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Interspecific Interactions Between Olive Trees and Grapevines in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems in an Arid Climate Region

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Interspecific Interactions Between Olive Trees and Grapevines in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems in an Arid Climate Region Interspecific Interactions between Olive Trees and Grapevines in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems in an Arid Climate Region __________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Agroforestry ______________________________________________ by KATHERINE FAVOR Advisors: Dr. Michael Gold Dr. Megan Hall Dr. Samniqueka Halsey Dr. Rosana Vallone MAY 2021 © Copyright by Katherine Favor 2021 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Associate Vice Chancellor of the Office of Research and Graduate Studies, have examined the thesis entitled: INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OLIVE TREES AND GRAPEVINES IN VINEYARD AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN AN ARID CLIMATE REGION presented by Katherine Favor, a candidate for the degree of Master of Science in Agroforestry, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________ Dr. Michael Gold __________________________________ Dr. Samniqueka Joi-Weaver Halsey __________________________________ Dr. Megan Hall __________________________________ Dr. Rosana Vallone ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of the people and institutions who have contributed to this research project, who have taught me, and who have supported me along the way. Dr. Rosana Vallone, Cátedra de Edafología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Thank you for taking me in under your wing and for giving me countless hours of planning, guidance, support, and wisdom. You are an incredible teacher, role model, and servant of our planet. I could not have done this research without you. Dr. Michael Gold, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia. Thank you for serving as my advisor and for your consistent support, guidance, and encouragement throughout my entire graduate career. Dr. Megan Hall, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia. Thank you for serving on my thesis committee, for your support, and for sharing your invaluable experience in viticulture with me. Dr. Samniqueka Halsey, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia. Thank you for serving on my thesis committee, for your support, and for sharing with me your indispensable knowledge of statistics. Dr. Ranjith Udawatta, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia. Thank you for your support, your invaluable knowledge, your guidance, and your generous willingness to help me with my many questions. Dr. Christine Spinka, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia. Thank you for your support and guidance through the process of statistical analysis. Gerardo Catapano, Owner, Catapano Family Vineyard. Thank you for allowing me to use your vineyard as a research site. Mario Santo Delgado, Vineyard Manager, Catapano Family Vineyard. Thank you for your support, flexibility, hours of labor, and willingness to help with whatever task was at hand. Lucas Vila, Ingeniero de Recursos Naturales. Thank you for the countless hours of labor and support that went far beyond what was asked of you. Ing. Agrónomo Jorge Esteban Perez Peña, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina. Thank you for your generous support, guidance, and time. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Lujan de Cuyo, Argentina. College of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Lujan de Cuyo, Argentina. Thank you for providing labor, resources, transportation, knowledge transfer, financial support, and endless guidance. Thank you for receiving me into your university and supporting me as if I were an alumnus. Dorris D. and Christine M. Brown Fellowship. Thank you for the generous financial support that allowed me to perform this research in Argentina. This research would not have been possible without this assistance, and I am extremely grateful. ii “Cada persona, en su existencia, puede tener dos actitudes: Construir o Plantar. Los constructores pueden demorar años en sus tareas, pero un día terminan aquello que estaban haciendo. Entonces se paran y quedan limitados por sus propias paredes. La vida pierde el sentido cuando la construcción acaba. Pero existen los que plantan. Éstos a veces sufren con las tempestades, las estaciones, y raramente descansan. Pero al contrario que un edificio, el jardín jamás para de crecer. Y, al mismo tiempo que exige la atención del jardinero, también permite que, para él, la vida sea una gran aventura. Los jardineros se reconocerán entre sí, porque saben que en la historia de cada planta está el crecimiento de toda la Tierra.” PAULO COELHO iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………...ii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..iv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………….vii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS………………………………………………….....xi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….xii CHAPTER I: Literature Review Introduction………………………………………………...1 I.1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………2 I.2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..4 CHAPTER II: Below Ground Services in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems…………………..6 II.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………7 II.2. The Effect of Trees on Water Parameters in Vineyards………………………….7 II.2.1. Issues Surrounding Water in Conventional Viticulture………………...7 II.2.2. Increased Water Conservation in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems…….8 II.2.3. Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Water………………10 II.2.4. Striking Water Stress Balance in Grapevines…………………………10 II. 3. The Effect of Trees on Vine Nutrition Parameters……………………………..18 II.3.1. Issues Surrounding Nutrition in Conventional Viticulture……………18 II.3.2. Increased Nutrient Availability in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems….19 II.3.3. Reduced Nutrient Losses in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems………...21 II.3.4. Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Nutrients…………...23 II.3.5. Striking Nutritional Balance in Grapevines…………………………...24 II.4. The Effect of Trees on Vine Root Systems……………………………………..25 II.4.1. Issues Surrounding Vine Rooting Patterns in Conventional Viticulture…………………………………………………………………….25 II.4.2. Improved Soil Structure in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems………….26 II.4.3. Soil Niche Competition Between Tree and Grapevine Roots………...29 II.4.4. Balancing Competition Through Root Plasticity in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems………………………………………………………...31 II.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………34 CHAPTER III: Agroforestry for Enhanced Integrated Pest Management in Vineyards…….35 III.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….36 III.2. Issues Surrounding Pests and Diseases in Modern Viticulture……………….. 37 III.2.1. Diversity as a Means to Combat Pests and Diseases………………...38 III.3. Integrated Pest Management in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems……………...40 III.3.1. Improved Management of Insect Pests………………………………40 III.3.2. Improved Management of Viruses and Bacteria……………………..47 III.3.3. Improved Management of Fungal Diseases………………………….49 III.3.4. Precision Pesticide Application………………………………………50 III.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..51 CHAPTER IV: The Effect of Trees on Light in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems…………..53 IV.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….54 iv IV.2. The Effects of Sun and Shade on Wine Grapes in General……………………55 IV.2.1. The Effects of Sun and Shade on Grapevine Physiological Parameters……………………………………………………………………55 IV.2.2. The Effect of Sun and Shade on Grape Yield………………………..58 IV.2.3. The Effect of Sun and Shade on Grape and Wine Quality…………..61 IV.3. The Effects of Sun and Shade in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems…………….67 IV.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..72 CHAPTER V: The Effect of Trees on Microclimate in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems…...74 V.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..75 V.2. The Effect of Trees on Wind Patterns in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems……..76 V.2.1. The Negative Effects of Wind in Conventional Vineyards…………...76 V.2.2. Windbreaks as a Solution in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems………..78 V.3. The Effect of Trees on Microclimate in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems……...82 V.3.1. Microclimatic Issues in Conventional Viticulture…………………….82 V.3.2. Microclimatic Regulation in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems………..86 V.4. Negative Impacts of Trees in Vineyards………………………………………..90 V.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………91 CHAPTER VI: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..93 VI.1 Practical Implications…………………………………………………………...94 VI.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...97 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………98 CHAPTER VII: Interspecific Interactions between Olive Trees and Grapevines in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems in an Arid Climate Region…………………………………...……..118 VII.1. Abstract………………………………………………………………………119 VII.2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..120 VII.3.Purpose and Objectives……………………………………………………….120 VII.3.1. Specific Objectives…………………………………….…………..121 VII.4. Materials and Methods………………………………………………………123 VII.4.1. Site…………………………………………………………………123 VII.4.2. Experimental Design………………………………………………124 VII.4.2.i. Background Uniformity Checks………………………….125 VII.4.2.ii. Selection of Observational Units………………………...127 VII.4.3. Data Collection…………………………………………………….130 VII.4.3.i. Quality Parameters……………………………………….130
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