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The Labour of Paying for Education: an Exploration of Student Sex Work in Canada

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The Labour of Paying for Education: an Exploration of Student Sex Work in Canada The Labour of Paying for Education: An Exploration of Student Sex Work in Canada by Emily Hammond A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Women’s and Gender Studies Pauline Jewett Institute of Women’s and Gender Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2019, Emily Hammond Abstract This thesis contributes to a small body of research that examines student sex work in a Canadian context. By drawing on data gathered from semi-structured qualitative interviews with ten student sex workers, this thesis seeks to gain a nuanced understanding of students’ experiences with sex work in Canada, and their use of university support services. Specifically, this study explores student sex workers’ motivations for entering the sex industry, the benefits and challenges that they have encountered while working, whether they are accessing university support services and if and how they would benefit from the implementation of targeted support services in post-secondary institutions. The findings reveal that student sex workers in Canada have a variety of reasons for entering the sex industry, among which financial incentives, psychological benefits and flexibility appear to be paramount. Further, this research makes it evident that while student sex workers do have unique concerns that dissuade them from accessing university support services, many of their concerns reflect issues affecting all post- secondary students. In order to fill the gaps in existing service provision, this research seeks to provide suggestions as to how services could be implemented and adapted to better meet the needs of the student sex-working population. i Acknowledgements Professor Megan Rivers-Moore, my supervisor, this thesis could not have been made possible without your enthusiasm, encouraging words and thoughtful editing. Your continued mentorship throughout this project, and beyond, is something that I am deeply thankful for. To my outstanding committee – Professor Ummni Khan and Professor Lara Karaian, thank you. Ummni, my internal examiner, thank you for your invaluable suggestions and edits. You have offered insightful advice throughout the duration of this project. Lara, my external examiner, I am grateful for your time, efforts, and the many important and productive critiques you have offered me. Thank you to my interviewees for generously sharing your insights and personal experiences in the sex industry with me. I feel privileged to have been able to speak with each of you. Your words are what made this thesis possible. I would also like to thank my family and friends for the continued love and encouragement that they have offered me throughout this process. Luc, thank you for always cheering me on, keeping me grounded, and reminding me on my longest days why this work is important. My siblings and closest friends, Katie, Billy and John, I would not be where I am without you three. Katie, thank you for offering wisdom, positivity, and love at all times. Billy and John, thank you for your constant check-ins and endless support. Finally, my parents, Mom and Dad, thank you for always encouraging me to go beyond what I think I am capable of, and for the unwavering time and energy you give to me – I am so grateful for you both. ii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Background of Study ................................................................ 8 Student Sex Workers .......................................................................................................................... 8 Neo-Liberal Marketization ................................................................................................................. 9 Motivations ...................................................................................................................................... 10 A. Flexible Work Hours ....................................................................................................... 11 B. Profit Margins .................................................................................................................. 12 C. Psychosocial Benefits ...................................................................................................... 13 D. International Students ...................................................................................................... 13 Occupying a Student Status ............................................................................................................. 14 Contradicting Perceptions of Sex Workers ...................................................................................... 15 Social and Cultural Acceptance of Sexual Consumption................................................................. 16 A. Mainstreaming the Sex Industry ...................................................................................... 17 B. Bill C-36 .......................................................................................................................... 18 Institutional Perspective ................................................................................................................... 20 Support Services............................................................................................................................... 23 Online Platforms .............................................................................................................................. 25 A. Sugar Dating .................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3: Methodology .................................................................................................................... 29 Recruitment of Interviewees ............................................................................................................ 29 Sample .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Data Collection................................................................................................................................. 32 A. Interview Procedure ......................................................................................................... 33 B. Semi-Structured Interviews ............................................................................................. 34 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 35 A. Primary Coding ................................................................................................................ 35 B. Secondary Analysis ......................................................................................................... 36 Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................................................... 37 A. Sensitive Topics and Psychological Stress ...................................................................... 37 B. Confidentiality ................................................................................................................. 38 iii C. Other Considerations ....................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4: Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 40 Goffman’s Theory of Stigma ........................................................................................................... 40 Boundary Theory ............................................................................................................................. 42 Rational Choice Theory ................................................................................................................... 44 Feminist Standpoint Theory ............................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 5: Sex Work as an Attractive Form of Employment for Students ................................. 50 Profitability ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Psychological Benefits ..................................................................................................................... 54 Schedule Flexibility ......................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter 6: Risks and Challenges of Sex Work ............................................................................... 64 Physical Danger ............................................................................................................................... 64 Fear of Being Exposed ....................................................................................................................
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