© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOREssential SALE OR DISTRIBUTION InvitationNOT FORto SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OceanographyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. What is the sense of owning a good boat © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlettif you hang Learning,around in home LLC waters? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ~ George Miller, Oyster River © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The© Jones & BartlettGrowth Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of Oceanography 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Preview A complete historical account of oceanographic exploration and research would be a massive undertaking. The © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC record stretches back over several millennia to the time when ancient mariners built boats and ventured boldly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION onto the sea to explore the unknown. However, a brief sketch of maritime history is needed in a book that deals with the physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes of the ocean in a scientifically rigorous manner. First and foremost, this reminds us that for eons there have been people in the field of “oceanography”—people with ©an Jones insatiable & desireBartlett to make Learning, the unknown LLC familiar. Knowledge that© isJones commonplace & Bartlett today Learning, required pains LLC- takingNOT investigations FOR SALE by numerous OR DISTRIBUTION seafarers throughout centuries of exploration.NOT FOR Many SALE intended OR toDISTRIBUTION become rich by exploiting resources and controlling sea routes for commerce. All were driven by a yearning to understand the mysteries of the Earth and its seas. Today’s oceanographers (modern sea explorers) carry forward this quest to satisfy humankind’s curiosity. © Jones &They Bartlett owe a huge Learning, debt to the LLC courage and vision of earlier© Jones mariners, & whoBartlett by slow Learning, increments LLCreplaced ignorance NOT FORand SALE myth OR with DISTRIBUTION knowledge. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2ND PAGES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. chemistry, biology, and geology) or a related field © Jones & Bartlett1-1 Oceanography: Learning, LLC What Is It? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ( engineering, meteorology, mathematics, statistics, or NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEBefore OR delving DISTRIBUTION into the science of oceanography, computer science) and choose to apply their research we should understand exactly what the word means. expertise to the study of the oceans. After obtaining The first part of the term is coined from the Greek undergraduate training in a traditional science, they word okeanos, or Oceanus, the name of the Titan son gain experience conducting oceanographic research in of the gods Uranus© Jonesand Gaea, & whoBartlett was father Learning, of the LLCgraduate school or at a marine© Jones institute. & Bartlett Recently, newLearning, LLC ocean nymphs (theNOT Oceanids). FOR SALEEventually OR oceanus DISTRIBUTION was career opportunities in oceanographyNOT FOR haveSALE developed OR DISTRIBUTION applied to the sea beyond the Pillars of Hercules, the in marine policy and management, marine law, resource North Atlantic Ocean. The second part of the term and environmental assessment, and other related fields. comes from the Greek word graphia, which refers to Marine studies commonly rely on collaboration among many types of scientists, mathematicians, engineers, the© Jonesact of recording & Bartlett and describing. Learning, In LLCfact, the word © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC oceanography is inadequate to describe the science of technicians, and policymakers. theNOT seas FOR because SALE scientists OR do DISTRIBUTION much more than merely It is customaryNOT FOR to subdivideSALE OR oceanography DISTRIBUTION into the record and describe the ocean’s physical, chemical, four fields of physical, geological, chemical, and bio- geological, and biological characteristics. Oceanogra- logical oceanography (FIGURE 1–1). These fields are in phers investigate, interpret, and model all aspects of turn linked to one another by the cross-disciplines of © Jones & Bartlettocean processes, Learning, using LLC the most modern and sophis©- Jonesgeochemistry, & Bartlett biochemistry, Learning, geophysics, LLC and biophysics. NOT FOR SALEticated OR techniques DISTRIBUTION of scientific and mathematical NOTen- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION quiry. The term oceanology (the suffixology meaning 1-2 Historical Review of Oceanography “the science of”) is etymologically more accurate. The distinction between oceanography and oceanology is Our perception and understanding of the oceans similar to that made between geography (the physical © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLChave changed markedly© over Jones time. & AlthoughBartlett thisLearning, LLC description of the world and its biota) and geology book stresses the most current ideas championed by (the scientific studyNOT of FORthe Earth SALE and OR its processes).DISTRIBUTION marine scientists, these attitudesNOT FOR and impressions SALE OR did DISTRIBUTION The word oceanology has not, however, displaced not suddenly appear out of an intellectual vacuum. oceanography , because the latter term is solidly en- They grew out of—and evolved from—the ideas and trenched in the minds of the laypeople as well as the deductions of prior generations of ocean explorers and Western© Jones practitioners & Bartlett of theLearning, science. Thus, LLC this book scientists.© MarineJones scientists & Bartlett are well Learning, aware of theLLC fact willNOT follow FOR convention, SALE OR using DISTRIBUTION the more familiar term that all ofNOT their FOR work restsSALE on ORthe contributions DISTRIBUTION of the to denote the scientific study of the oceans. innumerable investigators that came before them. But, A common misconception is that oceanography is obviously, this does not mean that all the conclusions a pure science in its own right, practiced by women and of those early investigators have been validated. Rather, men who are specifically and narrowly instructed in as the science of oceanography has matured and as © Jones & Bartlettits investigative Learning, methods. LLC Most oceanographers are,© in Jonesresearch & Bartlett vessels, Learning,sampling devices, LLC and electronic in- NOT FOR SALEfact, trained OR DISTRIBUTION in one of the traditional sciences ( physics,NOT