AN ANALYSIS of CERAMICS from TWO VILLAGE SOCIETIES by J
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SOCIAL INTERACTION AND VARIATION IN MIDDLE FORMATIVE TLAXCALA, MEXICO: AN ANALYSIS OF CERAMICS FROM TWO VILLAGE SOCIETIES by Jennifer Lynn Carballo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Joyce Marcus, Chair Professor Kent V. Flannery Professor Philip D. Gingerich Professor Henry T. Wright © Jennifer Lynn Carballo ________________________________________________________________________ 2011 To my parents, with much love and gratitude ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My research in Tlaxcala was made possible by Richard Lesure, who invited me to participate in his excavation project from 2000-2004 and provided me with the opportunity to analyze his project’s ceramic collections. I would like to thank Richard for trusting me with various aspects of his project, as well as for his advice and support over so many years of work in Los Angeles and Tlaxcala. I received various travel grants from the University of Michigan, as well as financial support from the Jacob K. Javits Fellowship Program, which allowed me to perform my work in Mexico. I am grateful to the Consejo de Arqueología of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología, under the direction of Joaquín García Bárcena, for giving permission to Richard Lesure to excavate at the sites of Amomoloc and Tetel. Numerous individuals in Tlaxcala were welcoming and supportive, especially Sabino Yano Bretón, Mari Carmen Serra Puche, Mónica Blanco García Méndez, Roberto Bravo Castillo, and Fermín Carillo. Cleofas González Vázquez, Emiliano González Vázquez, Humberto González Vázquez, and Perfecto Yauhtentzi Díaz graciously gave us permission to work on their lands. I would like to thank the communities of San Andrés Ahuashuatepec and San José Tetel, as well as the many workers who assisted in the excavations and analyses. I would particularly like to thank Juan Ramírez Lima and Josefina Ramírez Ramírez of Xaltianquisco for all their hard work and help. iii Many students and archaeologists contributed to the excavations and analyses at Amomoloc and Tetel. I am especially grateful to Julienne Bernard, Aleksander Borejsza, David Carballo, Jason De León, Paloma Diez de Sollano Guggenbuehl, María Guadalupe Espinosa Rodríguez, and Isabel Rodríguez López for their help and friendship. They all contributed to making the time I spent in Apizaco incredibly enjoyable. Barbara Fash and William Fash at Harvard University helped spark my interest in Mesoamerican archaeology while I was an undergraduate student, and I would like to thank them for all their support and encouragement over the years. I am grateful to the members of my dissertation committee, Joyce Marcus, Kent Flannery, Philip Gingerich, and Henry Wright. I would particularly like to thank my chair Joyce Marcus, who provided invaluable support and feedback throughout the process. Joan and Geoffrey Smit are simply the best parents an aspiring archaeologist could have, and this dissertation would not have been possible without their assistance. My mother is my hero for the many hours, days, and weeks that she happily entertained her grandchildren. I am also grateful to other family members for their help, especially Anne Carballo, Anthony Carballo, and Daniel Carballo. I would like to thank David Carballo for being my partner in all things. Every day is a white ware party with him by my side. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. xix ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................xx CHAPTER 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 The Social Analysis of Horizon Styles: Theoretical Considerations .......................5 Previous Studies of Formative Mesoamerican Ceramic Motifs ..............................8 Reconstructing the Function and Significance of Middle Formative Motifs ........10 Organization of the Study ......................................................................................14 2. Excavations at Amomoloc and Tetel ..........................................................................16 The Environmental Setting of Central Tlaxcala ....................................................16 Previous Research in the Apizaco Basin ...............................................................18 Site Descriptions and Data Collection ...................................................................21 Excavation Results .................................................................................................36 v 3. Middle Formative Pottery of Amomoloc and Tetel ..................................................38 Goals and Methods of Ceramic Analyses ..............................................................40 Data Presentation ...................................................................................................42 Ceramic Typology .................................................................................................47 UNSLIPPED ..............................................................................................47 Amomoloc Plain ............................................................................47 WHITE .......................................................................................................56 Ceniza White ..................................................................................56 Yauhtentzi White ...........................................................................58 WHITE/RED ..............................................................................................73 Yauhtentzi Red-on-White ..............................................................73 Gazca Painted White-on-Red .........................................................80 Xalmonto Red-and-White ..............................................................82 WHITE/BROWN .......................................................................................85 San José White-and-Brown ............................................................85 BROWN .....................................................................................................89 Mesitas Brown ...............................................................................89 BLACK/GRAY..........................................................................................93 Pascuala Black-and-White .............................................................93 Fermín Fine Gray ...........................................................................96 Mesitas Fine Brown .......................................................................99 Palmas Black-and-White .............................................................101 vi RED/BROWN..........................................................................................104 Potrero Streaky Red-on-Brown ....................................................104 Laguna Dark Red-on-Buff ...........................................................106 Potrero Red-on-Brown .................................................................108 Laguna Red-and-Scraped .............................................................112 RED..........................................................................................................113 Laguna Dark Red .........................................................................113 Laguna Red ..................................................................................117 4. Chronology and Village Layout at Amomoloc and Tetel .......................................120 Tzompantepec Complex (900-800 B.C.) .............................................................120 Tlatempa Complex (800-650 B.C.) .....................................................................122 Texoloc Complex (650-500 B.C.) .......................................................................125 Subdividing the Tlatempa Complex ....................................................................128 Interpretation of the Results .................................................................................133 5. Inventory and Classification of Motifs at Amomoloc and Tetel ............................147 Presentation of Motifs ..........................................................................................147 Catalog of Motifs .................................................................................................150 Motif Classification into Categories ....................................................................189 6. Identifying Variability in Motifs at Differing Scales ..............................................194 Variability in the Ceramic Assemblages ..............................................................195 Variability in the Distribution of Motifs ..............................................................202