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Effect of Ground-Cover Management on Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Mediterranean Vineyard

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Effect of Ground-Cover Management on Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Mediterranean Vineyard Vitis 58 (Special Issue), 25–32 (2019) DOI: 10.5073/vitis.2019.58.special-issue.25-32 Effect of ground-cover management on predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Mediterranean vineyard M. G. SÁENZ-ROMO1), H. MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA1), A. VEAS-BERNAL1), L. D. CARVAJAL-MONTOYA1), E. MARTÍNEZ-VILLAR1), S. IBÁÑEZ-PASCUAL2), V. S. MARCO-MANCEBÓN2) and I. PÉREZ-MORENO1) 1) Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain 2) Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño (La Rioja), Spain Summary managed through intensive practices, such as tillage and use of broad-spectrum pesticides. These methods can lead Most predatory mites belong to the family Phy- to soil erosion, pollution of natural resources, loss of bio- toseiidae (Acari). Throughout the world, phytoseiids diversity, reduction of natural enemies and development of are involved in the biological control of phytophagous resistance (NOVARA et al. 2013, ALLAN et al. 2015). Thus, the mites in vineyards. Conservative strategies, including European Union (EU) has established agricultural policies cover-vegetation management, are essential to achieve to counter these problems; for example, the 2014-2020 CAP environmentally friendly viticulture. The abundance reform proposes reduced use of herbicides and employment and diversity of phytoseiid mites in the grapevine can- of cover crops, and Directive 2009/128/EC on sustainable opy and the vegetal ground cover of a Mediterranean use of pesticides promotes the use of integrated pest man- vineyard were surveyed by weekly samplings, from early agement (IPM) programmes that lead to environmentally May until the end of September for two years (2016 friendly viticulture. and 2017). Three types of soil management without Biological control (BC) is used to control arthropod herbicide application were analysed and referred to as pests, reduce toxic residues and preserve beneficial fauna "Tillage", "Spontaneous Cover", and "Flower-driven in agroecosystems (ALTIERI 1999). The conservation of Cover" treatments. Six phytoseiid species were collected natural enemies of crop pests, which are present on crops on the grapevine canopy, with Typhlodromus pyri being and adjacent natural vegetation, is a major goal of IPM, and the dominant species (99.5 %). Five phytoseiid species represents one of three major BC strategies (JACAS and UR- were recorded in the ground cover, with Typhlodromus BANEJA 2010). Food-generalist arthropod predators constitute and Neoseiulus as the major genera. The Flower-driv- an important group of natural enemies because they are able en Cover treatment showed the highest abundance of to survive in the absence of their main prey (LANDIS et al. phytoseiids in the grapevine canopy. However, both 2000, MCMURTRY et al. 2013). The Phytoseiidae (Acari) are species richness and abundance of phytoseiid mites on the main group of predatory mites that live on the plants and the ground-cover vegetation were highest in the Spon- include many species employed worldwide in the control of taneous Cover treatment. These observations suggest phytophagous mites (MCMURTRY 1982). Most phytoseiids that improving vegetation cover would promote both the feed on mite pests, including eriophyids, tarsonemids and abundance and diversity of phytoseiid mites in vineyards tetranychids, and also small insects such as aleyrodids, psoc- because the greater supply of pollen would enhance their ids, scale crawlers and thrips. They may also consume fungal survival. Therefore, the use of cover crops in vineyards spores and substances of animal (e.g. honeydew produced represents a means of improving vineyard ecosystems by homopterans) and of vegetal (e.g. pollen and nectar) by conservative biological control. origin (MCMURTRY and CROFT 1997). Their ability to feed on a variety of food resources, abundance, short generation K e y w o r d s : agroecology; conservative biological time, wide distribution and ability to survive and reproduce control; cover crop; tillage; population dynamics; Typhlo- on very low densities of prey make them good candidates dromus. for key biocontrol agents (PRISCHMANN et al. 2006). Worldwide, there are more than 2,400 species of phy- toseiids, among which the most interesting and common Introduction species reported in European vineyards are Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) By focusing primarily on wine production, traditional (DUSO et al. 2012, DEMITE et al. 2018, TIXIER 2018). T. pyri methods of viticulture may endanger Mediterranean envi- is an important agent for biological control of potential ronments in countries where viticulture plays an important phytophagous pests in European vineyards, including role. Spain is the country with the greatest area of vineyards tetranychid mites (Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Tetranychus in the world (OIV 2018) and, here, vineyards are usually urticae Koch and Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans)) and Correspondence to: Dr. I. PÉREZ-MORENO, Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, C/ Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain. E-mail: [email protected] © The author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License (http://creative-commons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). 26 M. G. SÁENZ-ROMO et al. eriophyids (Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) and Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher)) that significantly deteriorate grape quality and yield. In addition, T. pyri can feed on grape powdery mildew (POZZEBON and DUSO 2008) and is relatively tolerant to some pesticides (MARSHALL and LESTER 2001, DUSO et al. 2012). Another potentially useful conservative strategy is the management of vegetation cover to promote biological control for sustainable viticulture (THOMSON and HOFFMANN 2009, LETORNEAU et al. 2011, RATNADASS et al. 2012, DAANE et al. 2018, GARCIA et al. 2018). Cover crops constitute a res- ervoir for phytoseiid mites by providing shelter and alterna- tive food sources, especially pollen and nectar, in vineyards (LANdis et al. 2000, BARBAR et al. 2006, AGUILAR-FENOLLOSA et al. 2011, BURGIO et al. 2016). Furthermore, the presence of ground-cover vegetation can enhance phytoseiid per- formance by modifying the microclimate within crops, for example, by lowering temperature and elevating humidity, which are essential for egg survival (TIXIER 2018). In addi- tion, cover crops offer several other advantages including erosion reduction, improved soil properties and provision of key ecosystem services (GAGO et al. 2007, KAZAKOU et al. 2016, GARCIA et al. 2018). With respect to the latter, Soli- veres et al. (2016) showed that a high multitrophic richness (including plant species richness) had stronger positive effect than richness in any individual trophic group on ecosystem services. Moreover, SOMMAGGIO et al. (2018) reported that cover crops seem not to positively affect the vineyard pests. The composition of plant cover is a key factor that varies Fig. 1: Climatic parameters (maximum temperature and relative according to the goal pursued (DOMÍNGUEZ GENTO et al. humidity) and sampling dates. 2002). For example, the biology and development of pred- atory mites are greatly affected by plant features, especially domatia densities, leaf hairiness, extrafloral nectaries, and (< 1 %). Fig. 1 presents maximum temperature (°C) and pollen production (KARBAN et al. 1995, KREITER et al. 2002, relative humidity (%) data recorded by SIAR (Agroclimatic BRESCH et al. 2019, GONTIJO 2019). Information Service in La Rioja) in the two sampling years This paper aims to investigate the impact of different (2016-2017) at Logroño (La Rioja). ground-cover management strategies (bare soil, spontaneous Experimental design: Three soil management wild cover, and sown cover of a flowering mixture) on the techniques were analysed for two years (2016 and 2017): (i) abundance and diversity of phytoseiid mites on vine leaves 'Tillage', (ii) 'Spontaneous Cover', and (iii) 'Flower-driven and on inter-row vegetation in a Mediterranean vineyard. Cover', using a completely randomized design with three Our hypothesis was that by reducing crop intensification and plots per treatment. Each plot comprised 360 vines and providing suitable habitat and food requirements, we will 1,200 m2. In the tillage treatment, a common management achieve an increase in abundance and diversity of predatory technique of under-vine bare soil was practised; in the mites. We also assessed the vegetation cover community to Spontaneous Cover treatment, naturally occurring vegeta- select the most profitable species to use as the cover crop, tion was managed through mowing once per year in June. and the population dynamics of phytoseiid mites during the The abundance, coverage and richness of weeds were growing season when the biological control of mite pests estimated, and species identified, in mid-May using three is crucial. quadrats of 1 m2 that were randomly positioned in each plot. The Flower-driven Cover treatment was sown in the first week of March with 'Deco Vignes Anuelles' (Nova Flore, Material and Methods Champigné, France) (20 kg·ha-1) consisting of a mixture of Calendula officinalis (Compositae), Centaurea cyanus S t u d y s i t e : The study was conducted in a rain-fed (Asteraceae), Cosmos bipinnatus (Asteraceae), Dahlia sp. vineyard within the Rioja appellation, Northern Spain. The (Asteraceae), Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae)
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