DOCSLIB.ORG

Essential Invitation To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Essential Invitation To © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOREssential SALE OR DISTRIBUTION InvitationNOT FORto SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OceanographyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. What is the sense of owning a good boat © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlettif you hang Learning,around in home LLC waters? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ~ George Miller, Oyster River © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The© Jones & BartlettGrowth Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of Oceanography 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preview A complete historical account of oceanographic exploration and research would be a massive undertaking. The © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC record stretches back over several millennia to the time when ancient mariners built boats and ventured boldly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION onto the sea to explore the unknown. However, a brief sketch of maritime history is needed in a book that deals with the physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes of the ocean in a scientifically rigorous manner. First and foremost, this reminds us that for eons there have been people in the field of “oceanography”—people with ©an Jones insatiable & desireBartlett to make Learning, the unknown LLC familiar. Knowledge that© isJones commonplace & Bartlett today Learning, required pains LLC- takingNOT investigations FOR SALE by numerous OR DISTRIBUTION seafarers throughout centuries of exploration.NOT FOR Many SALE intended OR toDISTRIBUTION become rich by exploiting resources and controlling sea routes for commerce. All were driven by a yearning to understand the mysteries of the Earth and its seas. Today’s oceanographers (modern sea explorers) carry forward this quest to satisfy humankind’s curiosity. © Jones &They Bartlett owe a huge Learning, debt to the LLC courage and vision of earlier© Jones mariners, & whoBartlett by slow Learning, increments LLCreplaced ignorance NOT FORand SALE myth OR with DISTRIBUTION knowledge. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. chemistry, biology, and geology) or a related field © Jones & Bartlett1-1 Oceanography: Learning, LLC What Is It? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ( engineering, meteorology, mathematics, statistics, or NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEBefore OR delving DISTRIBUTION into the science of oceanography, computer science) and choose to apply their research we should understand exactly what the word means. expertise to the study of the oceans. After obtaining The first part of the term is coined from the Greek undergraduate training in a traditional science, they word okeanos, or Oceanus, the name of the Titan son gain experience conducting oceanographic research in of the gods Uranus© Jonesand Gaea, & whoBartlett was father Learning, of the LLCgraduate school or at a marine© Jones institute. & Bartlett Recently, newLearning, LLC ocean nymphs (theNOT Oceanids). FOR SALEEventually OR oceanus DISTRIBUTION was career opportunities in oceanographyNOT FOR haveSALE developed OR DISTRIBUTION applied to the sea beyond the Pillars of Hercules, the in marine policy and management, marine law, resource North Atlantic Ocean. The second part of the term and environmental assessment, and other related fields. comes from the Greek word graphia, which refers to Marine studies commonly rely on collaboration among many types of scientists, mathematicians, engineers, the© Jonesact of recording & Bartlett and describing. Learning, In LLCfact, the word © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC oceanography is inadequate to describe the science of technicians, and policymakers. theNOT seas FOR because SALE scientists OR do DISTRIBUTION much more than merely It is customaryNOT FOR to subdivideSALE OR oceanography DISTRIBUTION into the record and describe the ocean’s physical, chemical, four fields of physical, geological, chemical, and bio- geological, and biological characteristics. Oceanogra- logical oceanography (FIGURE 1–1). These fields are in phers investigate, interpret, and model all aspects of turn linked to one another by the cross-disciplines of © Jones & Bartlettocean processes, Learning, using LLC the most modern and sophis©- Jonesgeochemistry, & Bartlett biochemistry, Learning, geophysics, LLC and biophysics. NOT FOR SALEticated OR techniques DISTRIBUTION of scientific and mathematical NOTen- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION quiry. The term oceanology (the suffixology meaning 1-2 Historical Review of Oceanography “the science of”) is etymologically more accurate. The distinction between oceanography and oceanology is Our perception and understanding of the oceans similar to that made between geography (the physical © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLChave changed markedly© over Jones time. & AlthoughBartlett thisLearning, LLC description of the world and its biota) and geology book stresses the most current ideas championed by (the scientific studyNOT of FORthe Earth SALE and OR its processes).DISTRIBUTION marine scientists, these attitudesNOT FOR and impressions SALE OR did DISTRIBUTION The word oceanology has not, however, displaced not suddenly appear out of an intellectual vacuum. oceanography , because the latter term is solidly en- They grew out of—and evolved from—the ideas and trenched in the minds of the laypeople as well as the deductions of prior generations of ocean explorers and Western© Jones practitioners & Bartlett of theLearning, science. Thus, LLC this book scientists.© MarineJones scientists & Bartlett are well Learning, aware of theLLC fact willNOT follow FOR convention, SALE OR using DISTRIBUTION the more familiar term that all ofNOT their FOR work restsSALE on ORthe contributions DISTRIBUTION of the to denote the scientific study of the oceans. innumerable investigators that came before them. But, A common misconception is that oceanography is obviously, this does not mean that all the conclusions a pure science in its own right, practiced by women and of those early investigators have been validated. Rather, men who are specifically and narrowly instructed in as the science of oceanography has matured and as © Jones & Bartlettits investigative Learning, methods. LLC Most oceanographers are,© in Jonesresearch & Bartlett vessels, Learning,sampling devices, LLC and electronic in- NOT FOR SALEfact, trained OR DISTRIBUTION in one of the traditional sciences ( physics,NOT
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Voyage of the “Challenger”
    The Voyage of the "Challenger" From 1872 to 1876 a doughty little ship sailed the seven seas and gathered an unprecedented amount of information about them, thereby founding the science of oceanography by Herbert S. Bailey, Jr. UST 77 years ago this month a spar­ since that pioneering voyage. It was the philosophy at the University of Edin­ decked little ship of 2,300 tons Challenger, rigged with crude but in­ burgh. He did some dredging in the sailed into the harbor of Spithead, genious sounding equipment, that Aegean Sea, studying the distribution JEngland. She was home from a voyage charted what is still our basic map of of flora and fauna and their relation to of three and a half years and 68,890 the world under the oceans. depths, temperatures and other factors. miles over the seven seas. Her expedition Before the Challenger, only a few iso­ Forbes never dredged deeper than about had been a bold attack upon the un­ lated soundings had been taken in the 1,200 feet, and he acquired some curious known in the tradition of the great sea deep seas. Magellan is believed to have notions, including a belief that nothing explorations of the 15th and 16th cen­ made the Rrst. During his voyage around lived in the sea below 1,500 feet. But turies. The unknown she had explored the globe in 1521 he lowered hand lines his pioneering work led the way for the was the sea bottom. When she had left to a depth of perhaps 200 fathoms Challenger expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Sea Drilling Project, UCSD, SIO. Scientific Objectives And
    DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT UNIVERS ITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY Scientific Objectives and Highlights The goal of the original 18-month Deep Sea Drilling Project was to gather scientific information which would aid in the determination of the age and processes of development of the ocean basins in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The primary strategy to secure this information was to drill deep holes in the ocean floor, relying largely on technology already developed by the petroleum industry. Cores were collected and in-hole measurements of physical properties made. Cores from the ocean floor provide reference sections for future studies in biostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and paleomangetism and afford new studies of the physical and chemical aspects of sediment provenance, transportation, deposition and diagenesis. In-hole measurements provide petrophysical data which permit inference of lithology over intervals where no cores were secured. Scientific objectives for the three-year extension period were directed largely toward an understanding of the interac,tion of the continents and ocean basins and is beins prosecuted mainly in outer fringes of the ocean areas. or in places that are intermediate between oceanic and continental. Extension period drilling and coring has been done in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea and Caribbean Sea. It is continuing in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A preliminary description of core material is done initially by ship-board scientists during each of the 55-day cruises of the drilling research vessel, Glomar Challenger, and at several shore-base laboratories. Core samples and des­ criptions are then distributed for research purposes to qualified scientists through-out the world without regard to their affiliation.
    [Show full text]
  • Seabed Mapping: a Brief History from Meaningful Words
    geosciences Review Seabed Mapping: A Brief History from Meaningful Words Pedro Smith Menandro and Alex Cardoso Bastos * Marine Geosciences Lab (Labogeo), Departmento Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES 29075-910, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 May 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract: Over the last few centuries, mapping the ocean seabed has been a major challenge for marine geoscientists. Knowledge of seabed bathymetry and morphology has significantly impacted our understanding of our planet dynamics. The history and scientific trends of seabed mapping can be assessed by data mining prior studies. Here, we have mined the scientific literature using the keyword “seabed mapping” to investigate and provide the evolution of mapping methods and emphasize the main trends and challenges over the last 90 years. An increase in related scientific production was observed in the beginning of the 1970s, together with an increased interest in new mapping technologies. The last two decades have revealed major shift in ocean mapping. Besides the range of applications for seabed mapping, terms like habitat mapping and concepts of seabed classification and backscatter began to appear. This follows the trend of investments in research, science, and technology but is mainly related to national and international demands regarding defining that country’s exclusive economic zone, the interest in marine mineral and renewable energy resources, the need for spatial planning, and the scientific challenge of understanding climate variability. The future of seabed mapping brings high expectations, considering that this is one of the main research and development themes for the United Nations Decade of the Oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 a History of Marine Science
    OIMS/9 Instructor’s Manual CHAPTER 2 A HISTORY OF MARINE SCIENCE SIX MAIN CONCEPTS The ocean did not prevent the spread of humanity. By the time European explorers set out to “discover” the world, native peoples met them at nearly every landfall. Any coastal culture skilled at raft building or small-boat navigation had economic and nutritional advantages over less skilled competitors. The first global exploratory expeditions were undertaken by Chinese admiral Zheng He beginning in 1405. The three expeditions of Captain James Cook, British Royal Navy, were perhaps the first to apply the principles of scientific investigation to the ocean. The voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (1872 – 1876) was the first extensive expedition dedicated exclusively to research. Modern oceanography is guided by consortia of institutions and governments. MAIN HEADINGS 2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE OCEAN BEGAN WITH VOYAGING FOR TRADE AND EXPLORATION Early Peoples Traveled the Ocean for Economic Reasons Systematic Study of the Ocean Began at the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes Accurately Calculated the Size and Shape of Earth Seafaring Expanded Human Horizons Viking Raiders Discovered North America The Chinese Undertook Organized Voyages of Discovery 2.2 THE AGE OF EUROPEAN DISCOVERY Prince Henry Launched the European Age of Discovery 2.3 VOYAGING COMBINED WITH SCIENCE TO ADVANCE OCEAN STUDIES Captain James Cook: First Marine Scientist Accurate Determination of Longitude Was the Key to Oceanic Exploration and Mapping 2.4 THE FIRST Scientific Expeditions WERE UNDERTAKEN
    [Show full text]
  • Public Information Leaflet HISTORY.Indd
    British Antarctic Survey History The United Kingdom has a long and distinguished record of scientific exploration in Antarctica. Before the creation of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), there were many surveying and scientific expeditions that laid the foundations for modern polar science. These ranged from Captain Cook’s naval voyages of the 18th century, to the famous expeditions led by Scott and Shackleton, to a secret wartime operation to secure British interests in Antarctica. Today, BAS is a world leader in polar science, maintaining the UK’s long history of Antarctic discovery and scientific endeavour. The early years Britain’s interests in Antarctica started with the first circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent by Captain James Cook during his voyage of 1772-75. Cook sailed his two ships, HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure, into the pack ice reaching as far as 71°10' south and crossing the Antarctic Circle for the first time. He discovered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands although he did not set eyes on the Antarctic continent itself. His reports of fur seals led many sealers from Britain and the United States to head to the Antarctic to begin a long and unsustainable exploitation of the Southern Ocean. Image: Unloading cargo for the construction of ‘Base A’ on Goudier Island, Antarctic Peninsula (1944). During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, interest in Antarctica was largely focused on the exploitation of its surrounding waters by sealers and whalers. The discovery of the South Shetland Islands is attributed to Captain William Smith who was blown off course when sailing around Cape Horn in 1819.
    [Show full text]
  • Eric L. Mills H.M.S. CHALLENGER, HALIFAX, and the REVEREND
    529 THE DALHOUSIE REVIEW Eric L. Mills H.M.S. CHALLENGER, HALIFAX, AND THE REVEREND DR. HONEYMAN I The arrival of the British corvette Challenger in Halifax on May 9, 18 7~l. was not particularly unusual in itself. But the men on board and the purpose of the voyage were unusual, because the ship as she docked brought oceanography for the first time to Nova Scotia, and in fact was establishing that branch of science as a global, coherent discipline. The arrival of Challenger at Halifax was nearly an accident. At its previous stop, Bermuda, the ship's captain, G.S. Nares, had been warned that his next port of call, New York, was offering high wages and that he could expect many desertions. 1 Course was changed; the United States coast passed b y the port side, and Challenger steamed slowly into the early spring of Halifax Harbour. We reached Halifax on the morning of the 9th. The weather was very fine and perfectly still, w :i th a light mist, and as we steamed up the bay there was a most extraordinary and bewildering display of mirage. The sea and the land and the sky were hopelessly confused; all the objects along the shore drawn up out of all proportion, the white cottages standing out like pillars and light-house!:, and all the low rocky islands loo king as if they were crowned with battlements and towers. Low, hazy islands which had no place on the chart bounded the horizon, and faded away while one was looking at them.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice in the Rigging
    Ice in the rigging (IN PRESS 2006) SAMPLE OF EDITED TEXT ©2006 E.A. MITCHENER SAMPLE OF EDITED TEXT FROM Ice in the Rigging (in press 2006) 2 ‘Land to the South’ On 5 February 1775, during the last of three years spent exploring Antarctic seas, James Cook wrote in his journal: ‘That there may be a Continent or large tract of land near the Pole, I will not deny. On the contrary I am of the opinion there is, and it is probable that we have seen a part of it. The excessive cold, the many islands and vast floats of ice all tend to prove that there must be land to the South.’ Cook’s instincts did not fail him, although it was not until the much later voyages of Dumont d’Urville, Wilkes and Ross that his conjecture was proven correct. His epic Antarctic voyage aboard HMS Resolution set the scene for all that was to follow. Resolution and the second vessel of Cook’s expedition, HMS Adventure, were the first ships to cross the Antarctic Circle early in 1773. Cook’s three-year circumnavigation of Antarctica lays fair claim to be the greatest Antarctic voyage of all. The Antarctic travels of Resolution and Adventure are even more remarkable when seen in the context of the ships’ size, construction and motive power. These timber- hulled, square-rigged sailing vessels of around 100 feet (30 metres) in length ventured into unknown waters, deep into the pack ice for weeks at a time, braving errant icebergs and hurricane-force winds.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRITISH LIBRARY Pacific Journals and Logs, 1664-1833 Reels M1559-74
    AUSTRALIAN JOINT COPYING PROJECT THE BRITISH LIBRARY Pacific journals and logs, 1664-1833 Reels M1559-74 The British Library Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales Filmed: 1982 CONTENTS Page 3 Bartholomew Verwey, 1664-67 3 Samuel Wallis, HMS Dolphin, 1766-67 3 HMS Endeavour, 1768-71 4 Tobias Furneaux, HMS Adventure, 1772-73 4 William Hodges, HMS Resolution, 1772-75 5 Charles Clerke, HMS Resolution, 1772-75 5 James Burney, HMS Resolution, 1776-78 6 Thomas Edgar, HMS Discovery, 1776-78 6 Joseph Woodcock, King George, 1786-87 6 William Broughton, HMS Chatham, 1791-93 7 Philip Puget, HMS Chatham, 1793-95 8 Archibald Menzies, HMS Discovery, 1790-94 9 James Colnett, Rattler, 1793-94 9 George Peard, HMS Blossom, 1825-28 9 John Biscoe, Tula, 1830-33 10 John Price, Minerva, 1798-1800 Note: The following Pacific journals held in the British Library were also filmed by the Australian Joint Coping Project: M1557 Hernando Gallego, Los Reyes, 1567-69 M1558 Abel Tasman, Heemskerck and Zeehan, 1642-43 M1580-82 James Cook, HMS Endeavour and HMS Resolution, 1770-79 M1580-83 David Samwell, HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery, 1776-79 2 BRITISH LIBRARY Pacific journals and logs, 1664-1833 Reel M1559 Add. MS 8948 Journal of Bartholomew Verwey, 1664-67. (136 ff.) Journal (in Dutch) kept by Bartholomew Verwey, vice-commodore of a fleet of twelve ships, fitted out by the Governor and Council of the East Indies and sent in 1664, 1665, 1666 and 1667 to Formosa and the coasts of China .
    [Show full text]
  • Great Southern Land: the Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis
    GREAT SOUTHERN The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis LAND Michael Pearson the australian government department of the environment and heritage, 2005 On the cover photo: Port Campbell, Vic. map: detail, Chart of Tasman’s photograph by John Baker discoveries in Tasmania. Department of the Environment From ‘Original Chart of the and Heritage Discovery of Tasmania’ by Isaac Gilsemans, Plate 97, volume 4, The anchors are from the from ‘Monumenta cartographica: Reproductions of unique and wreck of the ‘Marie Gabrielle’, rare maps, plans and views in a French built three-masted the actual size of the originals: barque of 250 tons built in accompanied by cartographical Nantes in 1864. She was monographs edited by Frederick driven ashore during a Casper Wieder, published y gale, on Wreck Beach near Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Moonlight Head on the 1925-1933. Victorian Coast at 1.00 am on National Library of Australia the morning of 25 November 1869, while carrying a cargo of tea from Foochow in China to Melbourne. © Commonwealth of Australia 2005 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth, available from the Department of the Environment and Heritage. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Assistant Secretary Heritage Assessment Branch Department of the Environment and Heritage GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • This Dynamic Earth [USGS]
    Continental drift was hotly debated off and on for decades following Wegener's death before it was largely dismissed as being eccentric, preposterous, and improbable. However, beginning in the 1950s, a wealth of new evidence emerged to revive the debate about Wegener's provocative ideas and their implications. In particular, four major scientific developments spurred the formulation of the plate-tectonics theory: (1) demonstration of the ruggedness and youth of the ocean floor; (2) confirmation of repeated reversals of the Earth magnetic field in the geologic past; (3) emergence of the seafloor-spreading hypothesis and associated recycling of oceanic crust; and (4) precise documentation that the world's earthquake and volcanic activity is concentrated along oceanic trenches and submarine mountain ranges. Ocean floor mapping About two thirds of the Earth's surface lies beneath the oceans. Before the 19th century, the depths of the open ocean were largely a matter of speculation, and most people thought that the ocean floor was relatively flat and featureless. However, as early as the 16th century, a few intrepid navigators, by taking soundings with hand lines, found that the open ocean can differ considerably in depth, showing that the ocean floor was not as flat as generally believed. Oceanic exploration during the next centuries dramatically improved our knowledge of the ocean floor. We now know that most of the geologic processes occurring on land are linked, directly or indirectly, to the dynamics of the ocean floor. "Modern" measurements of ocean depths greatly increased in the 19th century, when deep-sea line soundings (bathymetric surveys) were routinely made in the Atlantic and Caribbean.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History
    TAMU-L-76-ppz c. Bibliographyof Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1974-1975 CkARLES R, SCHULTZ University Archives Texas A&M University PAMELA A. McNULTY G.W. Rlunt White Library TA M U-SG-77-601 Mystic Seaport September 1 976 Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1974-1975 Compiled by Charles R. Schultz, University Archivist Texas A&M University Pamela A. McNulty, Reference Librarian G.W. Blunt White Library September 1976 TP2fU-SG-77-601 Partially supported through Institutional Grant 04-5-158-19 to Texas A&M University by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Sea Grants Department of Commerce $<.oo Order from: Department of Marine Resources Information Center for Marine Resources Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. GENERAL 1 II. EXPLORATION, NAVIGATION, CARTOGRAPHY 13 III. MERCHANT SAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING NORTH AMERICA 21 IV. MERCHANT SAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING - OTHER REGIONS ~ t ~ ~ o 28 V. MERCHANT STEAM - OCEAN & TIDKWATER 34 VI, INLAND NAVIGATION 56 VII, SEAPORTS & COASTAL AREAS 68 VIII. SHIPBUILDING & ALLIED TOPICS 74 IX. MARITIME LAW 82 X, SMALL CRAFT 88 XI. ASSOCIATIONS & UNIONS 93 XII. FISHERIES 94 XIII. NAVAL TO 1939 - NORTH AMERICA 102 XIV. NAVAL TO 1939 - OTHER REGIONS 110 XV. WORLD WAR II & POSTWAR NAVAL 119 XVI. MARINE ART, SHIP MODELS, COLLECTIONS & EXHIBITS 123 XVII. PLEASURE BOATING & YACHT RACING 126 AUTHOR INDEX 130 SUBJECT INDEX 143 VE S SKL INDEX 154 INTRODUCTION When the third volume in this series appeared two years ago, it appeared as though I would continue to produce a biennial bibliography based almost entirely upon the resources of Texas ARM University Libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Model Ship Book 4Th Issue
    A GUIDE TO 1/1200 AND 1/1250 WATERLINE MODEL SHIPS i CONTENTS FOREWARD TO THE 5TH ISSUE 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Aim and Acknowledgements 2 The UK Scene 2 Overseas 3 Collecting 3 Sources of Information 4 Camouflage 4 List of Manufacturers 5 CHAPTER 2 UNITED KINGDOM MANUFACTURERS 7 BASSETT-LOWKE 7 BROADWATER 7 CAP AERO 7 CLEARWATER 7 CLYDESIDE 7 COASTLINES 8 CONNOLLY 8 CRUISE LINE MODELS 9 DEEP “C”/ATHELSTAN 9 ENSIGN 9 FIGUREHEAD 9 FLEETLINE 9 GORKY 10 GWYLAN 10 HORNBY MINIC (ROVEX) 11 LEICESTER MICROMODELS 11 LEN JORDAN MODELS 11 MB MODELS 12 MARINE ARTISTS MODELS 12 MOUNTFORD METAL MINIATURES 12 NAVWAR 13 NELSON 13 NEMINE/LLYN 13 OCEANIC 13 PEDESTAL 14 SANTA ROSA SHIPS 14 SEA-VEE 16 SANVAN 17 SKYTREX/MERCATOR 17 Mercator (and Atlantic) 19 SOLENT 21 TRIANG 21 TRIANG MINIC SHIPS LIMITED 22 ii WASS-LINE 24 WMS (Wirral Miniature Ships) 24 CHAPTER 3 CONTINENTAL MANUFACTURERS 26 Major Manufacturers 26 ALBATROS 26 ARGONAUT 27 RN Models in the Original Series 27 RN Models in the Current Series 27 USN Models in the Current Series 27 ARGOS 28 CM 28 DELPHIN 30 “G” (the models of Georg Grzybowski) 31 HAI 32 HANSA 33 NAVIS/NEPTUN (and Copy) 34 NAVIS WARSHIPS 34 Austro-Hungarian Navy 34 Brazilian Navy 34 Royal Navy 34 French Navy 35 Italian Navy 35 Imperial Japanese Navy 35 Imperial German Navy (& Reichmarine) 35 Russian Navy 36 Swedish Navy 36 United States Navy 36 NEPTUN 37 German Navy (Kriegsmarine) 37 British Royal Navy 37 Imperial Japanese Navy 38 United States Navy 38 French, Italian and Soviet Navies 38 Aircraft Models 38 Checklist – RN &
    [Show full text]