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Chronobiology of Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for Rearing and Pest Management

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Chronobiology of Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for Rearing and Pest Management Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2012 Chronobiology of Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for Rearing and Pest Management Sarah Rose Self Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Self, Sarah Rose, "Chronobiology of Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for Rearing and Pest Management" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 1059. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/1059 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Automated Template B: Created by James Nail 2011V2.01 Chronobiology of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for rearing and pest management By Sarah Rose Self A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture and Life Science in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2012 Chronobiology of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for rearing and pest management By Sarah Rose Self Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ John C. Schneider Frank M. Davis Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Training Coordinator of Biochemistry, Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Molecular Biology, Entomology and (Director of Dissertation) Plant Pathology (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Gerald T. Baker Fred R. Musser Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Molecular Biology, Entomology (Committee Member) and Plant Pathology (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Gordon Snodgrass Michael A. Caprio Research Entomologist Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular USDA-ARS Biology, Entomology and Plant (Committee Member) Pathology (Graduate Coordinator) _________________________________ George Hopper Dean in the College of Agriculture and Life Science Name: Sarah Rose Self Date of Degree: August 11, 2012 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Agriculture and Life Science Major Professor: Dr. John C. Schneider Title of Study: Chronobiology of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): Implications for rearing and pest management Pages in Study: 136 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy This research project consisted of three primary objectives: (1) Improve rearing methods for L. lineolaris, (2) Determine if selected behaviors displaying photoperiodicity are under circadian control, and (3) Estimate phase angle shifts of selected circadian rhythms, in an effort to contribute toward the future improvement of current integrated pest management techniques. Improving rearing methods was accomplished in three areas: (1) Estimating the optimal stocking rate to maximize production while maintaining acceptable insect quality as a function of photoperiodic regime, (2) Estimating fecundity at the optimal stocking rate and photoperiodic regime, and (3) Determining the timing of oviposition, mating, feeding and egg hatch, under the optimal stocking rate and photoperiodic regime. The stocking rate maximizing production of females was 8.93 (SE = 2.54) egg packets/rearing container. It was also determined that average female weight significantly declined as stocking rate increased. Therefore, a lower stocking rate of six oviposition packets is recommended as a compromise between productivity and product quality appropriate for many rearing purposes. Fecundity under the optimal stocking rate was also determined. Females produced an average of zero to seven eggs per day over the course of their lifetime, and an average of 83.49 eggs over the course of a single female’s lifespan (SE = 9.4). This is unusually low compared to other studies due to an infection of Nosema spp. in the laboratory colony. Oviposition peaked nine to 12 days after eclosion. Fecundity data can be used by rearers as a measure of fitness, allowing them to gauge the overall vigor of their colony. Oviposition and mating behaviors were determined to be periodic with respect to photoperiod, while feeding and egg hatch were not. Oviposition and mating were also determined to be under circadian control, because they met the four criteria stated by Saunders (2001). No significant phase angle shift occurred between 16:8 and 12:12 LD photoperiods for either behavior. Therefore the calculation of a phase angle shift was not possible. Additionally, the investigation of light intensity effect on peak oviposition showed that L. lineolaris did not respond differently to on/off light signals compared to simulated “dawn/dusk” signals. Key words: Lygus lineolaris, circadian rhythm, insect rearing DEDICATION This endeavor is dedicated to my husband, Brady Self, and to my dearest blessings, Hanna Elise and James Lee. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First thanks go to my unfailing source of peace and love, without whose tender mercies this work would never have been completed: Jesus Christ. I also want to thank my husband, Brady, whose belief in me is always stronger than my belief in myself. Without your constant cheering and encouragement, these long years would have seemed much darker and steeper. You have endured my panics, depressions and anxiety with gentle kindness and I love you for it. I also thank my dearest babies, Hanna and James, whose presence daily reminds me of God’s goodness and love. Your advents during the years of this work have made you a part of it. Your sweet smiles, laughter and sloppy kisses have eased hard days, brightened every day, and reminded me to stay the course. My in-laws, Hillary and Carl Self, also deserve heartfelt thanks for their selfless sacrifice of time in helping us care for our children, and for being our cheerleaders throughout these past years of hard work. I love you both. I wish to thank Dr. John Schneider, my major professor, for being God’s instrument in in teaching me the art of patience and persistence. Special thanks are due Dr. Dennis Rowe for the countless hours spent in statistical analyses on my behalf. Your help was invaluable and appreciated greatly! Expressed appreciation is also due to the other members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Frank Davis, Dr. Gerald Baker, Dr. Fred Musser and Dr. Gordon Snodgrass, for the aid and direction provided by them. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................5 Chronobiology and Circadian Rhythms .............................................................5 History of Research of Circadian Rhythms .....................................................11 Circadian Rhythms and Hemiptera ..................................................................14 Lygus lineolaris Life History ...........................................................................15 Lygus lineolaris Behavior ................................................................................18 Lygus lineolaris Damage in Cotton .................................................................20 Lygus lineolaris Control ..................................................................................23 Lygus lineolaris Rearing Techniques ...............................................................28 III. IMPROVEMENT OF REARING METHODS FOR L. LINEOLARIS: OPTIMIZATION OF STOCKING RATE AND ESTIMATION OF FECUNDITY .......................................................30 Abstract ............................................................................................................30 Introduction ......................................................................................................31 Materials and Methods .....................................................................................34 Microsporidia Monitoring ..........................................................................34 Stocking Rate .............................................................................................34 Fecundity....................................................................................................37 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................38 Microsporidia Monitoring ..........................................................................38 Optimization of Stocking Rate ...................................................................39 Effect of Photoperiod on Female Production and
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