DOCSLIB.ORG

Rhesus Monkey with Emphasis on the External Carotid System '

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rhesus Monkey with Emphasis on the External Carotid System ' The Arterial System of the Head and Neck of the Rhesus Monkey with Emphasis on the External Carotid System ' WALTER A. CASTELLI AND DONALD F. HUELKE Department of Anatomy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ABSTRACT The arterial plan of the head and neck of 64 immature rhesus mon- keys (Macacn mulatta) was studied using four techniques - dissection, corrosion preparations, cleared specimens, and angiographs. In general, the arterial plan of this area in the monkey is similar to that of man. However, certain outstanding differ- ences were noted. The origin, course, and distribution of all arteries is described as well as the vascular relations to pertinent structures. As has been mentioned previously 10% formalin except 17 which were un- (Dyrud, '44; Schwartz and Huelke, '63) embalmed. Four different techniques were the rhesus monkey is useful for many used for the study of the arterial distribu- types of medical and dental investigations, tion : ( 1 ) dissections - 27 specimens; (2) yet its detailed gross morphology is virtu- corrosion preparations - 6; (3) cleared ally unknown. Although certain areas of specimens - 15; (4) angiographs - 16 the monkey have been studied in detail - heads ( 11 unembalmed and 5 embalmed). brachial plexus, facial and masticatory The arterial system of the specimens used musculature, subclavian, axillary and cor- for dissection was injected with vinyl ace- onary arteries, orbital vasculature, and tate, red latex, or with a red-colored gela- other structures (Schwartz and Huelke, tion mass. For the dissection of smaller ar- '63; Chase and DeGaris, '40; DeGaris and teries, the smallest of 150 ~1 in diameter, Glidden, '38; Chase, '38; Huber, '25; Wein- the binocular dissection microscope was stein and Hedges, '62; Samuel and War- used. The corrosion specimens were pre- wick, '55; Eyster, '44; Wagenen and Catch- pared by injecting the arteries with vinyl pole, '56; Tokarski, '31; Kennard, '41). acetate followed by maceration of the soft other areas have been virtually overlooked tissue with potassium hydroxide (3-10% ) or have received but passing attention. for 24 to 72 hours. The dye selected for The literature on the arterial supply of the injection of the cleared specimens was primate head has been adequately sum- Teichmann's paste (Teichmann, '52) marized by Dyrud ('44). Very few in- colored with cinnabar. These specimens vestigators, however, have used Macaca were decalcified in 4% nitric acid and then mulatta specimens and more importantly cleared by the Spalteholtz method. The in most of the articles only brief descrip- radiopaque material for the angiographs tions have been presented with many of was the modified Schlessinger's mass the pertinent morphological details not (Reiner and Rodriguez, '57), the main having been stated, or overlooked. Addi- components being mercury and barium tionally, only a few specimens have been sulfate. used in the majority of these works. It is The head and neck was removed from our purpose to present the arterial plan of the animal at the level of the clavicles or, the head and neck, especially that of the in some cases, a V-shaped section was external carotid arterial system. made with the apex extending down to the arch of the aorta. Both common carotid MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 This investigation was supported (in part) by USPHS research grant DE-00895 from the National Sixty-four immature rhesus monkeys Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of (Macaca mulatta) were used for this study. Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 2 Present address: Department of Anatomy, Univer- All of the animals were embalmed with sity of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. AM. J. ANAT., 116: 149-170. 149 150 WALTER A. CASTELLI AND DONALD F. HUELKE arteries, or the left common carotid artery rior mediastinum and as it leaves the thor- and the brachiocephalic arterial trunk acic cavity, it is crossed by the left brachio- were cannulated depending on the individ- cephalic vein. ual situation; paraffin (Castelli, '63) or At the base of the neck, the common dental stone was applied to the cut surface carotid arteries are less than 1 cm apart. to provide adequate vascular resistance so They diverge from one another through that the injected material would pass their course in the neck, and, at the level through the arterial channels and not of the carotid bifurcation, they are 3 cm seep out through the exposed tissue. Photo- apart. The common carotid artery is graphs of all stages of dissection were covered by the sternomastoid muscle and taken, as well as of many of the corrosion lies medial to the internal jugular vein and cleared specimens. with the vagus nerve behind and between them. At approximately the mid-neck level, OBSERVATIONS the common carotid artery is crossed by Common carotid arteries. Minor vari- the omohyoid muscle, and the artery is ations as to the origins of the common tightly bound to the posterior surface of carotid arteries were found. Most often a the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland. The trunk, averaging 7 mm in length, arises common carotid artery divides into the ex- from the apex of the aortic arch and is the ternal and internal carotid arteries approx- origin to the left common carotid artery imately 1 cm above the angle of the man- and the brachiocephalic artery. At times dible (fig. 3). The bifurcation of the a very short common trunk is found; how- common carotid artery is 4 to 5 cm above ever, on sectioning the aorta, it is noted the level of the sternoclavicular joint. that both vessels have independent open- External carotid artery. At the carotid ings separated only by a thin septum. Of bifurcation the external carotid artery is 32 specimens studied, the left common anterior and only slightly lateral to the carotid artery and brachiocephalic trunk internal carotid artery. The internal caro- arose separately from the aortic arch in tid artery is tightly applied to the lateral only one animal (figs. 1 and 2). wall of the pharynx by the posterior di- The common trunk passes anterior to gastric muscle. The external carotid artery the left side of the trachea; between the runs parallel to the internal carotid artery superior vena cava on the right and the for approximately 1 cm, then passes be- left subclavian artery, left vagus nerve, tween the stylohyoid and posterior digas- and left phrenic nerve (fig. 2). tric muscles. Above the posterior digastric The brachiocephalic artery has an ob- muscle it swings laterally and passes ob- lique upward course across the front of liquely upward through the parotid gland the trachea and averages 16 mm in length. toward the posterior border of the ramus It is covered by the left brachiocephalic of the mandible reaching it slightly be- vein, or the superior vena cava, and by neath the condylar neck. Here the exter- adipose tissue of the superior mediasti- nal carotid artery continues forward, me- num. The brachiocephalic artery termi- dial to the ramus, as the maxillary artery. nates in the thorax by bifurcating into the Sometimes, at this point, a very small right common carotid and right subclavian superficial temporal artery is given off arteries (fig. 2). (fig. 3). The right common carotid artery has a 1. The superior thyroid artery is the short intrathoracic course (8 mm) ascend- first branch of the external carotild artery, ing along the right side of the trachea (fig. arising a few millimeters beneath the ling- 2). Close to the apex of the thorax it is ual-facial trunk, or as a branch of this covered by the origins of the sternohyoid trunk. The superior thyroid artery is found and sternothyroid muscles. inferior to the hypoglossal nerve and the The left common carotid artery passes posterior digastric muscle. The artery is directly upward through the thorax me- extremely short (approximately 5 mm in dial to and slightly behind the left vagus length) and fans out into several branches. nerve, adjacent to the left lung. It is One, a superior laryngeal branch, passes covered by the adipose mass of the supe- horizontally deep to the thyrohyoid muscle HEAD AND NECK ARTERIES IN RHESUS 151 Fig. 1 The common arterial stem (1) of the brachiocephalic trunk (2) and left common carotid artery (3) overlying the trachea (4). (Dissection preparation.) and perforating the thyrohyoid membrane, border of the lobe; the other, on the poste- supplies the upper part of the larynx. An- rior aspect of the lateral lobe (fig. 3). other branch continues downward to sup- 2. The lingual-facial trunk arises from ply other infrahyoid muscles. A terminal the anterior part of the external carotid branch passes to the medial side of the artery 1 or 2 mm beyond its origin. The thyroid lobe, and from it very small trunk passes forward and slightly upward branches arise to supply the isthmus of the deep to the posterior digastric muscle; thyroid gland and the upper part of the near its origin the hypoglossal nerve is trachea. One or two small thyroid ter- lateral to the trunk and further on the minal branches are given off at the level nerve passes deep to the trunk to reach the of the apex of the lateral lobe. One of tongue. The vessel continues forward for a these passes downward on the lateral distance of approximately 1 cm and di- 152 WALTER A. CASTELLI AND DONALD F. HUELKE Fig. 2 The large arteries in the upper mediastinum. The common arterial stem (1); brachiocephalic trunk (2); right subclavian artery (3); right common carotid artery (4); left common carotid artery (5); left subclavian atery (6); phrenic nerve (7); vagus nerve (8). (Dissection preparation.) vides into two main branches, the lingual The dorsal lingual branches are multi- and facial arteries (figs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Arising from a Hypoplastic Internal Carotid Artery
    Published online: 2021-08-09 CASE REPORT Ascending pharyngeal artery arising from a hypoplastic internal carotid artery Charif A. Sidani, Rami Sulaiman1, Amr Rahal2, Danea J. Campbell Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Fl 33136, USA, 1 Department of Radiology, Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, 2 School of Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, Dutch Caribbean, Netherlands Access this article online ABSTRACT Website: www.avicennajmed.com DOI: 10.4103/2231-0770.160251 Normal vascular variants often have clinical/surgical significance and can be misinterpreted for Quick Response Code: pathology. We report a case ascending pharyngeal artery arising from a hypoplastic internal carotid artery. We provide clues to differentiate between dysgenesis and disease/thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Key words: Carotid canal, dysgenesis of internal carotid artery, hypopharyngeal artery, vascular variants INTRODUCTION carotid artery (ECA) as well as the proximal 1 cm of the right ICA. After the normal first centimeter, the ICA became of Dysgenesis of the ICA is a rare developmental anomaly seen in narrow caliber, without evidence of thrombus or dissection, <0.01% of the population.[1,2] The term incorporates agenesis and remained of homogeneous small caliber all the way (no carotid canal or vascular remnant), aplasia (vascular into a hypoplastic carotid canal. Findings confirmed the remnant and hypoplastic carotid canal), or hypoplasia congenital nature of the small ICA [Figure 2]. (small caliber, patent lumen). These abnormalities often have clinical/surgical significance and can be misinterpreted for Arising from the medial aspect of the proximal ICA was pathology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphometry of the Angle of Mandible and Its Correlation with Age and Sex in the Ethekwini Metropolitan Region: a Panoramic Study
    Int. J. Morphol., 35(2):661-666, 2017. The Morphometry of the Angle of Mandible and its Correlation with Age and Sex in the eThekwini Metropolitan Region: A Panoramic Study Morfometría del Angulo de la Mandíbula y su Correlación con Edad y Sexo en la Región Metropolitana eThekwini: Un Estudio Panorámico S. Pillay1; S. Ishwarkumar1; B.Z. De Gama1 & P. Pillay1 PILLAY, S.; ISHWARKUMAR, S.; DE GAMA, B. Z. & PILLAY, P. The morphometry of the angle of mandible and its correlation with age and sex in the eThekwini metropolitan region: A panoramic study. Int. J. Morphol., 35(2):661-666, 2017. SUMMARY: The angle of mandible is formed by the tangent line joining the posterior margin of the ramus and the base of the mandible. The angle of mandible has population-specific characteristics therefore; it is imperative to the field of forensic anthropology for age and sex determination. Literary reports regarding the use of the angle of mandible for age and sex determination vary, as some studies support it, while other studies have documented inefficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to document the morphometry of the angle of mandible and to determine if a correlation between the angle of mandible, age and sex exists. Sixty four digital panoramic radiographs (n=128) of individuals between 16-30 years were morphometrically analysed using the Dicom Digital Imaging Software. The data was captured and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 23.0). Despite females having a greater angle of mandible than males, no statistically significant correlation was found between the size of the angle of mandible and sex (p=0.088).
    [Show full text]
  • Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Dromedary, Camelus Dromedarius
    Table 3.5: Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius Artery Origin Course Distribution Departs from common trunk with the deep temporal vessels, close to mandibular foramen; traverses mandibular canal, supplying Mandibular dentition; lower lip; Inferior Alveolar Maxillary Artery mandibular dentition. Terminates as mental anastomoses freely with ventral ramus artery after exiting at mental foramen, of the facial artery. whereupon supplies skin, mucosa, and muscle of the lower lip. Single deep temporal vessel is first major dorsal branch of the MA; ascends deep to the coronoid Deep Temporal Maxillary Artery Temporalis muscle process and fans out on the deep surface of the temporalis muscle. Lower lateral branch of deep temporal artery; passes through the mandibular incisure and Masseteric Deep Temporal Artery Masseter muscle curves rostrally to pierce the internal surface of the masseter muscle. Proximal to the foramen orbitorotundum and optic foramen, numerous rami anastomotica connect the maxillary artery to the carotid rete. Carotid rete, ophthalmic rete, external Ramus anastomoticus Maxillary Artery The network in the dromedary is extensive, ophthalmic artery; intracranial cavity forming a plexus between the carotid and ophthalmic retia, and giving rise to the external ophthalmic artery. Condenses from a dense retial mat (composed of maxillary rami, the extradural/extracranial portion of the carotid rete, and the ophthalmic Extraocular muscles, periorbita, External Ophthalmic MA/CR/OR rete). Perfuses the majority of the periorbita, lacrimal gland including branches to the extraocular muscles and the lacrimal gland Lateral branch of the MA, begins opposite the rami anastomotica; traverses parenchyma orbital Supplies the buccal fat pad, Buccal MA fossa, between malar and anterior border of buccinator; contributes ventral coronoid process.
    [Show full text]
  • Course of the Maxillary Artery Through the Loop Of
    Anomalous course of maxillary artery Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2013, 5 (3): 235-239 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Report COURSE OF THE MAXILLARY ARTERY THROUGH THE LOOP OF THE AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE Kavya Bhat, Sampath Madhyastha*, Balakrishnan R Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai Campus, Mangalore, Manipal University, India RESUMEN INTRODUCTION Las variaciones en el curso de la arteria maxilar se describen a menudo, con sus relaciones con el Maxillary artery is one of the larger terminal músculo pterigoideo lateral. En el presente caso branches of the external carotid artery, arises informamos una variación exclusiva en el curso de la behind the neck of the mandible, within the arteria maxilar que no fue publicada antes. En un substance of the parotid gland. It then crosses cadáver masculino de 75 años arteria maxilar derecho the infratemporal fossa to enter the pterygo- estaba pasando por el bucle del nervio auriculo- palatine fossa through pterygo-maxillary fissure. temporal. La arteria meníngea media provenía de la The course of the artery is divided into three arteria maxilar con un bucle del nervio auriculo- temporal. La arteria maxilar pasaba profunda con parts by the lateral pterygoid muscle. The first respecto al nervio dentario inferior pero superficial al (mandibular) part runs horizontally, parallel to nervio lingual. El conocimiento de estas variaciones es and slightly below the auriculo-temporal nerve. importante para el cirujano y también serviría para This part of the artery runs superficial (lateral) to explicar la posible participación de estas variaciones the lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle. The en la etiología del dolor mandibular.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gonial Angle Relation with Different Dentitiontal Status on Orthopantomogram in Iraqi Sample
    Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education And scientific Research University of Baghdad College of Dentistry The Gonial angle relation with different dentitiontal status on orthopantomogram in iraqi sample A project Submitted to Collage of Dentistry, University of Baghdad. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology in fulfillment for the requirement to award the degree B.D.S Done by Hadeer Majid Ali 5th Grade Supervisor Dr. Alaa Salah Mahdi B.D.S, M.SC. Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Baghdad Iraq 2018_1439 Dedication To my parents who were their for me in every step of the way with their have love and support… To my supervisor for his guidance, help and endless support throughout this project… Hadeer Majid Ali Abstract Abstract Background: Mandibular angle plays an important role in ensuring a harmonious facial profile from esthetic point of view so it is a representative of mandible morphology. Resorption of alveolar bone is the best recognized feature of mandibular aging in the edentate subjects and changes of the mandibular cortical shape and thickness may be used as indications to many abnormalities, such as osteoporosis. Panoramic radiographs are a useful tool for the measurement because majority of dentists request an Orthopantomogram for patients during routine dental examination. The Aim of the study: to correlated the gonial angle relation with different dentitional status they are in three group dentulous, partial dentulous and edentulous using digital panoramic imaging system with age, gender and dental status. Subjects, Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 30 Iraqi in three group dentulous , partial dentulous and edentulous attending to the digital panoramic clinic of the hospital of college of dentistry university of Baghdad Information from each subject was recorded in a special case sheet.
    [Show full text]
  • Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic
    Table 4.2: Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa Artery Origin Course Distribution Departs superficial aspect of MA immediately distal to the caudal auricular. Course is typical, with a conserved branching pattern for major distributing tributaries: the Facial and masseteric regions via Superficial masseteric and transverse facial arteries originate low in the the masseteric and transverse facial MA Temporal Artery course of the STA. The remainder of the vessel is straight and arteries; temporalis muscle; largely unbranching-- most of the smaller rami are anterior auricle. concentrated in the proximal portion of the vessel. The STA terminates in the anterior wall of the auricle. Originates from the lateral surface of the proximal STA posterior to the condylar process. Hooks around mandibular Transverse Facial Parotid gland, caudal border of the STA ramus and parotid gland to distribute across the masseter Artery masseter muscle. muscle. Relative to the TFA of Camelids, the suid TFA has a truncated distribution. From ventral surface of MA, numerous pterygoid branches Pterygoid Branches MA Pterygoideus muscles. supply medial and lateral pterygoideus muscles. Caudal Deep MA Arises from superior surface of MA; gives off masseteric a. Deep surface of temporalis muscle. Temporal Artery Short course deep to zygomatic arch. Contacts the deep Caudal Deep Deep surface of the masseteric Masseteric Artery surface of the masseter between the coronoid and condylar Temporal Artery muscle. processes of the mandible. Artery Origin Course Distribution Compensates for distribution of facial artery. It should be noted that One of the larger tributaries of the MA. Originates in the this vessel does not terminate as sphenopalatine fossa as almost a terminal bifurcation of the mandibular and maxillary labial MA; lateral branch continuing as buccal and medial branch arteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Gross Anatomy
    www.BookOfLinks.com THE BIG PICTURE GROSS ANATOMY www.BookOfLinks.com Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the infor- mation contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. www.BookOfLinks.com THE BIG PICTURE GROSS ANATOMY David A. Morton, PhD Associate Professor Anatomy Director Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah K. Bo Foreman, PhD, PT Assistant Professor Anatomy Director University of Utah College of Health Salt Lake City, Utah Kurt H.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anterior Circulation Anatomy
    Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anterior Circulation Anatomy Natthapon Rattanathamsakul, MD. December 14th, 2017 Contents: Neurovascular Anatomy Arterial supply of the brain . Anterior circulation . Posterior circulation Arterial supply of the spinal cord Venous system of the brain Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anatomy of the Anterior Circulation Carotid artery system Ophthalmic artery Arterial circle of Willis Arterial territories of the cerebrum Cerebral Vasculature • Anterior circulation: Internal carotid artery • Posterior circulation: Vertebrobasilar system • All originates at the arch of aorta Flemming KD, Jones LK. Mayo Clinic neurology board review: Basic science and psychiatry for initial certification. 2015 Common Carotid Artery • Carotid bifurcation at the level of C3-4 vertebra or superior border of thyroid cartilage External carotid artery Supply the head & neck, except for the brain the eyes Internal carotid artery • Supply the brain the eyes • Enter the skull via the carotid canal Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy, 6th ed. 2014 Angiographic Correlation Uflacker R. Atlas of vascular anatomy: an angiographic approach, 2007 External Carotid Artery External carotid artery • Superior thyroid artery • Lingual artery • Facial artery • Ascending pharyngeal artery • Posterior auricular artery • Occipital artery • Maxillary artery • Superficial temporal artery • Middle meningeal artery – epidural hemorrhage Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy, 6th ed. 2014 Middle meningeal artery Epidural hematoma http://www.jrlawfirm.com/library/subdural-epidural-hematoma
    [Show full text]
  • Anomalous Origin of the Middle Meningeal Artery
    The Internet Journal of Radiology ISPUB.COM Volume 4 Number 2 Anomalous Origin of the Middle Meningeal Artery from the Petrous Segment of the Internal Carotid Artery Associated with Multiple Cerebrovascular Abnormalities I Omeis, M Crupain, M Tenner, R Murali Citation I Omeis, M Crupain, M Tenner, R Murali. Anomalous Origin of the Middle Meningeal Artery from the Petrous Segment of the Internal Carotid Artery Associated with Multiple Cerebrovascular Abnormalities. The Internet Journal of Radiology. 2005 Volume 4 Number 2. Abstract A 25-year-old male with a history of seizure disorder was found incidentally on cerebral angiography to have numerous congenital anomalies of the cerebral vascular system. Among these anomalies were the derivation of the left middle meningeal artery from the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery, the presence of a left cavernous angioma, cavernous origin of the left ophthalmic artery, and an accessory middle cerebral artery. Awareness of cerebral circulatory anatomical anomalies of this nature is of importance to all physicians who plan surgical and endovascular interventions. INTRODUCTION resonance imaging (MRI) with and without gadolinium The middle meningeal artery in most individuals arises from revealed a left temporal lobe cavernoma and associated the maxillary branch of the external carotid artery and enters developmental venous anomaly in the region of the collateral the skull through the foramen spinosum. It then divides into gyrus that were unchanged from of first diagnosis (Fig. 2). anterior and posterior branches to supply the dura and An electroencephalogram (EEG) showed some mild cerebral adjacent calvarium. A few instances have been reported of dysfunction over the left temporal region with no the aberrant origin of the middle meningeal artery from epileptiform abnormality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Facial Artery of the Dog
    Oka jimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 57(1) : 55-78, May 1980 The Facial Artery of the Dog By MOTOTSUNA IRIFUNE Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Osaka (Director: Prof. Y. Ohta) (with one textfigure and thirty-one figures in five plates) -Received for Publication, November 10, 1979- Key words: Facial artery, Dog, Plastic injection, Floor of the mouth. Summary. The course, branching and distribution territories of the facial artery of the dog were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. In general, the facial artery was found to arise from the external carotid between the points of origin of the lingual and posterior auricular arteries. It ran anteriorly above the digastric muscle and gave rise to the styloglossal, the submandibular glandular and the ptery- goid branches. The artery continued anterolaterally giving off the digastric, the inferior masseteric and the cutaneous branches. It came to the face after sending off the submental artery, which passed anteromedially, giving off the digastric and mylohyoid branches, on the medial surface of the mandible, and gave rise to the sublingual artery. The gingival, the genioglossal and sublingual plical branches arose from the vessel, while the submental artery gave off the geniohyoid branches. Posterior to the mandibular symphysis, various communications termed the sublingual arterial loop, were formed between the submental and the sublingual of both sides. They could be grouped into ten types. In the face, the facial artery gave rise to the mandibular marginal, the anterior masseteric, the inferior labial and the buccal branches, as well as the branch to the superior, and turned to the superior labial artery.
    [Show full text]
  • The Variations of the Subclavian Artery and Its Branches Ahmet H
    Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 76(5): 255-262, December, 1999 The Variations of the Subclavian Artery and Its Branches By Ahmet H. YUCEL, Emine KIZILKANAT and CengizO. OZDEMIR Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Balcali, Adana Turkey -Received for Publication, June 19,1999- Key Words: Subclavian artery, Vertebral artery, Arterial variation Summary: This study reports important variations in branches of the subclavian artery in a singular cadaver. The origin of the left vertebral artery was from the aortic arch. On the right side, no thyrocervical trunk was found. The two branches which normally originate from the thyrocervical trunk had a different origin. The transverse cervical artery arose directly from the subclavian artery and suprascapular artery originated from the internal thoracic artery. This variation provides a short route for posterior scapular anastomoses. An awareness of this rare variation is important because this area is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures. The subclavian artery, the main artery of the The variations of the subclavian artery and its upper extremity, also gives off the branches which branches have a great importance both in blood supply the neck region. The right subclavian arises vessels surgery and in angiographic investigations. from the brachiocephalic trunk, the left from the aortic arch. Because of this, the first part of the right and left subclavian arteries differs both in the Subjects origin and length. The branches of the subclavian artery are vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, This work is based on a dissection carried out in thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk and dorsal the Department of Anatomy in the Faculty of scapular artery.
    [Show full text]
  • Trigeminal Nerve, Mandibular Division Basic Anatomy and a Bit More
    The palate and the faucial isthmus He who guards his mouth and his tongue keeps himself from calamity. Proverbs 21:23 Ph.D., Dr. David Lendvai Parts of the oral cavity Parts of the oral cavity 1. Vestibule of the oral cavity Borders: - lips and cheek (bucca) - dental arches 2. Oral cavity proper Borders: - roof: hard and soft palate - floor: oral diaphragm (mylohoid m.) - antero-laterally: dental arches - posteriorly: isthmus of the fauces Etrance of the oral cavity - Philtrum - Upper & lower lip - Angulus - Rubor labii - Nasolabial groove (Facial palsy) Sobotta Szentágothai - Réthelyi Aspectus anterior 1 zygomatic process 2 frontal process 2 4 alveolar process 1 4 Faller (left) lateral aspect 1 zygomatic process 2 frontal process 3 orbital surface 4 alveolar process 2 3 Sobotta 1 4 Faller (right) Medial aspect Sobotta Superior aspect Sobotta Inferior aspect Sobotta http://www.almanahmedical.eu Sobotta Florian Dental – Dr. S. Kovách Fehér Fehér Szél Szél http://www.hc-bios.com Structures of the hard palate - incisive papilla - palatine rugae - palatine raphe - torus Hard and soft palate Muscles of the soft palate - Levator veli palatini m. - Tensor veli palatini m. - Palatoglossus m. - Palatopharyngeus m. - M. uvulae Muscles of the soft palate Muscles of the soft palate Structures of the hard and soft palate - mucous membrane - palatine glands - bone / muscles Histology of the hard palate Mucoperiosteum Histology of the soft palate NASAL SURFACE - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - lamina propria - mucous glands - striated
    [Show full text]