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Origins of the Middle Meningeal Artery and Its Probable Embryological Mechanism – a Review

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Origins of the Middle Meningeal Artery and Its Probable Embryological Mechanism – a Review Review article Origins of the middle meningeal artery and its probable embryological mechanism – A review Da Silva, TH.1, Ellwanger, JH.2,3, Da Rosa, HT.2,3 and De Campos, D.1,2,3,4* 1Dentistry Course, Department of Nursing and Dentistry, University of Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil 2Biological Sciences Course, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil 3Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil 4Post Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, São José, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The middle meningeal artery is traditionally described by the human anatomy books as having its origin in the first portion of the maxillary artery. However, more detailed studies have shown that there are numerous variations on this arterial segment with considerable clinical importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a wide review about this aspect analyzing scientific articles and textbooks. Thus, this review shall be useful for clinicians, surgeons and academics that manipulate and keep interest for this particular anatomical site. Keywords: middle meningeal artery, anatomic variation, embryology. 1 Introduction According to Williams, Warwick, Dyson et al. (1975), epidural hematoma. For this reason, one should pay much the middle meningeal artery (MMA) passes between the attention to trauma in this region. sphenomandibular ligament, the lateral pterygoid and the Therefore, in injuries of the MMA, it is important be two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve penetrating the floor aware of the variations of its branches. Ligature or clipping of of the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum. the MMA for bleeding after injury will be totally or partially Travels laterally through a ridge crest in the middle fossa, insufficient in many of the described cases of mentioned grooving and bending on the greater wing of sphenoid, variations (KLISOVIĆ, ŠIKIĆ and KRMPOTIĆ-NEMANIĆ, where at a variable point, is divided in frontal and parietal 1993). Moreover, according to Bruner and Sherkat (2008) branches (GARDNER, GRAY and O'RAHILLY, 1988). information about possible vascular asymmetries between As described by Moore, Dalley and Agur (2011), the the right and left sides in the organization of the MMA are still unknown and should be elucidated. frontal branch can be located in a bony canal, particularly Given the clinical importance of variations in the MMA fragile in the skull fractures; this channel may be only one in head injuries and their treatment, we decided to perform groove. After this branch crosses the channel, it divides in a wide review about the variations in origin of this arterial branches that go to the dura mater and the internal surface of segment, both in scientific articles and textbooks. the skull (WILLIAMS, WARWICK, DYSON et al., 1975). The MMA, or its branches, and other large intracranial 2 Materials and Methods extracerebral vessels have been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine by theories suggesting To perform this study were consulted papers published neurogenic inflammation or cranial vasodilatation, or both, in English and available on PubMed and ScienceDirect as explanations for the pain of migraine (HOSKIN, ZAGAMI databases. The search was conducted using terms such as and GOADSBY, 1999; SYED, KOIDE, BRAAS et al., 2012). “middle meningeal artery”, “anatomical variation” and In this context, some authors (USTÜN, BÜYÜKMUMCU, “origin”, associated or not. Human anatomy textbooks were SEKER et al., 2004; USTÜN, BÜYÜKMUMCU, also consulted in this review. ULKU et al., 2006) have described that detailed knowledge about the morphological organization of the MMA may 3 Results and Discussion assist in procedures like bypass. Some variations in anatomical origin of the MMA According to Psillakis, Zanini, Mélega et al. (1987), in are known and well documented (LASJAUNIAS, patients who suffer side-impact head in temporoparietal MORET, MANELFE et al. 1977; MANJUANTH, region, there is always the possibility of rupture of some 2001; SHAH and HURST, 2007). Thus, several branches of the MMA. This type of patient can reach well anomalies of this artery have been reported (ROYLE at the hospital and in few hours show neurological signs of and MOTSON, 1973; SEEGER and HEMMER, J. Morphol. Sci., 2013, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 69-72 69 Da Silva, TH., Ellwanger, JH., Da Rosa, HT. et al. 1976; TANOHATA, MAEHARA, NODA et al., 1987; via the superior orbital fissure. Occasionally, the dorsal MANJUANTH, 2001), and embryologically studied to ophthalmic artery also arises from the MMA and enters the improve the knowledge of possible anatomic variations orbit via the superior orbital fissure. (PADGET, 1948). Royle and Motson (1973) cited in their study the bilateral As described by Liu and Rhoton (2001), the complex anomalous origin of the MMA from the lacrimal artery, and embryological development of the MMA may cause commented that it is very rare, but it has great importance. numerous variations of origins, and this development may Altman (1947) reported the first case of origin of the MMA result in anomalies not only of origin, but also in other from the basilar artery. Similarly, Seeger and Hemmer (1976) important variations (KURUVILLA, AGUWA, LEE et al., described three patients with the first angiographic evidence 2011). of left MMA origin from the basilar artery. Shah and Hurst At the 4th-5th week of gestation, the MMA begins as a (2007) cited a case report in which the MMA also stems dorsal branch of the stapedial artery, which arises from the through the basilar artery. hyoid artery derived from the second branchial arch. After Another more recent study (KUMAR and MISHRA, passing through the ring of stapes, it divides into two main 2012) also described a rare variation of the left MMA branches: the maxillofacial, which leaves the cranial cavity originating from the basilar artery, detected incidentally through the foramen spinosum, and the supraorbital branch during cerebral angiography. The right MMA was normal that supply the orbit and the intracranial segment of the and an accessory meningeal artery arising from the MMA anteriorly (SEEGER and HEMMER, 1976; SHAH maxillary artery was present on both the sides. The foramen and HURST, 2007). At the 7th-8th week of gestation, the spinosum on the variant side was absent. According to stapedial artery involutes and the remnants become the the same study, this abnormal origin of the MMA may be tympanic branches of the MMA, which retains communication explained by the presence of a perineural arterial network in with the supraorbital and maxillofacial divisions. Thus, the region of the Gasserian ganglion, formed by branches the distal portion of the internal maxillary artery forms of the developing basilar and stapedial arterial systems; and communication with the intracranial components of the middle meningeal-basilar arterial channel opening up in the stapedial system is established (MANJUANTH, 2001; the absence of a normally developing MMA. SHAH and HURST, 2007). The branches of the normal Anomalous origin of the MMA from the lateral adult MMA include a supraorbital branch to the orbit, as medullary segment of the cerebral artery posterior inferior well as smaller branches to the trigeminal ganglion, the was reported by Tanohata, Maehara, Noda et al. (1987), petrosal branch, and the superior tympanic artery (SHAH and has important clinical significance because the correct and HURST, 2007). identification of this vessel by image exams is important in In addition, a recent report of the MMA origin from the planning surgical interventions in the region of the skull base cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery indicated that (KURUVILLA, AGUWA, LEE et al., 2011). communication with the normal intracranial MMA branches According to Chandler and Derezinski (1935), occurred by coursing around the trigeminal ganglion, again abnormalities in course and origin can occur when the suggesting a potential contribution of branches in the region foramen spinosum is not present, then the MMA enters of the trigeminal ganglion to embryologic anastomosis the middle cranial fossa through the foramen ovale. It may formation (KAWAI, YOSHINAGA, KOIZUMI et al., still arise as a branch of the third part of maxillary artery 2006). (LOW, 1946). Several anomalies of the MMA are reported Rarely, the MMA may arise as a branch of the persistent in the literature and include the origin from the stapedial stapedial artery. The persistent stapedial artery, usually a artery (McLENNAN, ROSENBAUM and HAUGHTON, branch of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery, 1974), of the intracavernosal or extradural internal carotid enters the tympanic cavity through its floor and traverses artery portions (NEWTON and POTTS, 1974), and from the obturator foramen of the stapes. It is enclosed in a bony the ascending pharyngeal artery (MORET, LASJAUNIAS, canal for a short distance and passes through the facial canal VIGNAUD et al., 1978). to emerge into the middle cranial fossa under the dura to Although we found a large number of quotes describing
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