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A Study of Sex Determination from Human Mandible Using Various Morphometrical Parameters

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A Study of Sex Determination from Human Mandible Using Various Morphometrical Parameters Original Research A Study of Sex Determination from Human Mandible Using Various Morphometrical Parameters Anupam Datta1, Santhosh Chandrappa Siddappa2,*, Viswanathan Karibasappa Gowda3, Siddesh Revapla Channabasappa4, Satish Babu Banagere Shivalingappa5, Srijith6, Debaleena Dey7 1,6Post Graduate Student, 2Professor, 3Professor and HOD, 5Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, J J M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India, 577004. 4Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, India, 744104. Contact No- 07204911185. 7Post Graduate Student. Department of Otolaryngology, Tripura Medical College and Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Agartala, Tripura, India, 799014 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, J J M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India, 577004. Department of Otolaryngology, Tripura Medical College and Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Agartala, Tripura, India, 799014. *Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Introduction: Examination of bones is important for identification of deceased and determination of sex. The mandible is the largest and hardest facial bone, that commonly resist post mortem damage and forms an important source of information about sexual dimorphism. Aim: The purpose of the study is to analyze sexual dimorphism in the mandibles of South Indian population. Materials and Methods: A random collection of 50 adult, dry, complete, undamaged human mandibles of South Indian population were subjected to metrical parameters like Gonial angle, Bigonial width, Height of ramus, Bicondylar breadth, Mandibular length, Length of lower jaw, Mandibular index, Body thickness, Coronoid height, Bimental breadth, Symphyseal height and Body height using Mandibulometer and Digital Vernier caliper. Statistical Analysis used: The data’s were expressed as Mean ± SD and then analyzed by unpaired t-test by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Discriminating point and limiting points were also calculated. Results: After obtaining all the measurements, unpaired ‘t-test’ was performed. The Gonial angle, Bigonial width, Height of ramus, Bicondylar breadth, Mandibular length, Length of lower jaw, Body thickness, Coronoid height, Bimental breadth, Symphyseal height and Body height showed statistically significant gender difference. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that the gender of the mandible can be determined using different metrical parameters as an additional tool to establish the identity of a person. Key words: Mandible, Metrical parameters, Sexual dimorphism, South Indian population. INTRODUCTION mandible is derived. The mandible is the largest, Identification of human skeletal remains is strongest and lowest bone in the face. Mandible retains very important and integral part of medico legal and its shape better than other bones, so it plays an anthropological work. The determination of sex of an important role Forensic osteology and Anthro- individual is important and necessary both in the living pological works. and the dead for medico legal purpose. According to Present study wants to highlight the status of Krogman, the degree of accuracy in sexing adult statistical correlation among the 12 different metrical skeletal remains is entire skeleton 100%, Pelvis alone parameters in a known sample of 50 adult dry 95%, Skull alone 90%, Pelvis and skull 98% and long Mandible in South Indian population. bones alone 80%.1 In case of mass disasters like explosions, earthquake, warfare, aircraft crashes, MATERIAL AND METHODS floods, only when the fragmented bones are found, sex determination with 100% accuracy is not possible and Study design and collection of Data it depends largely on the available parts of skeleton. The study was carried out on 50 adult, dry, Skull is the most dimorphic and easily sexed portion complete human mandible, collected from Department of skeleton after pelvis. But in cases where intact skull of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, J J M Medical is not found, mandible may play a vital role in sex College, Davangere. The different parameters of each determination, as it is the most dimorphic bone of mandible were studied with the help of Digital Vernier skull. caliper and Mandibulometer. The mandible is a Latin word which means lower jaw. Mandere means to chew. Thus the word Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine, July - September 2015;2(3):158-166 158 Anupam Datta et al. A Study of Sex Determination from Human Mandible Using Various… Gonial angle: Angle formed by the inferior border of DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL the corpus and the posterior border of the ramus. ANALYSIS Instrument: Mandibulometer.(fig. 1) In the first step of analysis, based on Bigonial width: it measures the straight distance morphological features mandibles were categorized between two gonia. Instrument: Vernier Caliper.(fig.2) into male and female. Then these male and female Height of ramus: direct distance from the highest bones were compared by 12 different metrical point on the mandibular condyle to gonion. parameters. After all the measurements were done, Instrument: Vernier caliper.(fig. 5) observations were statistically analysed by IBM SPSS Bicondylar breadth: it measures the straight distance Statistics 21. Unpaired T-Test was performed. between two condylia lateralia. Instrument: Vernier Mean and Standard Deviation were Caliper.(fig. 4) calculated for the ranges of each parameter of both the Mandibular length: distance of the anterior margin of genders. Using these values ‘calculated range’ was the chin from a centre point on the protected straight arrived at by the formula ‘mean ± 3 standard line placed along the posterior border of the two deviation’. For a given male calculated range is ‘a to mandibular angles. Instrument: Mandibulometer. b’ and for female ‘c to d’, values of ‘a’ (minimum in (fig.2) male range) and ‘d’ (maximum in female range) were Length of lower jaw: it measures the straight distance chosen as ‘demarking points’. Limiting point is an from the posterior margin of the chin to the tangent absolute value found within both ranges. Limiting drawn at the two gonia. Instrument: Vernier Caliper point was so chosen that vast number of male and Mandibulometer.(fig. 2) mandibles showed values greater than it and bulk of Mandibular index (Thomson criteria): Length of female mandibles showed values lesser than the lower jaw/Bicondylar Breadth X 100. Range variation chosen limiting point. So as compared to demarking (According to Lindegard and Sonesson) - point, the percentage of mandibles could be identified Dolichostenomandibular ≤ 97.9, Mesomandibular was far larger with limiting point. 98.0 – 104.9, Brachyeurymandibular ≥ 105.0. Body thickness: it measures the maximum thickness RESULTS in the plane of foramen mentale perpendicular to the Gonial angle: Gonial angle of male mandible varies longitudinal axis of the body. Instrument: Vernier from 115° – 140° with an average of 126.6° ± 6° and Caliper. (fig. 7) that of female mandible varies from 123° – 150° with Coronoid height: it measures the projective distance an average of 135.72° ± 8°. The demarking point of between coronion and lower wall of the bone. mandibular angle for male was less than 159.72 and Instrument: Vernier caliper. (fig. 6) for female was more than 108.6. Limiting point for Bimental breadth: it measures the straight distance mandibular angle was 131.16°, by which 84% of male between the inner margins of two mental foramina. and 64% of female were correctly sexed. The gender Instrument: Vernier Caliper.(fig. 3) differences in mean values of Mandibular angle of Symphyseal height: it measures the straight distance male and female is statistically highly significant between infradentale and gnathion. Instrument: (p=0.0001) for mandible. [Table 1]. Vernier Caliper. Body height: it measures the distance from alveolar Table 1: Gonial angle margin to the lower margin of the mandible in the level Details of measurement Male Female of mental foramen perpendicular to the base. No of bones 25 25 Instrument: Vernier Caliper.2 (fig. 6) Ranges (degrees) 115 - 140 123 – 150 In case of height of ramus, body thickness, coronoid Mean ± SD 126.6 ± 6 135.72 ± 8 height and body height, the average value of right and Calculated Range 108.6 – 144.6 111.72 – 159.72 left side of the mandible was taken into consideration p value 0.0001 in this study. t value -4.522 Inclusion criteria: All the intact, well-formed adult Bigonial width: Mandibles were included in this study. Bigonial width of male mandible varies from 85.57 – Exclusion criteria: Damaged, mutilated and 104.61 mm with an average of 95.70 ± 5.19 and that deformed mandibles, pathological diseased, fractured, of female mandible varies from 78.13 – 103.03 mm developmental disturbances of the mandible, with an average of 88.75 ± 6.78. The demarking point deformed and edentulous mandibles were excluded of Bigonial width for male was more than 109.09 and from the study. for female was less than 80.13. Limiting point for Bigonial width was 92.22, by which 72% of male and 80% of female were correctly sexed. The gender differences in mean values of Bigonial width of male Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine, July - September 2015;2(3):158-166 159 Anupam Datta et al. A Study of Sex Determination from Human Mandible Using Various… and female is statistically highly significant female mandible varies from 60 - 80 mm with an (p=0.0001) for mandible. [Table 2] average of 70.64 ± 4.77. The demarking point of Mandibular length for male was more than 84.95 and Table 2: Bigonial width for female was less than 63.43. Limiting point for Details of measurement Male Female Mandibular length was 73.62, by which 80% of male No of bones 25 25 and 72% of female were correctly sexed. The gender Ranges (mm) 85.57 – 104.61 78.13 – 103.03 differences in mean values of Mandibular length of Mean ± SD 95.70 ± 5.19 88.75 ± 6.78 male and female is statistically highly significant Calculated Range 80.13 – 111.27 68.41 – 109.09 (p=0.0001) for mandible.
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