399; in Auxiliaries, 12,717; in Mission Bands, 7,159. Income, $43,311. Field: Central India, Honan (China), Formosa, New Hebrides, Trinidad and Indians of the North- West and British Columbia. " I never yet saw a missionary's wife whose companionship

did not double her husband's usefulness. It is the missionary's wife, who, by years of endurance and acquired experience in the foreign field, has made it possible in these later years for unmarried women to go abroad and live and work among the people of Eastern lands." Dr. Herrick. " A mission without a large staff of devoted lady mission- aries, I have no hesitation in saying, after thirty-four years of

experience, is destitute of one of the most potent agencies for the conversion of China to Christianity. The vast masses of Chinese women can be reached only by lady missionaries." Archdeacon Wolfe. Africa in some respects is the paradise for women mission- aries. The missionaries there count the work of one woman worth that of twelve men, since they can go anywhere even among the fiercest tribes. Their motives are never questioned, and they are listened to with the greatest respect. —

woman's work. 69

Female Illiteracy in the East.

In India there arc 246,546,176 illiterate persons, of whom 127,726,768 are females. Of the whole population only fifty-

eight in a thousand can read and write or are learning to do so, and of these fifty-eight, fifty-three are males and five females.

Of the female population only one in 173 is able to read or

learning to do so. Of the 197,062 females under instruction 104,157, or more than half, are taught by the missionary societies. When Dr. Duff began work in Calcutta he found a cow had more rights and higher rank than a woman. To try to educate woman in India, he said, was as vain as to attempt to " scale a wall five hundred yards high." To-day in the Province of Bengal alone 100,000 women and girls are under instruction.

Power of Woman in Eastern Homes.

The first Zenana-teaching ever attempted in the East was in Siam in 1851. Zenana work did not begin in India until 1858. " If the mistresses of the Zenana receive the lady mission- aries it is all over with Hinduism." Calctitta Newspaper. " Woman is the corner-stone of heathenism." Notwithstand- ing their degradation they have immense power. The sons " fear a mother's curse. An intelligent Hindu said : It is the women who maintain the system of heathenism."

Women Physicians in the East.

The first woman physician to India was Dr. Clara Swain in 1869; to China, Dr. Lucinda Combs in 1873; to Japan, Dr. Florence Hamisfar in 1883, and to Corea, 1889, Dr. Meta Howard. All sent out by the women of the Methodist Church. Miss Mary Pierson Eddy, M.D., was the first woman ever recognized by the Turkish Government as a medical graduate, which event occurred on July 13th, 1894.

Countess of Dufferin Fund.

In connection with the Countess of Dufferin Fund there are sixty-five hospitals and dispensaries. Seven other hospitals are 70 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. in course of erection. The fund which was started in 1886 now amounts to $410,000 and by means of it sixty-two well- qualified women physicians and forty-four hospital attendants are employed, and nearly two hundred more are studying medi- cine in India and England. Over a million afflicted women of India in 1896 received treatment in the Dufferin Hospitals or in other hospitals officered by women. There has been much prejudice to contend against. Sickness is regarded by many as a visitation for sin, and can only be cured by incantations and other religious remedies. Others think women are unworthy of the medical treatment provided for men. The work originated in the wife of the Maharajah of Punna sending an urgent letter through Miss Bilby, a medical missionary in Luck now, to Queen Victoria, entreating her to do something for the suffering women of India. A rich husband in India brought his wife of sixteen to Miss " Dr. Ryder, saying, She was a good wife ; she suffer much ; I not pay too much money. I got plenty wives." When explained that the medicines would cost more than the amount mentioned, he left, saying, " Let her die. I can have plenty wives."

Notes on Woman's Work.

If one undertook to supply the women and girls of India with Bibles at the rate of 20,000 per day it would take over seventeen years to do so. Rebecca Cox, of Galway, N.Y., left to the Baptist Woman's Missionary Society a legacy of $800, earned by weaving rag-

carpets !

A widow, of Cleveland, 0., possessed of wealth, and deeply interested in missions, herself supports thirteen foreign mis- sionaries.

In India the women always eat after the men. This is an emphatic assertion of woman's inferiority. The celebration of the Lord's Supper, on the other hand, tends to the emancipation of woman, because it significantly affirms the equality of man and woman. " Jealousy, envy, murderous hate, intrigue, run to such an —

YOUNG PEOPLE'S WORK. 71 extent among women, in some countries, that I have hardly ever been in a woman's house or near a woman's tent without being asked for drugs with which to disfigure the favorite wife, or to take away her life or the life of her infant son. This request has been made of me nearly two hundred times." Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop. The best example in the Bible of self-denying liberality, of loving service, and of conquering prayer, is recorded, in each

case, of woman. The first, the widow's mite ; the second, the anointing of Jesus with the box of ointment; the third, a mother's prayer for a daughter possessed of a devil. No greater words of commendation ever fell from Christ's lips " than respecting these women. Of the first, he said : She has cast in more than than they all"; of the second, "She hath

" done what she could" ; to the third, O woman, great is thy

faith ; be it unto thee even as thou wilt."

"YOUNG PEOPLE'S WORK.

Mottoes.

" For Christ and the Church."— Christian Endeavor. "Look Up, Lift Up." —Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S. "Look Up, Lift Up—For Christ and the Church." —Epworth League, Methodist Church, Canada. " All for Christ." —Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. "We Study that We may Serve." —Baptist Young People's Union. "One Heart, One Way."—Wesley Guild, England.

Young Meris Christian Associations.

June 6th, 1844, George Williams, a young clerk, organized a prayer meeting and a Christian club in his bedroom. This is the origin of the Young Men's Christian Association. Now there are five thousand Associations, owning buildings worth $150,000,000. Fifty years ago what more unlikely than that this clerk should now be Sir George Williams, and that West-

minster Abbey should be opened to celebrate his deed ! —

72 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

Christian Endeavor.

At the United Christian Endeavor Society meeting in Boston in 1895, direct missionary gifts of $340,603 were reported. Four Christian Endeavor Societies (according to Rev. A. A. Fulton, Presbyterian, Canton, China), in three years, by the use of two cents per week, have reached 27,000 patients, and preached to more than 100,000 in 1,114 villages. In the meetings of the Chicago Christian Endeavor Societies

seven foreign languages are regularly heard : Welsh, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, German, Bohemian, and Chinese.

Student Volunteer Movement.

The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions was organized in 1888 and held its first International Convention

at Cleveland, O., in 1891, with 680 delegates ; the second was

held in Detroit in 1894 : and the third in Cleveland again in 1898. At this last there were present 1,800 delegates, repre- senting Canada and forty States of the Union. Twenty-one denominational Conferences took place. Of a thousand insti- tutions of higher learning on this continent, 839 are in sym- pathy with this movement, of which 458 were represented at the last Convention. The students contributed $40,000 last year to missions. Four thousand students, one-third of whom are women, are enrolled as volunteers for service as foreign missionaries. They represent forty-eight denominations. Up to the first of January, 1898, 1,173 volunteers had gone to fifty- three different countries, under appointment from forty-six different Missionary Societies — a steady exodus of 117 a year, or an average of ten a month. Its sphere has been in the Colleges of the United States and Canada, and its watchword is " The Evangelization of the World in this Generation." At the Detroit Convention thirty-seven Canadian Colleges were represented. The Student Volunteer Missionary Union of Great Britain was formed in 1892, since which time 832 men and 206 women total 1,038—have been enrolled, representing twenty-six denom- inations. Out of this number 212 have sailed, working in forty-two different Societies and in twenty-nine different countries. . .

YOUNG PEOPLES WORK. 73

To-day there are Student Volunteer Movements in Great Britain, United States, Canada, Scandinavia, Germany, French- speaking Europe, Australasia, South Africa, China, India, and Ceylon. Knox College, Toronto, has a Society which supports stu- dents six months of the year on Home Mission fields.

Dr. Hardy, of Corea, is supported by the Canadian Colleges' Mission (in which fourteen institutions are associated), his support coming from Colleges of all denominations and from non-denominational Schools and Institutes.

The Students' Missionary Campaign.

The "Students' Missionary Campaign" was organized in

1896. It is not the same as the " Student Volunteer Move- ment for Foreign Missions," which is intercollegiate and inter- denominational. The " Campaign " is a movement among the medical, theological and other students of the Methodist Col- leges of Canada. The object is to enlist the activities of students in organizing young people for missionary work. The

Missionary Campaigner is published monthly at Toronto. The students of the Stanstead College, Quebec, support a native Chinese under Dr. Hart in Chen-tu, West China. Wesley College, Winnipeg, supports Rev. J. Endicott, B.A., in West China, and the Wesleyan College, Montreal, supports (in part) Rev. R. B. Ewan, M.D., also stationed in West China. In January, 1898, the following missionaries were sustained

by Epworth Leagues and Canadian Methodist Colleges :

By What District Name of Missionary. Where Stationed. League Supported.

Rev. O. S. Kilborn, M.D. West Cbina '. Toronto East. M J. A. Jackson, M.D. Bella Bella, B.C M Centre. Tong Chin Thorn Chinese, N. Westminster, B.C. West.

Rev. W. E. Smith, M.D ... West China Cobourg.

I. D. Norman, B.A Japan Bradford.

„ R. B. Ewan, M.D. . West China Montreal and Wesleyan College Society. Takagi Japan Barrie. Goro Kaburagi Japanese of B.C. Chatham. J. Endicott, B.A West China Wesley Col., Winnipeg. G. E. Hart well, B.D West China London (probably).

T. Ota Fujieda. Japan . J- Palmerston. H. Tsnchiya Chuen, Japan. . :

74 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

MEDICAL MISSIONS.

The first Medical Missionary Society was formed in the City of Edinburgh in 1841, with the celebrated Dr. Abercrombie as President and Rev. Dr. Chalmers as Vice-President. The need of medical science in China may be seen from the following prescription by a native doctor

Powdered snakes 2 parts. Wasps and their nests 1 part. Centipedes 6 parts.

Scorpions 4 n

Toads 20 m Directions. —Grind thoroughly, mix with honey, and make into small pills. Two to be taken four times a day.

In 1893 the Medical Missionary Record, of New York, prepared with great care a list of all the medical missionaries of the world. The number was 359, of whom seventy-four were women, and only those possessing full medical qualifica- tions were included. The United States sent 173; Great

Britain, 169 ; Canada, 7, and Germany, 3. The countries

occupied were China, 126 ; India, 76, and Africa, 4li. According to Medical Missions, in 1896, the number sent from Great Britain had increased to 187 men and 39 women; total 226. Counting medical missionaries of all grades and classes, China has 143 and India, 265. In India there are 166 hospitals and dispensaries, and in China, 182.

THE BIBLE AND MISSIONS.

The aggregate circulation of Bibles by 30 Bible societies amounts to 240,000,000. This number seems immense, but it

is only one copy to six persons now dwelling on the earth. The seven Bibles of the world are the Koran of the Moham- medans, the Tri Pitikes of the Buddhists, the Five Kings of the Chinese, the Three Vedas of the Hindus, the Zendavesta of the Persians, the Eddas of the Scandinavians, and the Scriptures of the Christians. THEOLOGICAL IDEAS IN HEATHEN LANDS. 75

The Bible is now translated into 881 languages, 52 versions having been added in the last five years.

At least a gospel is printed in a sufficient number of lan- guages so as to be read by three-fourths of the world's population.

The illustrated editions of the Abyssinian Bible all have the original man black, while the devil is always white. The Chinese classical works are free from anything which could debase the mind of the reader. There is not a single sentence but what could be read aloud in any family circle in

Canada. Their idolatry, unlike that of other countries, is neither associated with human sacrifices nor the deification of vice. Neither do caste prejudices exist in China.

THEOLOGICAL IDEAS IN HEATHEN LANDS.

Ancestral Worship and Divorce.

Filial piety, as regarded by the Chinese, is a great hindrance to Christianity, Since all the dead are worshipped, it teaches polytheism, and since there is no reference to a Supreme Being, it sanctions atheism. Christ allows but one reason for divorce, and that to both man and woman. Confucius allows seven, and to the man only. In the United States the proportion of divorces to marriages is

one to sixteen ; in Japan, one to three.

The Terms God, Sin, Holiness, etc.

In China, Christian scholars find it impossible to agree upon the best word to express the Divine name. * Dr. Nassau, of the Presbyterian Mission, West Africa, says that after thirty years he has yet to be asked by the most " " degraded people, Who is. God ? Dr. Livingstone said that two truths, namely, the existence of God and of a future life, were universally admitted in Africa. '

76 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

The Sakalavas in Madagascar are neighbors to the Hovas,

who are to a large extent Christianized. The former say : to

lie, to rob, to get drunk, to aid wars a sin ! What is sin ? That is some idea of you white men, not ours. Let the Hovas accept these new ideas and customs. We are not such fools." A very able Telugu pundit was asked to say frankly what meaning the hymn " Rock of Ages " conveyed to him. After hesitation, he replied, " Oh, very old stone split in two for me ; let me get under one corner." A native paper of Bombay calls upon any person to point out, chapter and verse, in any of the Hindu sacred books where the

thought that God hates sin is recorded. It declares that it knows of no utterance in such books affirming that God desires man to be saved from sin; or to be made pure in heart. Here are some things a Japanese has to unlearn. " We speak of Jioliness, says a missionary, and the word reminds

him of crowds of pilgrims nocking to some famous shrine ; we

speak of God, and his mind is filled with idols ; of sin, and he thinks of eating flesh, or of the killing of insects." The superintendent of schools in a certain Japanese city tested 118 scholars, the average age being fourteen, on what they understood by the word "God." Eighty-two per cent, answered, " Our imperial ancestors and benefactors, reverenced by us." They are really without God and without hope in the

world. Only ten replied that He is a spiritual being outside of mankind. Allusions familiar from one end of Christendom to another require a whole chapter of commentary to make them at all intelligible to a Japanese student.

There is no word for sin in the Japanese or Chinese lan- guage. The only word that can be used means crime. This occurs in all pantheistic lands, and so it becomes necessary to explain the difference between being a criminal and a sinner. " " Have you felt yourself to be a sinner ? asked Dr. Graves " " of a Chinaman." Certainly," was the answer ; I have some- times eaten beef, and passed by written paper instead of

reverently picking it up. A Chinese Christian scholar said, " Foreign ships, steam- boats, fire-oil (kerosene), cotton, and needles come Everybody THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTERPISE. 77 adopts them, and declare they surpass our own, but the foreign " doctrine comes and nobody wants it. Very strange !

Religious Ideas in Turkey.

In Turkey, gospels long in circulation have been prohibited because they contained the words " liberty " and " kingdom of God," the Sultan not wanting any " kingdom " but his own. Paul's letter to the Galatians was construed as being; addressed to the people of Galata, a suburb of Constantinople. When the censor was assured that the author was dead many years he demanded a certificate of Paul's burial. The hymns, " Hold the Fort " and " Onward, Christian Soldiers " are held to be sedi- tious, and have been suppressed. An aged minister was con- demned to prison for a year for having in his library a book containing the hymn "Soldiers of Christ Arise." Text-books on Chemistry have been condemned because they contained the

if well-known formula for water, H2 0, as conveying some sinister meaning against the Sultan, Hamid II.

THE NEEDS AND PRESENT EXTENT OF THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE.

Closed and Unoccupied Territory.

The only two countries in the world closed to the Gospel are Nepaul (population, five millions), situated on the north-eastern frontier of Hindustan, and Thibet (population, six millions), situated in the heart of Asia.

The unoccupied mission fields are: (1) British North Borneo, 25,000 square miles., population 200,000, under British authority,

no missionary : (2) A portion of the Eastern Archipelago, the Philippine Islands, 120,000 square miles, population about five millions, under Spain, which now tolerates Protestant laborers

in her other possessions; not one Protestant missionary: (3) Cambodia, Annam and Tonquin, 175,000 square miles, popula- tion about fifteen millions, under France, which is now tolerant 78 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

of all denominations ; not a single Protestant missionary ; (4) Mongolia, (5) Manchuria, (6) Bhotan, (7) Afghanistan, (8) Beloo- chistan, (9) The Central Soudan of Africa, population from sixty to eighty millions ; no missionary there yet, though an attempt is now being made to enter. Leaving out of the account imperfectly known regions of Asia, Africa, America and Australia, there are about 20,000,000 square miles of the globe yet unexplored.

The Religions of the World.

The 1,000 million non-Christians are divided as follows : Jews, eight millions; Mohammedans, 170 millions; heathen, 812 millions.

The Protestants of the world number in millions as follows :

Lutheran, 35 ; Methodists, 25 ; Episcopalians, 22 ; Presbyterians, 20; Baptists, 17; Congregationalists, 6; all other denomina- tions 12. Total, 137 millions. Under British dominion there are 350,000,000 non-Christians. The Chinese, Hindus and Mohammedans together constitute the bulk of non-Christian human kind, and almost half of the entire race. The religions of the world, in millions, are divided about as

follows :

Buddhists, 340 ; Pagans, 200 ; Hindus, 175 ; Roman Catholics, 175; Mohammedans, 170; Protestants, 137 (though only 40

; 84 Confucianists, 80 million communicants) Greek Church, ; ;

Shintoos, 14 ; Jews, 8.

Two-thirds of the population of the globe is under five

rulers : the Emperor of China, the Queen of England, the Czar of Russia, the President of France and the Emperor of Germany. THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 7!)

Contributions to Missions by Denominations.

(Compiled from " Encyclopaedia of Missions," Funk & Wagnalls, 1891.)

Church or Society, Countrv Per Head,

Moravian Brethren Germany .... 86 Friends' Association England 2

Seventh Day Adventists United States 1 Covenanter Presbyterians 1 Baptist Missionary Society England

Wesleyan Methodist 1

Presbyterian Church ii 1 Reformed Dutch Church United States

American Board H 1

Wesleyan Methodist Connexion. . 1

Free Church Scotland . . . 1 U. P. Church 1

General Baptist Missionary Society England I Un. or Secession Church Scotland .... Presbyterian Church (North) ... United States Methodist Church Canada Congregational Church Presbyterian Church Baptist Church

Proportion of Missionaries to Population.

" The Petty Done ; the Undone Vast."

In Central Africa there is one ordained missionary to 5,000,000 people; in Arabia, one to 1,500,000; in China, one to

733,000 ; in Siam, one to 600,000 ; in Corea, one to 500,000 ; in

India, one to 350,000 ; in Africa (as a whole), one to 300,000 ; in

Persia, one to 300,000 ; in Japan, one to 215,000; in Burmah,

one to 200,000 ; in Madagascar, one to 100,000 ; in Turkey, one

to 45,000 ; in Syria, one to 30,000. In the United States, the average proportion of ministers is

one to 800 of the population ; in non-Christian countries, the

average is one minister to 400,000.

Proportion of Ministers in the Foreign Field to Ministers and Members at Home.

In the United States churches (1892) the ratio of minis- ters abroad to those ministers stationed at home was as : ;

80 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

: follows —Dutch Reformed, 1 to 22 ; Congregational, 1 to 27 ;

Presbyterian, 1 to 28 ; Baptist (North) 1 to 55 ; Methodist

(North) 1 to 71 ; Protestant Episcopal, 1 to 176 ; Methodist (South) 1 to 242. The average for all the churches is 1 to 64

The total number of male missionaries in the world is 5,993 unmarried female missionaries 3,391. The ratio of ministers in foreign fields to the number of members in the United States churches, in 1892, was as fol- lows:—Congregational, 1 minister to 1,183; Presbyterian, 1 to 1,314; Reformed Church, 1 to 1,426; Baptist, 1 to 2,190; Methodist (North) 1 to 4,614; Protestant Episcopal, 1 to 8,970; Methodist (South) 1 to 13,477. The average for all the churches in the United States is 1 minister to 7,862 church members, and the average contribution per member for missions is 40 cents per year.

Proportion in Other Churches.

The Society of Friends in Great Britain have 78 missionaries in a membership of 19,000, or nearly 1 to 250 of the whole, or 1 to 166 adult members. Among heathen converts one out of every hundred becomes a missionary. But the Moravian

Church leads the world. In that denomination there is one missionary to every sixty-five members at home. " O Lord have mercy on the churches of the United States, and hasten the time when no church shall dare sit under Sab- bath and sanctuary privileges without having one of their number to represent them on heathen ground."—Prayer of Judson of Burmah.

Protestant Missionary Statistics, 1894.

Dean Vahl, President of the Danish Missionary Society, and one of the highest authorities, gives the following statistics for Protestant missions over the globe for 1894 Male missionaries, 5,993; wives of missionaries, 1,904;

unmarried mission women, 3,391 ; ordained native helpers, 3,815: unordained native helpers, 49,758; communicant con- verts, 1,060,822: children under charge of the missionaries, 742,344. THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. 81

Latest Missionary Statistics of the World (1896).

(Compiled from "Missionary Review of the World," February, 1897.)

b the to COUNTRIES C in Helpers. 1 Churches.) to O . - including .1 "3 WHERE c •a g .5 > | a Adherents o Force o SOCIETIES o c U o o = | 0Q LOCATED. Native i 5 Field DC - o (Native HO Total O

Canada and the United States (58 Societies) #5,693,020 1,390 4,825 1,538 20,142 6,049 315,287 901,648 5,875 212,271 Great Britain, the Con tin tut and S u in m a r i e s for Asia, Africa and Australia (75 So- cieties) 7,889,577 2,883 9,251 1,816 45.623 14,841 796,859 2,023,320 11,566 444,468

Totals $13,582,597 4,279 14,076 3,354 65,765 20,890 1,112,146 2,924,968 17,441 656,739

Missionary versus Liquor Expenditure.

" Whiskey is the stand-pipe in our comparative expendi- tures." (Dr. Ashmore.) According to the Report of the Royal Commission, in direct cost to consumers, the liquor level for Canada stands at $39,879,854 annually. The whole of Chris- tendom contributed for missions last year (1896) $13,582,597. This would only pay Canada's liquor bill for three months and a half—a country young and comparatively poor. The leading societies of Canada contributed for home and foreign missions in 1891, $350,632. This would not pay Canada's liquor bill for four days. The United States spends on intoxicating liquor 821 millions of dollars annually. The contributions of all the missionary societies in the world last year would not pay its drink bill for live days. They raised last year a little more than five millions of dollars for missions—about the same amount as its own liquor bill for two days. Great Britain spends on intoxicating liquors, 660 millions of dollars annually. What the whole world raised for missions last year would not pay its drink bill for seven days. Its own missionary contribution would not pay its liquor bill for four days. 82 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

If Englishmen would deny themselves one-tenth of the liquor they now consume, the amount saved would put 45,000 additional missionaries in the field at a salary of $1,500 each. If Canadians did the same, 3,987 additional missionaries could be sent out from the Dominion at a salary of $1,000 each.

Per Capita Contributions to Missions.

The contributions of Protestant Christendom (inhabiting as it does the most wealthy countries on the globe) for missions, is an average of thirty-seven cents per head. The donations of the United States churches, per member, to home and foreign missions was as follows: In 1850, 35 cents, per head; in 1860, 48 cents; in 1870, 63 cents ; in 1880, 59J cents; in 1886, 57 cents. It is to be noticed with regret that there was a falling off in 1880 as compared with the former decade, and a further falling off in 1886.

Missions and Wealth.

In 1850, the communicants of evangelical churches in America were worth $1,000,000,000: in 1880 (thirty years) they were worth $9,000,000,000. A recent article shows $720,000,000 in the possession of nine men. Seventy per cent, of the business men of the United States are members or adherents of Protestant churches. Of the sixty-eight richest men in the United States, only four are Roman Catholics. In 1886 the wealth of Canada amounted to $3,250,000,000, with a yearly income of $590,000,000.

What One Man could have Done.

As an illustration of the immense possibilities within the grasp of one man, arising from wealth, the case of William H. Vanderbilt, a Protestant Christian, is in point. He died in 1885, aged sixty-five, worth two hundred millions of dollars. Let us suppose he willed half of his property among his children or dependent relatives numbering, say, ten. This would give each ten millions of dollars, which being invested, say at three per cent., would give to each an annual income of $300,000—certainly sufficient to afford a permanent protection THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. 83

against the possibilities of the poor-house. Let us further sup- pose that he placed the other half in the hands of trustees for Christian missionary purposes, with the proviso that not a dollar of the capital should ever be touched, but only the interest used. Suppose that these trustees invested the amount in U.S. Government bonds yielding three per cent interest.

^This yearly income (allowing a salary of $1,000 -to each) would

support three thousand missionaries in the field, till that day arrived when " the angel should stand upon the sea and upon the earth, and lifting up his hands to heaven, should swear by Him that liveth for ever and ever that there should be time no longer."

Missions as a Business Investment.

Sir Bartle Frere, who was very familiar with heathenism, " says : Civilization cannot precede Christianity." Dr. Seelye " says : The savage does not labor for the gratifications of

civilized life, since these he does not desire." Rev. H. Marden " writes (and the same is true of all non-Christian lands) : The Oriental left to himself is entirely satisfied with the customs of

his fathers ; no contact with Western civilization has ever

roused him from his apathy, but when his heart is warmed into life by the Gospel, his mind wakes up, and he wants a clock, a book, a glass window, and a flour mill. Almost every steamer from New York brings sewing machines, watches, tools, cabinet organs or other appliances of Christian civiliza- tion in response to native orders that, but for an open Bible, would never have been sent." The Fijians were formerly ferocious cannibals. In 1889 their imports amounted to $945,000. At twelve and one-half per cent, profit this trade would realize a profit of $118,125 in that year alone. It has only cost the Missionary Society three dollars per head for each convert. Land there is $70 per acre. Before missions were established it had no market value whatever. The trade of the United States with Micronesia in 1879 amounted to $5,534,367. At the same per cent, of profit as above, this would realize a profit of $691,796. During that year the 84 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

mission to Micronesia cost only $16,975 ; so that for every dollar spent on the mission, trade reaped $40.75. During the year ending June 30th, 1879, the trade of the United States with the Hawaiian Islands amounted to $5,546,116, with profits at $693,264. The entire cost of evan- gelizing these islands was $1,220,000 ; the whole amount there- fore spent in Christianizing these islands during twenty years (1850-70) would be repaid by such profits in two years. For half a century after the discovery of the island of

Samoa, traders shunned it on account of the murderous disposi- tion of the natives, yet within twenty- eight years after the landing of missionaries these people imported goods to the value of $175,000 per year. Not a bad market for so small a community. " Missionaries to a barbarian people deserve a vote of thanks from the commercial world."— Rev. Robert Moffat.

LIBERALITY AND MISSIONS.

There are ten ways of giving : the careless, impulsive, easy,

•selfish, calculating, systematic, intelligent, self-denying, equal and heroic. A single Episcopalian chapel in New York spends more annually than the whole Syria Mission costs with its 40 mis- sionaries, 183 helpers and 152 schools. An extra cent per day from each Church member in the United States would acid $56,000,000 a year to the Lord's treasury.

The splendid work of the McAll Mission in France is at a standstill because the founder never would take up collections, and thus the people benefited were never trained to self-support. Germany and Switzerland together represent one-fifth of evangelical Christendom, but only furnish one -seventh of the laborers and one-thirteenth of the missionary contributions. Of 139 missionary societies in the world, 121 are supported by Anglo-Saxon money; and of $12,500,000 given for foreign missions, $10,000,000 come from the Anglo-Saxon race. — — — —

NOTES OF MISSIONARY PROGRESS. 85

THE SPIRIT OF LIBERALITY.

Q 1 1 of'a hie Sauings.

" I miii only one, but I am one ;

I cannot do everything, but I can do something.

What 1 can do, I ought to do,

And what I ought to do, by the Grace of God I will do."

" I have got past calling my Church m^ field. It's my force." —Dr. Parkhurst,

" He is not rich who lays up much, but he who lays out much." Amos Lawrence, who gave away $700,000. " The poorest man I know is the man who has nothing but money. No man can trust himself to wait until he has accu- mulated a great fortune before he is charitable. He must give away some money continuously." John D. Rockfeller, millionaire. Conundrum—" Why have so many Christians so little interest in missions ? "—Because they have never invested any principal in them. " Nine-tenths of the contributions to missions come from one -tenth of the members of our churches." Joseph Cook.

" While I can not do anything to prove the contrary, it shall never be said that the love of Christ is less constraining than the love of gold." Francis Xavier.

NOTES OF MISSIONARY PROGRESS.

" Out of the shadows of night. The world rolls into light,

It is daybreak everywhere." —Longfellow's last words.

In 1859 Rev. E. W. Parker was 130 days in reaching Cal- cutta from Boston. Now Bombay can be reached from New York in thirty days, a saving of over three months. Twenty-nine years ago, on entering the city of Rome, if one 86 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. had a New Testament in his pocket it would be taken from him and retained till he left the city. Now the Methodist Episcopal Church is publishing Bibles and Testaments in the same city by thousands. It took the first hundred years after the birth of Christ to gather 500,000 Christian adherents in the whole world, and now 100,000 converts are gathered each year in the foreign fields alone. In 1750, in the United States, there was one Church member to thirteen of the population. In 1792 the population had fallen to one in eighteen. By 1817 five great missionary boards were organized, and the proportion rose to one in fourteen. Now the proportion is one to every four and a half of the population. Instead of seven per cent, the Church member- ship is now twenty-five per cent, of the population. The earth has over fifty-two millions of square miles, of which Christian nations have thirty-two millions under con- trol. So far as government is concerned, the earth is three- fifths Christian and two-fifths Mohammedan and pagan. Great Britain bears rule over one-fourth of the surface of the globe and one-fourth of its population. In 1800 the English language was used by only 24,000,000 of people, but in 1890 it had become the vehicle of thought for 115,000,000, outstripping its nearest competitors among the Russian, German, Spanish and French tongues by more than 35,000,000. After 1300 years Mohammedanism has 200,000,000 adherents and is practically confined to southern Asia and the northern half of Africa. After 1900 years Christianity has 400,000,000 adherents, is the religion of Europe and of the New World, and politically rules universally except in China and Turkey.

Time between the First Preaching and the First Convert.

" Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathoined caves of ocean bear."

Burmah—six years (1813-19); name, Moung Nau, under Judson. — —

PAST PROPHECIES VERSUS PRESENT PROSPECTS. 87

India—seven years (1793-1800); name, Krishnu Pal, under Carey. China—seven years (1807-14); name, Tsae-Ako, under Mor- rison. Polynesia—sixteen years (1796-1812); name, King Pomare II. Micronesia—five years (1852-57). Greenland—five years (1733-38). Uganda—six years (1876-82). Kuruman, South Africa—eight years (1821-29); under Moffat. Madagascar—thirteen years (1818-31). Labrador five — years (1771-76) ; name Kingminguse. Maoris of New Zealand—eleven years (1807-18). Japan—five years (1859-64).

PAST PROPHECIES versus PRESENT PROSPECTS.

" Tis coming up the steep of time,

And this old world is growing brighter ; We may not live to see the dawn subline, Yet high hopes make our hearts throb lighter. We may be sleeping in the ground

When it wakes the world with wonder, But we have felt it gathering round And heard its voice of living thunder " 'Tis coming ! yes, 'tis coming !

A century after the triumph of Christianity under Constan- tine, St. Augustin says it was a common remark among the " pagans, many in high places, Ah ! well, the Church has

gained a temporary victory ; but she has exhausted her strength, and in a generation or two will be heard of no more." " Before the beginning of the 19th century Christianity will have disappeared from the face of the earth." Voltaire in 1760. But Christianity has employed the very press in Ferney —:

88 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

that printed his own works, and, perhaps, this very prophecy, to publish in new tongues the Word of God. The Russian Minister Boutineff, at Constantinople, remarked " with majesty to Mr. Schauffler : I might as well tell you now that the Emperor, my master, will never allow Protestantism to set its foot in Turkey." Mr. Schauffler made this adequate " reply : Your Excellency, the kingdom of Christ, who is my

Master, will never ask the Emperor of all the Russias where it may set its foot." In the great Mohammedan mosque at Damascus, inscribed in dimmed Greek letters on the lintel beam, are the words

" Thy kingdom, O Christ, is the kingdom of the ages, and Thy dominion is throughout all generations." For more than a thousand years the followers of Mohammed have passed beneath these words, carved there when the mosque was a Christian Church.

The Achievements of Christianity.

" There is nothing in all human history which can be placed alongside of the story of the evangelical conquest of the world, for rapidity of progress, overthrow of obstacles, and real and effective work for the bettering and ennobling of mankind." Llewellyn Bevan. " To discountenance a religion which has done so much to promote justice, mercy, freedom, the arts, sciences, good govern-

ment and domestic happiness ; which has struck off the chains of the slave, mitigated the horrors of war, and raised women

from servants and playthings into companions and friends, is to commit high treason against humanity and civilization." Lord Macaulay, in British House of Commons, March, 1843.

" Is it nothing that through their labor in the translation of the Bible the German philologist, in his study, may have before

him the grammar and vocabulary of 250 languages ? Who

created the science of anthropology ? The missionaries. Who rendered possible the deeply important science of comparative

religion ? The missionaries. Who discovered the great chain of lakes in Central Africa, on which will turn its future des-

tiny ? The missionaries. Who have been the chief explorers —

PAST PROPHECIES VERSUS PRESENT PROSPECTS. 6\)

of Oceanica, America and Asia ? The missionaries. Who

discovered the famous Nestorian monument in Singar Fu ? A missionary. Who discovered the still more famous Moabite

stone ? A missionary. Who discovered the Hittite inscrip-

tions ? A missionary." Canon Farrar.

Heathenism versus Christianity Numerically.

The population of the globe is reckoned at 1,400 millions ; of this number, 400 millions are nominal Christians, leaving 1,000 millions heathen. Of the nominal Christians, fifty millions are supposed to be real Christians. The problem then to be faced is: Can fifty millions of Christians evangelize 1,000

millions of heathen ?

One encouraging fact is, that of this world's population, 800 millions live under the government of Christian States. Of 175 millions of Mahommedans, 100 millions are already subject

to Christian powers. But Mohammedanism is nothing without

political power. The political downfall of the system is there- fore assured. With the exception of savages, no nation on

earth is under the independent rule of an idolatrous government. The converts to Christianity in heathen lands 100 years ago,

did not exceed 300 ; now at the close of the century they number 885,116. Counting adherents, the number of the Christian community in heathen lands rises to 3,000,000.

How the Whole World might become Evangelized in Ten Years.

How could "every creature" on this globe hear the Gospel, and hear it repeatedly within ten years ? In the Missionary Revieiv of the World for July, 1892, the Rev. Dr. Angus, author of the celebrated " Hand-book of the Bible," attempts to answer this question. He says, in the five Churches (Methodist, Church of England, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregational) of Great Britain and America there are twenty-three millions of com- municants. To accomplish the result above contemplated would require fifty thousand missionaries in the field for ten years, and seventy-five millions of dollars a year for ten years.

However Utopian, at first sight, this proposal appears to be, it 90 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

would only claim one missionary for every 460 members of the evangelical churches of Great Britain and America, or one for every 300 members, if we should include the continent of Europe. England sent that many to take one fortress in the Crimea. And seventy-five millions of dollars a year would only require a contribution of $3.26 from each member of the evangelical churches of Great Britain and America. The Afghanistan war cost sixty million dollars. England spends on her army and navy alone, $175,000,000 a year. The Crimen war cost $500,000,000, and the American Civil war ten times as much. It would be easy to find ten thousand Chris-

tians who could give it all, which would indeed require but $7,500 from each. In the United States alone, there are eight thousand Christian families with an average income of $25,000

each, above expenses ; and 100,000 Christian families with an average income, above expenses, of $10,000 each.

SOME SHARP CONTRASTS.

A Latin author once wrote, " Brittanos hospitibus feros." (The British are cruel to their visitors.) To-day, through the mollifying influences of the Gospel, they are defenders of the persecuted, sympathizers with the oppressed, and the protectors

of the weak in all lands. In 1565, a slave-ship named The Jesus sailed into an Ameri- can port. Her commander, Sir John Hawkins, wrote in his diary that God had been very merciful unto them in giving a safe passage, because He would be kind to His elect—and that vessel carried 400 slaves stolen from the coast of Africa. Just 300 years after (1565-1865) Abraham Lincoln with a stroke of his pen emancipated the four millions of slaves then inhabiting the American Republic. Rev. Sydney Smith ridiculed the piety of Carey, saying,

" If a tinker is a devout man, he infallibly sets off for the East;' he declared the "missionaries would expose the whole SOME SHARP CONTRASTS. 91

Eastern Empire to destruction, to convert half a dozen Brahmins who, after stuffing themselves with rice and rum, would run away. If the missionaries were not watched the throat of every European in India would be cut." He calls the missionaries " a nest of cobblers," and finally surpasses himself by classing them with " vermin which ought to be caught, cracked, and extirpated." In a memorial to the British Parliament, the directors of the East India Company placed on record " their decided conviction (after consideration and examination) that the sending of

Christian missionaries into our Eastern possessions is the maddest, most extravagant, most expensive and most unwar- ranted project that was ever proposed by a lunatic enthusiast." Over against this, place the testimony of Sir Rivers Thompson, " Lieut.-Gov. of Bengal : In my judgment Christian missionaries have done more real and lasting good to the people of India than all other agencies combined. They have been the salt of the country, and the true saviours of the Empire." Eighty-five years ago the East India Company acted as above

described ; now the British East African Company has invited the Church Missionary Society to place missionaries at all their stations as fast as they are opened. The world

really moves !

A contrast : the Chinese translator slipping through a little alley into Robert Morrison's back door in Canton, and the Empress Dowager of China in 1896 accepting from a missionary deputation with pleasure and appreciation a copy of the whole Bible in Chinese in the palace at Peking.

Revenges of (missionary) history : The East India Company, which hated and opposed all missionary effort, compelled by force of circumstances to put Carey on its pay-list as teacher and translator for many years at a large salary. The same corporation constrained to publish at its own cost ($75,000) Morrison's great dictionary of the Chinese language, and to employ him as translator at a salary of $6,000. —— — — — —

D2 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

STRIKING MOTTOES AND SAYINGS.

" Unto the uttermost part of the earth." —Last recorded words of Jesus Christ.

" ': " Vicit Agnus noster : earn sequimwr' Our Lamb has con- quered let ; us follow Him.—Seal of Moravian Brethren. " Come over and help us " —motto on the seal of the State of Massachusetts, adopted 1629, containing the representation of an Indian standing erect with an arrow in his hand. " If you want most to serve your race go where no one else will go, and do what no one else will do." Mary Lyon. 11 Had the whole missionary work resulted in nothing more than the building up of such a character it would be worth all it has cost." Theodore Parker, on Judson of Burmah. " I make bold to say that if missions did not exist it would be our duty to invent them." Sir Chas. A. Elliott, Lieut.-Gov. of Bengal. " They never fail who die in a great cause." " No Church can take root without a native clergy." Bishop Patteson. " Duty makes us do things well ; but love makes us do them beautifully. Phill ips Brooks. " If there were more abiding in Christ there would be less abiding in England." English Missionary. " I have lived too long among people who worshipped cows to think much of the differences which part Christians from Christians." Lord Macaulay, on his return from India. When Carey's son had accepted an appointment in the British diplomatic service the father said, " he has shrivelled up into an ambassador." Spurgeon once exclaimed, " I do not

want one fit to be a missionary to drivel down into a king."

General Notes.

In his'travels round the world, Rev. Dr. Parkhurst saw not one new heathen temple. There are three railways in Palestine, one from Jaffa to Jerusalem, fifty-four miles; the other two centering at —

STRIKING MOTTOES AND SAYINGS. 93

Damascus : and two more are contemplated, centering in the same city.

When the trans-Siberian railway is completed the tour of the world can be made in from thirty-three to forty days. No Asiatic nation has changed its religion for a thousand years. No European nation has changed its religion in the past three hundred years.

The great obstacle to the Gospel in India is caste ; in China ancestor- worship. The " Hard-shell " Baptists were opposed to missions on the ground that when God elects to save the heathen, He will do

so. They have now nearly died out. Moral : The churches at home need to keep up foreign mission work in order to save themselves from decay and death. Five thousand students of colleges have volunteered for the foreign mission work. This fact, and the rapid increase of medical missions, are the two most hopeful developments characterizing the close of this, the first century of modern missions.

Were the former days better than these ? In the Bodleian

Library in Oxford is the itemized account of the burning of

Latimer and Ridley, yellow and faded with age, as follows :

Four loads of furze fagots to burn Ridley and Latimer. 12s. Od. Carriage of these loads 2 Two chains, two staples, and four laborers 5 10

Total 19s. lOcl.

" Unto the uttermost part of the earth " was the Gospel to be

preached. (Acts i : 8.) The point antipodal to Jerusalem is 155° west longitude. On March 31st, 1819, the missionary craft Thadeus, with Christ's witnesses aboard, ran into port at 155° west longitude, and thus the "uttermost part" was

reached. Dr. Pari- It urst. "

94 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS.

The Consecrated Missionary.

Then shall I not at God and duty's call

Fly to the utmost limits of the ball ?

Cross the wide sea % along the desert toil,

Or circumnavigate each Indian isle ? To torrid regions fly to save the lost,

Or brave the rigors of eternal frost ? I may, like Brainerd, perish in my bloom, A group of Indians weeping round my tomb ; I may, like Martyn, lay my burning head In some lone Persian hut, or Turkish shed ; I may, like Coke, be buried in the wave ; I may, like Howard, find a Tartar's grave, Or perish, like a Xavier, on the beach some lone cottage, out of friendship's reach In ; I may—but never let my soul repine,

' Lo, I am with you ' heaven is in that line — ; Tropic or pole, or mild or burning zone Is but a step from my celestial throne. THE-*- Brief Outlines of Weaving of Character Ohristian Doctrine^* AND OTHER By REV. E. H. DEWART, D.D. Sermons and Addresses Price, in Paper Covers, c. ; BY 20 in Cloth, 30c

fl. Rev. G. rieacham, D.D. In this pamphlet of sixty-seven pages there is a brief exposition and defence of the Price, $1.25, Postpaid. central doctrines or religion. The style is plain and popular. The definitions of the doctrines, and the proofs of their truth, are well adapted The many friends of Dr. Meacham in Canada to the requirements of the present time. The will be interested to know that a volume of his sections on the Importance of Right Beliefs, pulpit and platform addresses has been issued. the Atonement, and the Inspiration and Cre We have just received a stock, and can All dentials of the Scriptures, will be read with orders at once. The book will have additional special interest Though intended for Senior interest in that it was printed and bound in Epworth Leagues and Bible Classes, this little , Japan—and is a creditable sample of book- manual will be very helpful to young ministers making, too. It is a substantial volume of 360 local preachers and all Bible students, whether pages. in the school or in the home.

CATECHISM Sabre Thrusts at OF Free-Thougnt. -^ The Methodist Church of Canada, A Defence of ... • Containing a Summary of Divine Inspiration. Christian Doctrine. By the Rev. W. W. Walker. Author of "An Itinerant in the British Isles," and "By Northern Lakes." PRICE, 40 CENTS PER DOZEN, POSTPAID. With Introduction by KEY. THOMAS COBB. The new Catechism of our Church, prepared by a Committee of the General Conference, Cloth, 75 cents, postpaid. and under its authority, is now issued. It is intended by the Conference to take the place This little work is worthy of wide distribu- especially of No. 2 of the former scries. tion. In Part I. the author dwells on objec- This Catechism is designed to be such a tion, and difficulties which Free-Thought has statement of our doctrines as our Sunday- urged against the Old Testament Scriptures, school scholars and Epworth Leagues should chapters being devoted to the Pentateuch, the commit to memory. Indeed, it would be of historical books, science and the Bible, and great benefit if older members of the Church prophecy. Part II. contains chapters on the would give it careful consecutive study. Gospels, the Resurrection, faith, St. Paul's writings, and the Book of Revelation. For a time the former series of our Cate- chisms will be on sale at all our Methodist We should like to see the book placed in the Book Rooms. libraries of our Sunday-schools and Epworth Leagues, and in the hands of young people ordering whether Old or Please state when generally. or New edition is wanted.

######*##**sr####tf#T?ir##* WILLIAM BRIGGS, 29-33 Richmond St. West, TORONTO.

C. W. COATES, Montreal. S. F. HUESTIS, Halifax. . Valuableo»»»»Works. TVTEW ask the attention of Ministers, Sunday-school workers, and all intelligent readers, to the following list of books issued by the Publishers of THE SUNDAY SCHOOL TIMES, which we are prepared to send, post-paid, to any address in Canada on receipt of the price mentioned.

Recent Research in Bible Lands : Its Progress and Results. Papers by Profs. McCurdy, Bliss, Sayce, Mahaffy, and others. Edited by Prof. Herman V. Hilprecht. With Maps and Illustrations $1 50 lindesh-Banica: Its Importance and Probable Site, with the Story of a Hunt for it, including Studies of the Route of the Exodus and the Southern Boundary of the Holy Land. With Maps and Illustrations 3 OO The Blood Covenant. A Primitive Rite, and Its Bearings on Scripture. By H. Clay Trumbull % 00 Studies in Oriental Social Life. With Topical and Scriptural Indexes and Illustrations % 50 The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture. By Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P 1 00 The Divine Order Of Human Society. A Discussion of the Practical Problem of the Family, the Nation, the School and the Church in the Light of Scripture and of Modern Experience. By Robert Ellis Thompson, S.T.D. 1 OO Fishin' Jimmy. A Popular Story. By Annie Trumbull Slosson 30 Friendship the Master Passion. A Treatise on the Nature and History of Friendship and its Place as a Force in the World By H. Clay Trumbull 3 OO

The Knightly Soldier. By H. Clay Trumbull 1 *iO

A Lie Never Justifiable. A Study in Ethics. By H. Clay Trumbull . 1 OO

Prayer : Its Nature and Scope. By H. Clay Trumbull 75

In Tribulation ; or, The Blessing of Trials. By H. Clay Trumbull 75 The Point of Contact in Teaching: A Plea for the little Children of the Sunday School. By Patterson Du Bois 60

Hints On Child Training : A Series of Thirty Articles on the Nature, Scope and Methods of the Wise Training of Children. By H. Clay Trumbull. ... 1 00 Beckonings from Little Hands. Eight Studies in Child Life. By Patterson Du Bois. Illustrated 1 25

Principles and Practice. A Series of Essays. In six vols. Per set ... . % 50 Yale Lectures on the Sunday School. The Sunday School, its Origin, Mission, Methods and Auxiliaries. By H. Clay Trumbull net 1 50 Teaching and Teachers. By H. Clay Trumbull 1 00 A Model Superintendent. By H. Clay Trumbull 1 00 Teachers' Meetings. Their Necessity and Methods. By H. Clay Trumbull 30 The Ten Commandments. A New View of the Commandments in the Light of Oriental Methods of Thought and Manner of Speech. By H. Clay Trumbull 25 Light on the Story of Jonah. By H. Clay Trumbull. Illustrated.. 20

TWO Northfield Sermons. I. Moral Color-Blindness ; II. Our Duty of Making the Past a Success. By H. Clay Trumbull 30 Arnold's Chart of Paul's Journeyings. Prepared by C. E. Arnold, A.M. A Series of Five Coloured Outline Maps showing the Routes Fol- lowed and the Places Visited by Paul in His Journeyings, with full Scrip- ture References 20

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REV. CHARLES M. SHELDON'S WORKS. IN HIS STEPS "OJbat Would 3csms Do?"

Paper, 15 cents, Postpaid.

"The reading of the book will search many a heart, and ought to lead to a simpler, holier, and more fully consecrated Christian life."—Sunday School Times. " Mr. Sheldon's book makes a strong impression as a plea for more simplicity of living, for more economy and more principle in the matter of personal expenditure, and for the application of the laws of righteousness and justice to the methods of business administration."—New York Independent. "The book has special noteworthiness, not only be- cause of its application of a searching conduct-test, but because it is, so far as we know, the first story to make use of the new social settlement movement."— The Out- look.

" No one can read the book and fail to ask himself these questions with deep seriousness Dare I do as Jesus would do were He in my place? and, Dare I not do as He would do?"— The Pacific. The Crucifixion of Philip Strong. PAPER, 15 Cents POSTPAID "A fine piece of realistic writing."—Chicago Herald. "The people wanted the Gospel, the old Gospel, without any reference to such things as the oppression of the poor, the rum traffic, gambling, industries, and the like. Philip's Gospel was too broad, too worldly, for his people, and they could not endure it. The story is wonderfully well told, and has a double edge."—Zion's Herald. " This is a thrilling recital of the endeavor of a minister of the Gospel to preach the whole J truth, even as his Master would have done. Philip Strong is a singularly beautiful character,* the beauty being that of single-hearted purpose and intense love for his brother man, his Creator, and the divine laws. The story is told strongly and is one of great value as well as intense interest."— The Union Signal. " The story is often pathetic, sometimes dramatic, and always convincing. It is whole- some reading to all and instructive to those who are led to wrongly believe that the Church and its pastors do not make sacrifices for and are not in sympathy with the poor of the world." — The Chicago Record.

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PAPER, 25 Cents ; CLOTH, 50 Cents POSTPAID ROBERT HARDY'S SEVEN DAYS Paper, 25 Cents; Cloth, 50 Cents Postpaid,

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Price List of Twenty Missionary Books Islands of the Sea- India- William John G. Paton $0.50 Carey ; $0. 50 In the Tiger Jungle Madagascar : Its Missionaries and Martyrs. . .50 1.00 John Williams, the Martyr Missionary of China- Polynesia 50 Chinese Characteristics 1.25 James Calvert ; or, From Dark to Dawn in Robert Morrison, the Pioneer of Chinese Fiji 50 Missions 50 Africa— Western China. Net 2.00 Japan— Mackay of Uganda 35 The Gist of Japan 1.25 A Lone Woman in Africa 1.00 Japan : Its People and Missions .50 David Livingstone 50 America— Mlscellaneons— The Picket Line of Missions 90 The Indians of Canada 1.00 A Concise History of Missions 75 South America, the Neglected Continent. ., .75 Gist. A Hand-Book of Missionary Informa- Amid Greenland Snows 59 tion 60

Important Missionary Books

America- James Chalmers. Wm. Robson $0.50 Life of James Evans. John Maclean $0. 50 Pioneer Life and Work in New Guinea. The Warden of the Plains » 1.25 James Chalmers 1.25 Oowikapun ; or, How the Gospel Reached the iNelson River Indians. E."R. loung.. .90 Persia- By Canoe and Dog Train. E. R. Young 1.00 Persian Life and Customs. Rev. S. G. Wilson 1.25 Africa- Formosa— Thomas Comber, Missionary Pioneer to the From Far Formosa. Geo. L. Mackay 1.25 Congo. J.B.Myers 50 H.M.Stanley. A. Montefiore 50 Korea- The Congo for Christ. Rev. J. B. Myers 50 Korea and Her Neighbors. Isabella B. Bishop 2.00 Thomas Birch Freeman, Missionary Pioneer to Ashanti, Dahomey and EgDa. John India— The Bishop's Conversion. E. B. Maxwell... Wilum .50 1.50 Reginald Heber, Bishop of The Story of Uganda and the Victoria Nyan za Calcutta. A. Montefiore 50 Mission. S. Stock 90 Chlna- Miscellaneous— A Cycle of Cathay. W. A. P. Martin 2.00 Medical Missions. John Lowe .90 John Griffith, Founder of the Hankow Mis- Short History of Missions. Geo. Smith .90 sion. W. Robson 50 New Acts of the Apostles. Pierson 1.50 Glances at China. Gilbert Reid. . 70 A Hundred Years of Missions. Rev. D. L. Young People's History of the Chinese. W. Leonard 1.50 G. E Cunningham 1.00 The Miracles of Missions. 1st Series. Pierson 1.00 James Gilmour and his Boys. R. Lovett ... .90 k 2nd .< « 1.00 the Among Mongols. Rev. J. Gilmour 90 A Manual of Modern Missions. J. T. Gracey 1.25 More About the Mongols. Rev. J. Gilmour 1.75 A Primer of Modern Missions. E. R. Lovett Morning Light in Many Lands. Daniel March 2.00 Strategic Points in the World's Conquest. For His Sake. A Record of a Life Conse- John R. Mott 1.00 crated to God and Devoted to China 90 Foreign Missions after a Century. Dennis. 1.50 Islands of the Sea— Missionary Heroines in Eastern Lands. Mrs. Among the Maories; or, Daybreak in New E. R. Pitman .50 Zealand. J.Page 50 The Missionary Pastor .75 From Darkness to Light in Polynesia. Rev. Christian Missions and Social Progress. Vol. W.W.Gill 2.00 I. Rev. J. Dennis 2.50

Smaller Works on Missions

The Organization and Methods of Mission Murdered Millions $0.17 Work. E. M. Bliss $0.30 The Supreme Decision of the Christian Sketch of the History of Protestant Missions Student. Sherwood Eddy 05 in China. D. W. Lyon 15 Prayer and Missions. Robt. E. Speer 05 " Do Not Say." J. H. Horsburgh 10 Cycle of Prayer. Published by W.M.S 03

The Greatest Work in the World. Pierson. . .20 Pray, Study, Give. F. C. Stephenson 10 Facts on Foreign Missions 05 First Hundred Year of Missions. Rev. J. S. Open Doors. J. F. Gracey 15 Ross, D.D net .10 As far as can be done in so limited a number of volumes, the above selection of books gives in- formation, in an attractive, readable form, in all the different phases and fields of missionary work, A full catalogue of the most recent and valuable missionary works will be sent free on application.

WILLIAM BRIGGS wesley buildings TORONTO Montreal: C. W. COATES. Halifax: S. F. HUESTIS.