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Compatibility of the Parasitoid Aphidius Matricariae with Botanigard for the Control of Greenhouse Aphids

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Compatibility of the Parasitoid Aphidius Matricariae with Botanigard for the Control of Greenhouse Aphids Compatibility of the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae with BotaniGard for the control of greenhouse aphids by Yasaman Norouzi B.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 2011 Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Pest Management in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science ©Yasaman Norouzi 2013 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2013 Approval Name: Yasaman Norouzi Degree: Master of Pest Management Title of Thesis: Compatibility of the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae with BotaniGard for the control of greenhouse aphids Examining Committee: Chair: John Reynolds Professor Jennifer Cory Senior Supervisor Professor Bernard Roitberg Supervisor Professor David Gillespie Supervisor Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Deborah Henderson External Examiner Director Institute for Sustainable Horticulture Kwantlen Polytechnic University Date Defended/Approved: December 11, 2013 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract The simultaneous use of multiple biological control agents can be effective in suppressing pest populations, but the intraguild interactions that occur between biological control agents can disrupt biological control. I hypothesized that the combined use of the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae, and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (in the form of commercialized product, BotaniGard) for controlling the greenhouse aphid pest, Myzus persicae, would have a positive effect on pest control. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory over short periods and in greenhouses over multiple generations. Although BotaniGard had negative interactions with the parasitoids in short time scale experiments, over an extended time the combined use of BotaniGard and parasitoids had synergistic effects on aphid suppression. The number of parasitoids present at the end of the experiments in longer-scale experiments was higher in treatments with BotaniGard application than in treatments with parasitoids alone. Keywords: Beauveria bassiana; BotaniGard®; Aphidius matricariae; Myzus persicae; interaguild interactions; biological control iv Dedication To my parents, Akram Arefi and Hassan Norouzi, who give me endless love and support and who encourage me to see the world and never stop to learn. Baba, you have been my biggest inspiration. And, Maman, you are the most incredible woman I know in the world. You both have been exemplary in my life. I love you so much. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Dave Gillespie and Dr. Jenny Cory for their support. Dr. Dave Gillespie helped me with all the steps of designing experiments and gathering data. He is the only supervisor that I know who fully participated in data collection. He provided me with the required resources and gave me the opportunity to study one of the complex services of nature and the incredible world of insects in an applied way. He was caring towards me like a family member and next to him I learnt to be a professional adult as well as a friend at workspace. Dr. Jenny Cory provided guidance on all parts of my project but most importantly on writing the thesis. Her encouragement and effort made this thesis possible. I am very thankful that she spent so much of her valuable time (even her evenings and weekends and while on trips!) on editing and giving me feedback on my work. I would also like to thank Dr. Bernard Roitberg. I did my undergraduate honour’s thesis in his laboratory and he encouraged me to pursue a master’s degree under the supervision of Dr. Cory. He also helped me to think critically about my thesis and with understanding the statistical analysis used in this thesis. I would like to thank all the other people that helped me during my project. Peggy Clark assisted me so much with all parts of my experiments from setting-up my insect colonies to counting aphids inside insect cages. I am grateful for the friendship, assistance and interesting coffee-break conversations of the past and present members of the Cory lab. Many thanks to all students and friends that participated in data collection: Fatima Abedi, Shahrzad Afroozeh, Maria Alfano, Majid Bagheri, Onur Bakiner, Joyce Chan, Anna DiCarlo, Soudeh Jamshidian, Alysha Martins, Joscelyn McKenzie, Grant Olson, Denis Quach, Jen Scholfield, and Aman Singh. And thank you Tania Gaye for sharing your house with me in Agassiz. Most of all, I would like to express my appreciation to my partner, Onur Bakiner, who sacrificed his evenings and weekends for my experiments, and for reading and editing my thesis. vi And finally, I would like to thank Canadian Ornamental Horticulture Research and Innovation Cluster of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada for funding my project. Also, I would like to thank The Vancouver Horticulture Society, Thelma Finlayson, and Simon Fraser University for financial support. vii Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Partial Copyright Licence .................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication .......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xii 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. History of Biological control ...................................................................................... 1 1.2. Direct interactions between biological control agents .............................................. 4 1.3. Indirect interactions between biological control agents ............................................ 6 1.4. Entomopathogenic Fungi ....................................................................................... 10 1.5. Parasitoids ............................................................................................................. 11 1.6. Study system ......................................................................................................... 14 1.7. Reference: ............................................................................................................. 17 2. The short-term effects of BotaniGard (Beauveria bassiana) on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae ........ 32 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 32 2.2. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 38 2.2.1. Plant and Insect production ........................................................................ 38 2.2.2. BotaniGard application rate ........................................................................ 39 2.2.3. Leaf disk preparation .................................................................................. 39 2.2.4. Experiment 1: The effect of BotaniGard on the longevity and reproduction of Myzus persicae ................................................................. 40 2.2.5. Experiment 2: How do application methodology and host plant identity influence the efficacy of BotaniGard on aphids? ........................... 41 2.2.6. Experiment 3: The effect of BotaniGard on the longevity and development rate of Aphidius matricariae. ................................................. 43 2.2.7. Experiment 4: Oviposition of A. matricariae in healthy vs Beauveria- infected M. persicae ................................................................................... 44 2.2.8. Experiment 5: Is BotaniGard compatible with Aphidius matricariae for the control of green peach aphids in greenhouses? ............................. 46 Experiment A: Parasitization Before Inoculation ........................................ 46 Experiment B: Parasitization After Inoculation ........................................... 47 2.3. Results ................................................................................................................... 49 2.3.1. Experiment 1: The effect of BotaniGard on the longevity and reproduction of Myzus persicae ................................................................. 49 2.3.2. Experiment 2: How does application methodology and host plant identity influence the efficacy of BotaniGard? ............................................ 49 2.3.3. Experiment 3: The effect of BotaniGard on the longevity and development rate of A. matricariae ............................................................ 49 2.3.4. Experiment 4: Can A. matricariae identify a healthy and infected aphid hosts during oviposition? .................................................................. 50 viii 2.3.5. Experiment 5: How would BotaniGard application affect parasitoid reproduction, fitness and development on green
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