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Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management

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Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management (Heritage Grant Number U97015 - Urban Rattlesnakes: A Management Plan) FINAL REPORT November 4, 2002 Matthew J. Goode and Michael D. Wall School of Renewable Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Submitted to the Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Urban Wildlife Program Recommended Citation Goode, M.J. and M.D. Wall. 2002. Tiger rattlesnake ecology and management. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Heritage Report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona. Disclaimer The findings, opinions, and recommendations in this report are those of the investigators who have received partial or full funding from Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Fund. The findings, opinions, and recommendations do not necessarily reflect those of the Arizona Game and Fish Commission of the Department, or necessarily represent official Department policy or management practice. For further information, please contact the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management – Goode & Wall i Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 METHODS ..........................................................................................................................2 Study Area ...............................................................................................................2 Search Effort ............................................................................................................4 Road Cruising ..........................................................................................................4 Capture, Marking, Handling ....................................................................................4 Morphology..............................................................................................................5 Demography.............................................................................................................5 Reproduction............................................................................................................6 Radio Telemetry.......................................................................................................6 Spatial Ecology ........................................................................................................7 Growth .....................................................................................................................7 Feeding and Diet......................................................................................................8 Habitat Analyses ......................................................................................................8 Small Mammal Trapping .........................................................................................9 Lizard Abundance Index........................................................................................10 Amphibian and Reptile Observations ....................................................................10 Data Analyses ........................................................................................................10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................10 Search Effort ..........................................................................................................10 Road Cruising ........................................................................................................11 Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management – Goode & Wall ii Capture-Recapture .................................................................................................14 Demography...........................................................................................................15 Morphology............................................................................................................17 Reproduction..........................................................................................................19 Growth ...................................................................................................................26 Spatial Ecology ......................................................................................................29 Feeding and Diet....................................................................................................31 Habitat....................................................................................................................37 Small Mammal Trapping .......................................................................................40 Lizard Abundance Index........................................................................................41 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................43 A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR URBAN RATTLESNAKES........................................47 Direct Killing of “Nuisance” Rattlesnakes ............................................................47 Translocation of “Nuisance” Rattlesnakes.............................................................48 Residential Development.......................................................................................50 Golf Course/Resort Development..........................................................................51 Road Mortality.......................................................................................................52 Rattlesnake – Pet Encounters.................................................................................53 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................53 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................................54 APPENDIX A....................................................................................................................57 Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management – Goode & Wall iii Tables 1. Tiger rattlesnakes captured per unit effort...................................................................11 2. Tiger rattlesnakes encountered while road cruising.....................................................12 3. Amphibian and reptile species observed while road cruising......................................12 4. Tiger rattlesnake morphometric data ...........................................................................18 5. Tiger rattlesnake body and head size data ...................................................................19 6. Date ranges of tiger rattlesnake reproductive activity .................................................21 7. Average litter size of Arizona rattlesnakes ..................................................................23 8. Morphological data for tiger rattlesnake litter .............................................................24 9. Mean SVL of gravid tiger rattlesnakes ........................................................................24 10. Summary of tiger rattlesnake movement and home range data...................................32 11. Relative abundance, by site, of lizards.........................................................................36 12. Tiger rattlesnake microhabitat data..............................................................................38 13. Small mammals trapped at Tanque Verde Ridge ........................................................40 14. Incidental reptiles and amphibians encountered..........................................................41 15. Relative abundance of prey lizards by season .............................................................42 16. Relative abundance of prey lizards by habitat type .....................................................43 Tiger Rattlesnake Ecology and Management – Goode & Wall iv Figures 1. Photograph of adult male tiger rattlesnake ....................................................................2 2. Map of Saguaro National Park and surrounding urban areas ........................................3 3. Aerial photograph of tiger rattlesnakes encountered while road cruising ...................13 4. Tiger rattlesnakes by site .............................................................................................14 5. Sex by site....................................................................................................................15 6. Age class by site...........................................................................................................16 7. Size class distribution ..................................................................................................16 8. Adult size by site..........................................................................................................20 9. Ratio of tail length to SVL by sex ...............................................................................20 10. Semen present by season .............................................................................................21 11. Reproductive activity by year ......................................................................................22 12. Proportion giving birth.................................................................................................23 13. Rainfall by season and year .........................................................................................26
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