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The Emerging Outer Space Order Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason Justesen, Lisa 2021 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Justesen, L. (2021). The Emerging Outer Space Order: Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason. Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 The Emerging Outer Space Order Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason LISA JUSTESEN | FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES | LUND UNIVERSITY Department of Political Science Political of Department Lund Political Studies 201 Faculty of Social Sciences ISBN 978-91-7895-833-7 ISSN 0460-0037 Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund 2021 NORDIC SWAN ECOLABEL 3041 0903 9 789178 958337 THE EMERGING OUTER SPACE ORDER The Emerging Outer Space Order Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason Lisa Justesen DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Edens hörsal. Date 2021-05-20 and time 10.15. Faculty opponent Professor Mark Rhinard Stockholm University Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY Doctoral Dissertation Department of Political Science Date of issue Box 52 20th May 2021 SE-221 00 Author Sponsoring organization Lisa Justesen Swedish Defence University Title and subtitle The Emerging Outer Space Order. Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason Abstract Political order in outer space has so far been perceived as an extension of the terrestrial political order. In contrast, I argue that the political order emerging in outer space defines international relations on Earth. Therefore, with a refreshed understanding of the political dynamics of outer space, we will be better equipped to grasp the contemporary world order. Moreover, deeper knowledge about the kind of order that is emerging in outer space opens up possibilities to influence its evolving direction, should we find this desirable. Consequently, the overarching research question of this thesis is how can we understand the kind of order that is emerging in outer space and the impact that this order has on the broader world order? Exploring this question, I visit everyday working environments and key sites for outer space ordering where I conduct multi-sited ethnography and elite interviews (2017-2020). This explorative inquiry shows that the kind of order emerging in outer space can best be conceptualized not as anarchical, nor as hierarchical but as heterarchical. I find that quantum-mind entangled professional orders are the principal units that define the outer space order’s evolving direction. Using space as a crucial and illustrative example of the world order, I argue that these professional orders constitute the depoliticized fabric of the world setting its direction. I find that the prominent and defining professional orders are the scientific, commercial and military orders, which trajectories extend well into the future. Moreover, I theorize that the emerging outer space order foreshadows a transition into hypermodernity as the constellations of satellites for fast-speed-Internet that are being launched in outer space are creating a gigantic ‘transmission belt’. In addition, this inquiry reveals an imminent cosmological shift, as the world is yet again extended. This time further and more permanently into outer space with consequences for our sense of responsibility for Earth. I conclude that the increasingly heterarchical world, the ‘emboosted transmission belt’ and prevailing visions of the extended world call for a different ‘way of being political’ – for reflective political reason at the individual level including reconsiderations of professional identities. Key words Outer space, order, deep structures, heterarchy, hypermodernity, poltical reason, theorizing, diorama Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language English ISSN 0460-0037 Lund Political Studies, No 201 ISBN 978-91-7895-833-7 (print) Recipient’s notes Number of pages 271 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 2021-04-12 Lisa Justesen The Emerging Outer Space Order Professional Orders, Heterarchy, Hypermodernity and Political Reason 2021 Cover illustration: ESB Professional. Royalty free from Shutterstock. Global concepts with elements from NASA. Copyright: Lisa Justesen Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political Science Lund Political Studies 201 ISBN 978-91-7895-833-7 (print) ISBN 978-91-7895-834-4 (pdf) ISSN 0460-0037 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University, Lund 2021 To my father and for life Table of Contents Acknowledgement 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Diagnosis and aims 8 1.2. Outer space order, global order, and world order 11 1.2.1. Orbits and satellites 12 1.2.2. Global order and world order 13 1.3. Explorative research, multi-sited ethnography and data 14 1.4. Methodological and theoretical considerations 17 1.5. Outline of the inquiry 19 2. Theorizing, order and structures 21 2.1. Theorizing – to see and to see anew 21 2.2. Theory and analytical framework – making sense and making possible 23 2.3. Order 25 2.3.1. Political order 28 2.3.2. Political order - balance at the individual level, types of political reason and nomos 29 2.4. Relationalism, structures, and diorama 31 2.5. World order and political structures? 33 2.6. Hierarchy, anarchy and heterarchy 35 3. Conceptual elaboration and the model of an evolving diorama 43 3.1. Deep structures 43 3.2. Deep frames 45 3.3. Exogenous forces - contemporary conditions 46 3.4. Quantum-mind entangled professional orders 50 3.5. Heterarchy and political space 53 3.6. The diorama – conceptualizing political space with a more unified ontology 55 3.7. Model of an evolving diorama – analyzing possibilities for political order 60 3.8. Conceptualizing change 63 4. Analytical framework - matrix of focal points 67 4.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 68 4.2. Critical issues and outer space 69 4.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 70 4.4. Form, robustness and authority 72 4.5. Responsibility, politics and political reason 75 5. Methods - multi-sited ethnography and interviews 79 5.1. Data in detail 81 5.2. Participant observations combined with interviews 82 5.3. Positionality and access 87 5.4. Ethical considerations 89 6. Real types of professional orders 91 6.1. The scientific - universal experts and neglectors 92 6.1.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 92 6.1.2. Outer space and critical issues 96 6.1.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 98 6.1.4. Form, robustness, authority, responsibility, politics and political reason 102 6.2. The military - guardians in a massive trajectory of long-term planning 105 6.2.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 105 6.2.2. Outer space and critical issues 110 6.2.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 115 6.2.4. Form, robustness, authority, responsibility, politics and political reason 120 6.3. The commercial - transformers in a hurry, long-term visions and short-term gains 122 6.3.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 122 6.3.2. Outer space and critical issues 126 6.3.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 129 6.3.4. Form, robustness, authority, politics and political reason 132 6.4. The legal - stuck in interpretation, strikingly text-bound and directionless 134 6.4.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 134 6.4.2. Outer space and critical issues 137 6.4.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 143 6.4.4. Form, robustness, authority, politics and political reason 144 6.5. The formal political - guardians, overloaded and stagnated 145 6.5.1. Identity, motives, structure and agency and organizing principle 145 6.5.2. Outer space and critical issues 146 6.5.3. Language set, visual frames, temporality and constitutive materiality 149 6.5.4. Form, robustness, authority, politics and political reason 151 6.6. Summary 153 7. Observations from formal and informal sites of interplay 159 7.1. The ITU – the engine of the emerging outer space order (and global connectivity) 160 7.1.1. The engine of the outer space order 161 7.1.2. ‘The inner and outer circle’ 164 7.1.3. ‘Sharing is caring’ and the ITU family 166 7.1.4. High-tech diplomacy, making things work 169 7.1.5. The unexpected absence of the political suborder 170 7.1.6. Distribution of global connectivity 172 7.2. The UN COPUOS – the normalizer of the emerging outer space order 174 7.2.1. Would, should or could…and historical change 178 7.2.2.