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Voëlvlei Dam Was Commissioned in 1952 and Was the First Large Water Supply Scheme in the Berg River Catchment

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Voëlvlei Dam Was Commissioned in 1952 and Was the First Large Water Supply Scheme in the Berg River Catchment 26 VOELVLEI DAM Voëlvlei Dam was commissioned in 1952 and was the first large water supply scheme in the Berg River catchment. It was constructed by impounding the natural Vogelvlei lake near Gouda. As the catchment of the lake was only 31 km2, additional water was obtained via a canal from the Klein Berg River (max 1.3 million cubic metres per day). The dam supplied water to Riebeek-Kasteel, Riebeek- Wes, Malmesbury, Darling, Moorreesburg and farms along the supply route. Water was released into the Berg River for riparian farmers downstream of Zonkwasdrif and for abstraction at Misverstand Dam (see p. 30). In 1969, Cape Town’s increasing water demand resulted in the dam wall being raised and more water being abstracted from the Klein Berg River (max. 1.7 million cubic metres per day). This supply to Cape Town was increased in 1971 to 1.8 million cubic metres per day by constructing an additional canal to divert water from the Vier-en-Twintig and Leeu rivers (max. 2.9 million cubic metres per day). Red Disa GROOT WINTERHOEKINTERHOEK WILDERNESSILDERNESS AREA The Groot Winterhoek Wilderness area (30 608 ha) is situated north of Tulbagh and east of Porterville. This is an important catchment area for Voëlvlei Dam and is popular amongst eco-tourists. The Wilderness is an important wildlife area for the conservation of Sandstone Fynbos and associated fauna (e.g. klipspringer, grey rhebok, leopard and grysbok). Various rare, threatened and endangered species occur here, e.g. threatened flat-leaf clusterhead protea Sorocephalus scabridus. The red disa Disa uniflora grows in abundance along streams in this area, while the rare yellow form also occurs here. The Ixianthes retzioides beautiful 2 m tall Ixianthes retzioides shrub is endemic to mountain streams in this wilderness area. 27 LLOWEROWER MMIDDLEIDDLE BBERGERG RRIVERIVER && TTRIBUTARIESRIBUTARIES -- PPRESENTRESENT SSTATETATE LOWER VIER-EN-TWINTIG P-PPF F F UPPER VIER-EN-TWINTIG N-N N N N P Desired health: Fair Desired health: Natural G ro o t W in t e r h o e k M n t . g ti in Moorreesburg w -T n e r- MIDDLE KLEIN BERG ie . V Saron F-PPF F F K le in Desired health: Fair LOWER KLEIN BERG B er P-PPP P F g B e rg . Desired health: Fair . Tulbagh Riebeek-Wes Gouda V . o e l v l e i D a . m HERMON Riebeek-Kasteel F-P F F F P UPPER KLEIN BERG . G-NNN G N Hermon Desired health: Fair Desired health: Good 28 MMAJORAJOR IIMPACTSMPACTS ANDAND MMANAGEMENTANAGEMENT AACTIONSCTIONS RIVER AND FLOW MODIFICATION Diversion weirs in the Klein Berg and MANAGEMENT ACTIONS Vier-en-Twintig rivers divert much of the flow, including the entire Ensure that environmental summer flow, from these tributaries to the Voëlvlei Dam (see p. 26). This flow releases are made from results in greatly reduced river health diversion weirs (e.g. Vier-en- scores in the lower reaches. Twintig River) Inappropriate farming practices Continue clearing of along the river banks has resulted in invasive alien vegetation and a need to construct levees to maintain cleared areas prevent flood damage. Levees intensify flood flow, reduce the Improve land-use natural ability of the floodplain to practices (e.g. farming) to absorb flood water and result in increased levels of siltation. reduce sedimentation and water quality problems ALIEN VEGETATION AND FORESTRY An improvement in the state of the Improve monitoring and Klein Berg River is evident where management of runoff and alien trees are being cleared. discharges from urban and However, the lower reaches of the agricultural areas tributary, as well as the main stem of the Berg River, are still infested with Stock farm dams with river gum and black wattle. These indigenous fish rather than trees destabilise river banks resulting in increased erosion and deposition alien fish of sediments in pools and riffles. URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Wastewater discharges in the Tulbagh area reduce water quality in the Berg River. Pesticides are used to control pests in vineyards and orchards near Tulbagh and Porterville. Pesticide residues that are washed off into surface waters result in low levels of contami- nation in the area. This has resulted in a loss of pollution-sensitive aquatic invertebrates. ALIEN FISH Mozambique tilapia With the exception of the upper Klein Berg River, all the other rivers are infested with alien fish (carp, sharptooth catfish, smallmouth bass, Mozambique tilapia, rainbow trout). These fish, together with habitat degradation, have caused the localised extinction of Berg River redfin, Cape kurper and witvis. 29 LLOWEROWER BBERGERG RRIVERIVER && TTRIBUTARIESRIBUTARIES ns a m P s la e tk o The Matjies, Boesmans Major towns in this part of the l o B o and Platkloof rivers catchment are Porterville, f originate on the north- Piketberg, Hopefield and Goedgedacht. .Piketberg eastern portion of the Darling. Water supply to most of B catchment in the these towns is from Voëlvlei and erg S o es Olifantsrivier and Misverstand dams. Porterville u tji t a . Piketberg mountains. obtains its water from a local M Porterville The Sout River drains the . mountain spring. Hopefield south-western portion, which has a very low Wastewater treatment works at gradient, near Porterville (0.2 million cubic Malmesbury. These metres per annum) and Darling rivers feed the lower (0.1 million cubic metres per Berg River, with the annum) discharge treated Matjies River being the wastewater into minor tribu- . only historically taries of the Berg and Sout Darling perennial tributary. rivers, respectively. Hopefield Although this section of (0.1 million cubic metres per 0 5 10 20 kilometres the Berg River consti- annum) and Piketberg tutes over 40 % of the (0.5 million cubic metres per annum) total catchment area, it wastewater treatment works use their contributes only 10 % of wastewater for irrigation purposes. the runoff (97 million cubic metres per Dominant land-use in this region is grain farming, together with annum) due to signifi- limited cultivation of table and wine grapes. The underlying cantly lower annual geology of the lower Berg River comprises the Malmesbury Shales rainfall. that have a high salt content. Irrigation results in an increase in inorganic salt concentrations and turbidity. Due to these factors, the water quality of the Berg River deteriorates downstream, with the Sandspruit River near Riebeek-Wes and the Matjies River being major contributors to this deterioration. 30 MISVERSTANDISVERSTAND DAM The old Berg River pump station was located about 60 km from the river mouth and supplied water to the Saldanha Bay – Vredenburg area from 1942. This scheme was dependent on river flow to minimize seawater intrusion. Increased demand for water resulted in the construction of a weir higher up in the Berg River at Misverstand in 1977 to improve water supply to the area. SEA LEVEL AND CLIMATE CHANGE Over the last 2 million years, sea level changes have been frequent due to freezing and thawing of the polar ice caps. These changes in sea level affect not only the area of exposed land, but also the underlying rocks and soils. Under these changing conditions, lowland fauna and flora have evolved, adapted and either colonised or become extinct. At Elandsfontein, 13 km south west of Hopefield, rich fossil remains give a picture of the animal life of the past. Fossils found here indicate that this area was originally a swampy region where the Berg River met the sea. It also had dense vegetation and was rich in animal life. The Saldanha skull is one of the earliest remains of the Stone Age Man found in southern Africa. Climate change, as a result of Global Warming, is expected to have Saldanha skull a significant impact on the West Coast, which is likely to become hotter and drier. This will place a greater stress on the already stressed water resources of this region, as well as its fauna and flora, with many species likely to become endangered or possibly extinct. Extinct giant pig lower jaw Early elephant species jaw Extinct rhino jaw 31 LLOWEROWER BBERGERG RRIVERIVER -- PPRESENTRESENT SSTATETATE UPPER BOESMANS G-F G F G G LOWER BOESMANS F-P F P F F s Desired health: Good n a m s e o Desired health: Fair B Goedgedacht f o lo k . t la PLATKLOOF P . Piketberg F-P F F F G Berg t Desired health: Good u o es . i S tj Porterville . Ma Hopefield SOUT F-FFF F F MATJIES F-F F F F P Desired health: Fair Desired health: Fair . Darling LOWER BERG F-PPF P F Desired health: Fair 32 MMAJORAJOR IIMPACTSMPACTS ANDAND MMANAGEMENTANAGEMENT AACTIONSCTIONS ALIEN VEGETATION & REMOVAL OF MANAGEMENT ACTIONS INDIGENOUS VEGETATION Farming practices along the river banks have resulted in the removal of Clear alien vegetation natural vegetation and subsequent along the banks of the Berg, alien vegetation infestation. Where Boesmans and the Platkloof infestation by alien trees does not Rivers occur denuded river banks are subject to erosion and cause Re-introduce indigenous sedimentation problems in the river. riparian vegetation to reduce Water hyacinth sedimentation problems Alien trees (e.g. black wattle) use large amounts of water throughout Manage flows in the this catchment. Water hyacinth clog Platkloof River at Goedverwacht the water surface of the lower Berg and the upper reaches of the River and reduce water quality and Boesmans River to ensure suffi- habitat integrity (see p. 45). cient water in summer for threatened indigenous fish ALIEN FISH The lower Berg River is dominated by Obtain support of the invasive alien fish (e.g. carp and Goedverwacht community to Mozambique tilapia). Estuarine fish become caretakers of the (e.g.
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