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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Guidelines for Clinical Care Quality Department Ambulatory GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Guideline Team Team Leader Patient population: Adults Joel J Heidelbaugh, MD Objective: To implement a cost-effective and evidence-based strategy for the diagnosis and Family Medicine treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Team Members Key Points: R Van Harrison, PhD Diagnosis Learning Health Sciences Mark A McQuillan, MD History. If classic symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation dominate a patient’s history, then General Medicine they can help establish the diagnosis of GERD with sufficiently high specificity, although sensitivity Timothy T Nostrant, MD remains low compared to 24-hour pH monitoring. The presence of atypical symptoms (Table 1), Gastroenterology although common, cannot sufficiently support the clinical diagnosis of GERD [B*]. Testing. No gold standard exists for the diagnosis of GERD [A*]. Although 24-hour pH monitoring Initial Release is accepted as the standard with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95%, false positives and false March 2002 negatives still exist [II B*]. Endoscopy lacks sensitivity in determining pathologic reflux but can Most Recent Major Update identify complications (eg, strictures, erosive esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus) [I A]. Barium May 2012 radiography has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of GERD and is not recommended [III B*]. Content Reviewed Therapeutic trial. An empiric trial of anti-secretory therapy can identify patients with GERD who March 2018 lack alarm or warning symptoms (Table 2) [I A*] and may be helpful in the evaluation of those with atypical manifestations of GERD, specifically non-cardiac chest pain [II B*]. Treatment Ambulatory Clinical Lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle modifications (Table 3) should be recommended throughout the Guidelines Oversight treatment of GERD [II B], yet there is evidence-based data to support only weight loss and avoiding Karl T Rew, MD recumbency several hours after meals [II C*]. R Van Harrison, PhD Pharmacologic treatment. H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and prokinetics have proven efficacy in the treatment of GERD [I A*]. Prokinetics are as effective as H2RAs but are currently unavailable [III A*]. Carafate and antacids are ineffective [III A*], but may Literature search service be used as supplemental acid-neutralizing agents for certain patients with GERD [II D*]. Taubman Health Sciences Library • Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD): Step-up (H2RA, then a PPI if no improvement) and step-down (PPI, then the lowest dose of acid suppression) therapy are equally effective for acute treatment and maintenance [I B*]. On demand (patient-directed) therapy is the most cost-effective [I B]. For more information • Erosive esophagitis: Initial PPI therapy is the treatment of choice for acute and maintenance therapy 734-936-9771 for patients with documented erosive esophagitis [I A*]. www.uofmhealth.org/provide • Take PPIs 30-60 minutes prior to breakfast (and also dinner if taking twice daily) to optimize r/clinical-care-guidelines effectiveness [I B*]. Use generic and OTC formulations exclusively, eliminating need for prior authorizations. © Regents of the University of Michigan • Patients should not be left on anti-secretory therapy without re-evaluation of symptoms to minimize cost and the potential adverse events from medications [I B]. Surgery. Anti-reflux surgery is an alternative modality in GERD treatment for patients with chronic These guidelines should not be reflux and recalcitrant symptoms [II A*], yet has a significant complication rate (10-20%). construed as including all Resumption of pre-operative medication treatment is common (> 50%) and may increase over time. proper methods of care or excluding other acceptable Other endoscopic treatments. While less invasive and with fewer complications, they have lower methods of care reasonably response rates than anti-reflux surgery [II C*], and have not been shown to reduce acid exposure. directed to obtaining the same results. The ultimate judgment Follow up regarding any specific clinical procedure or treatment must be Symptoms unchanged. If symptoms remain unchanged in a patient with a prior normal endoscopy, made by the physician in light repeating endoscopy has no benefit and is not recommended [III C*]. of the circumstances presented by the patient. Warning signs. Patients with warning or alarm signs and symptoms suggesting complications from GERD (Table 2) should be referred to a GERD specialist. Risk for complications. Further diagnostic testing (eg, EGD [esophagogastroduodenoscopy], 24- hour pH monitoring) should be considered in patients who do not respond to acid suppression therapy [I C*] and in patients with a chronic history of GERD who are at risk for complications. Chronic reflux has been suspected to play a major role in the development of Barrett’s esophagus, yet it is unknown if outcomes can be improved through surveillance and medical treatment [D*]. * Strength of recommendation: I = generally should be performed; II = may be reasonable to perform; III = generally should not be performed. Level of evidence supporting a diagnostic method or an intervention: A=randomized controlled trials; B=controlled trials, no randomization; C=observational trials; D=opinion of expert panel. 1 Figure 1. Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD Table 1. Atypical Table 2. Alarm or Warning Table 3. Lifestyle Modifications Signs of GERD Signs Suggesting Complicated GERD Chronic cough Elevate head of bed 6-8 inches Asthma Dysphagia Decrease fatty meals Recurrent sore throat Odynophagia Stop smoking Recurrent laryngitis GI bleeding Avoid recumbency or sleeping for 3-4 hours after eating Dental enamel loss Iron deficiency anemia Avoid certain foods: chocolate, alcohol, peppermint, caffeinated coffee and other beverages, onions, garlic, fatty foods, citrus, tomato Subglottic stenosis Weight loss Globus sensation Early satiety Avoid large meals Chest pain Vomiting Weight loss Onset of symptoms at age > 50 Avoid medications that can potentiate symptoms: calcium channel blockers, beta-agonists, alpha- adrenergic agonists, theophylline, nitrates, and some sedatives (benzodiazepines). 2 UMHS GERD Guideline, September, 2013 Table 4. Medications for Acute Treatment and Maintenance Regimens Drug Dose Equivalents a Dosage b OTC Generic c Brand c H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine (Tagamet HB) 200 mg twice daily 200 mg twice daily $25 $25 NA cimetidine (Tagamet) 400 mg twice daily 400 mg twice daily $12 $25 NA famotidine (Pepcid) 20 mg twice daily 20 mg twice daily $11 $9 $655 nizatidine (Axid) 150 mg twice daily 150 mg twice daily $43 $37 NA Proton pump inhibitors dexlansoprazole (Dexilant) 30 mg daily 30 mg once daily NA NA $296 esomeprazole (Nexium) 20 mg daily 20 to 40 mg daily $25-34 $22-27 $271 lansoprazole (Prevacid) 30 mg daily 15 or 30 mg daily before breakfast $15-29 $15-24 $448 omeprazole (Prilosec) 20 mg daily 20 or 40 mg daily before breakfast $15-30 $5-8 NA pantoprazole (Protonix) 40 mg daily 40 mg daily before breakfast NA $6 $465 rabeprazole (Aciphex) 20 mg daily 20 mg daily before breakfast NA $21 $567 a For each drug, the dose listed in this column has an effect similar to the doses listed in this column for other drugs. b Maximum GERD dose for PPIs except dexlansoprazole is the highest listed dose amount, but given twice daily before breakfast and before dinner. Dexlansoprazole maximum dose is 60 mg once daily. c Cost = For brand drugs, Average Wholesale Price minus 10%. AWP from Red Book Online 4/3/18. For generic drugs, Maximum Allowable Cost plus $3 from BCBS of Michigan MAC List, 4/1/18. Prices calculated for 30-day supply unless otherwise noted. Clinical Background Clinical Problem endoscopic evidence of disease. Although these diagnostic limitations occur less often when patients present with the Incidence classic symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation, diagnosis may be difficult in patients with recalcitrant Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common courses and extraesophageal manifestations of this disease. chronic, relapsing condition that carries a risk of significant morbidity and potential mortality from resultant Diagnostic Problems complications. While many patients self-diagnose, self-treat and do not seek medical attention for their symptoms, others The lack of a gold standard in the diagnosis of GERD suffer from more severe disease with esophageal damage presents a clinical dilemma in treating patients with reflux ranging from erosive to ulcerative esophagitis. symptomatology. Many related syndromes including dyspepsia, atypical GERD, H. pylori-induced gastritis, More than 60 million adult Americans suffer from heartburn peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer may present similarly, at least once a month, and over 25 million experience making accurate history taking important. The most common heartburn daily. The National Ambulatory Medical Care referral to a gastroenterologist from primary care is for Survey (NAMCS) found that 38.53 million annual adult evaluation of refractory GERD. Even in these cases the pre- outpatient visits were related to GERD. For patients test sensitivity and specificity for accurate diagnosis remain presenting with GERD symptoms, 40-60% or more have low. Invasive testing is over-utilized and not always cost- reflux esophagitis. Up to 10% of these patients will have effective, given the relatively small risk of misdiagnosis erosive esophagitis on upper endoscopy.
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