Seismological Monitoring of the World's First

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Appendix A

Seismological Monitoring of the World’s First Nuclear Detonation— The Trinity Shot of 16 July 19451

Seismology played a modest role in the Trinity test, thereby establishing, at the very birth of the “atomic age,” a mutual interaction between seismology and nuclear testing that would become of increasing significance to both technologies as the century pro- gressed. Because the Trinity “gadget” was designed to be an atmospherically detonated military weapon for which principal damage effects were expected to be air blast and accompanying ground shock of intensities heretofore unexplored, extensive new effects data were needed to plan military applications. When the need for a full-scale test of the implosion design became clear by late 1944, Los Alamos scientists began to devise field experiments to measure both air blast and ground shock.Also, they wanted to estimate how each would scale with explosive energy release (yield), range, and height of burst within a principal target area (nominally, within about 20 km of ground zero). In March 1945, Herbert M. Houghton, an exploration geophysicist with Geophys- ical Research Corporation (GRC) and Tidewater Oil, was recruited to work with Los Alamos physicist, James Coon, to perfect earth shock instrumentation for the 100-ton TNT calibration rehearsal shot of 7 May 1945, as well as the unique multikiloton Trin- ity nuclear event planned for July. Houghton and Coon modified a dozen GRC Type SG-3 geophones to record both vertical and horizontal-radial components of strong ground motion at ranges between 0.75 and 8.2 km from both the calibration and nuclear shots, which were air bursts suspended on towers. Measurements on both shots revealed that Rayleigh waves were the largest ground motion components, but were of secondary interest for immediate combat applications because the air blast damage considerably exceeded those from ground-shock at all ranges. During final preparations for the nuclear shot, however, potential seismological problems at distances beyond the immediate Trinity test area became high priority considerations for test leaders. Of great concern was possible damage to surrounding

1 Appendix author is Dr. Kenneth H. Olsen, GCS International, 1029 187th Place, SW, Lynwood, Washington. Born in northern Utah, Dr. Olsen, after graduating with high honors from Idaho State College (BS physics, 1952), earned MS and Ph.D. degrees in physics/astronomy from the Califor- nia Institute of Technology. Upon joining the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1957, he specialized in the modeling of nuclear explosion phenomenology, plus being a contributing editor to the book, Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure and Tectonics (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1995).

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civilian areas by freak air blast and ground shock effects or perhaps even by “triggered earthquake.” One important question was the effect of ground vibrations on Elephant Butte Dam, 88 km southwest of Trinity ground-zero. Although Los Alamos scientists were confident that probabilities for distant damage were extremely small, it was thought prudent for public safety as well as legal purposes to obtain opinions from the best available outside experts in these fields. At an 18 April 1945 conference between General Leslie Groves and Los Alamos senior staff, L. Don Leet, a Harvard seismologist then doing war work at Harvard’s Underwater Sound Laboratory, was chosen as consultant for off-site blast vibration problems.2,3 Leet was requested to examine the possibility of property damage particularly for several small communities within 100 km of the Trinity site for “shots of 100 tons, 5000 tons and 50 000 tons with their cen- ters of gravity 100 feet above the ground.” With little more than two months to prepare, Leet immediately traveled west arriving about the time of the 7 May 100-ton TNT calibration shot. He toured the Trin- ity test region, examined topographic and geological maps and cross-sections, and ana- lyzed blast data from the 100-ton test, including Houghton’s and Coon’s close-in geophone stations as well as seismograms confidentially obtained from Coast and Geo- detic Survey instruments at Tucson (a Benioff at 440 km) and El Paso (a Wood-Ander- ston at 200 km). In his 24 June report to Oppenheimer, Leet confirmed that the range of all 100-ton shot measurements “in no case exceeds those at corresponding distances from 5-tons of standard high explosives buried as in commercial quarrying operations.” Applying this “upper-bound” 5% conversion factor to the 5 and 50 kiloton cases and factoring in his extensive experience with ground displacement data from quarry shots approaching 100 tons, Leet predicted that the radius of potential property damage from ground vibrations would not exceed 5000 yards. Leet warned, however, of potential public perception problems due to the airborne shock waves, noting that ordinary observers, especially when in buildings, are often unable to distinguish between the two. In order to document such effects for legal and safety purposes, he recommend- ed that three-component, strong-motion, displacement seismographs be located at several communities surrounding the July nuclear test, and that these instruments be placed inside buildings to show the relationship between ground and air waves. For the 16 July test, Leet’s team operated four three-component portable strong- motion seismographs of his own recent design in four small central New Mexico towns at distances of 45, 55, 80, and 88 km.A fifth unit was operated near the manned bunker at “9000N,” which was the northernmost of three main instrument sites at 9000-yard (~8 km) ranges where a full suite of device diagnostic and explosion effects measurements were carried out by Los Alamos scientists. The 9000N seismograph thus bridged the near-source blast and earth shock data, chiefly of military interest, to

2 Throughout the Manhattan Project, one of Groves’s chief concerns was to preserve the extremely tight security regarding the ultimate objective of the far-flung enterprise, a bomb of unprecedent- ed energy. A prime security stratagem was to avoid undue publicity that would result from public lawsuits involving possible damage or safety issues involving nearby civilian facilities.

3 Before the war, Leet had established himself as a leading expert in measuring quarry blast vibrations with portable seismic instrumentation, particularly in the active quarry mining area of the North- eastern U.S.

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ranges pertinent to off-site safety and legal considerations. Even at the closest community (San Antonio, New Mexico), Leet’s instruments confirmed that motions due to either earth-borne or air-borne waves were smaller by about a factor of 100 than those necessary to produce even minor damage such as plaster cracks (Leet, 1960).4 It is historically significant that Trinity inaugurated the tradition of carefully assess- ing and documenting the chiefly geophysical, distant-range, public safety and legal issues for all future U.S. nuclear testing programs. Second only to fallout considerations, air blast and acoustic wave propagation effects were important public safety concerns of U.S. atmospheric testing programs throughout the 1950s. But with the near- ly total shift to underground testing in the early 1960s, seismological and strong ground-motion effects assumed primary significance, both for off-site safety requirements and for political application to monitoring arms control treaties. When Leet examined the triaxial seismic record from 9000N in greater detail shortly after the war, he found it contained considerable new information of fundamental seismological interest. In a declassified paper, Leet (1946) opined this seismogram was “one of the most important records in the history of observational seismology,” because it revealed for the first time a “new” type of seismic surface wave not predicted by theory. This new wave—which produced the greatest amplitudes on the 9000N record—he dubbed the “hydrodynamic (H) wave” because it was characterized by prograde surface particle motions analogous to those of water waves (in the oppo- site sense to the retrograde motion of the classical Rayleigh wave). The 9000N seismograms also confirmed the presence of another complex surface wave (C-wave) that Leet had described before the war from quarry blast recordings. Leet’s claim for such “unusual” seismic phases, heretofore unknown to the theorists or unobserved on earthquake seismograms obtained at sparsely distributed distant observatories, was greeted with caution and sometimes by skepticism by many seismologists for a number of years. From time to time there was speculation that there might be types of seismic phases unique to explosions. To help clarify the issue, Beno Gutenberg suggested that his graduate student, Benjamin F. Howell, Jr., investigate the subject of seismic waves from explosions for his Caltech Ph.D. thesis.5 Howell modified the electromagnetic geophysical prospecting seismometers for three-component operation to record waves at 14 locations along a 3-km-long profile produced by shallowly buried, 5-pound TNT charges at a common shotpoint. Howell’s triaxial records displayed the detailed evolution of ground motion with distance, confirming the prominent C and H phases as described by Leet, in addition to the previously known Rayleigh and body-wave phases (Howell, 1949). Leet’s and Howell’s identification of highly complex surface waves generated by “point-like” explosion sources—heretofore considered rather simple cases for mathematical analysis—emphasized that no completely satisfactory theory then existed for

4 The four off-site seismographs were placed in buildings at San Antonio, Carrizozo, Tularosa, and Ele- phant Butte damsite. Records from Carrizozo, Tularosa, and Elephant Butte failed to register peak ground displacements greater than 0.01 mm, the recording threshold of Leet’s low-magnification (× 25), strong-motion instruments.

5 Ben Howell would go on to a distinguished academic career at Pennsylvania State University as professor, head of the Geophysics Department and dean of the Graduate School.

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explaining many types of seismic waves. This state of affairs was not unusual in prewar earthquake seismology; observational proofs of many characteristics of even the classic compressional (P), shear (S), and Rayleigh waves were still rather qualitative. The early explosion studies such as those by Leet and by Howell pointed up the usefulness of explosion data to assist theoretical development of “inversion” techniques that also could be applied to the more complex but seldom directly observable mechanisms of earthquakes. The practice of mathematically relating details of the pattern of recorded seismic waves to characteristics of the ground motions that generated the waves—a technique known as “seismic source characterization”—has become one of the most powerful tools of modern seismology.6 Although seismic measurements of Trinity were only a minor part of a larger experiment, they helped stimulate postwar research in both theory and observation using “predictable” high-energy sources that eventually matured to an entirely new scientiﬁc discipline, “nuclear explosion seismology,” which today is one of the most active ﬁelds of seismological science.

6 Because “H-waves” and “C-waves” were not readily apparent on earthquake seismograms, their nature continued to be debated for a number of years. Over the years occasional theoretical papers have appeared suggesting various ingenious modifications of the elastodynamic equations to explain them. However, today theorists believe that at least the H-waves, first clearly observed at Trinity, consist of higher-mode surface waves produced principally by explosions above, or shallowly buried in low- velocity, unconsolidated, near-surface material.

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International Association of Geophysical Contractors†—Membership List October 2000

Geophysical Data Acquisition Fugro-Geoteam Limited Companies (62) Fugro-LCT Gardline Surveys Aker Geo Seismic A.S. Gardline Surveys (F.E.) Ltd.* Appalachian Geophysical Services GeoBird Management AS Britsurvey Geofyzika A.S. (Ltd.) Bureau of Geophysical Prospecting (BGP) Geofizyka Toruñ Ltd. Caspian Geophysical Geofizyka Krakow Ltd. China Offshore Oil Géophysical Corp. Geophysical Acquisition & Processing Services Ltd. Compagnie Générale de Geophysíque (CGG) Geophysical Exploration Company, Dagang Oilfield Group Dalmorneftegeofysika Geophysical Service, Inc. Dawson Geophysical Company Geophysical Services Ltd. Diamond Geophysical Service Corp. Grant Geophysical Inc. Discovery Geophysical Services SpA DMT Gmbh. IMC Geophysics Ltd. DSND Subsea Ltd. JEBCO Seismic, L.P. Eagle Geophysical Jiangsu Oil Exploration Electronic & Geophysical Services Ltd. John E. Chance & Associates, Inc. Eötvös Lorand Geophysical Institute Oilmin Field Services Ltd. Fairfield Industries ONGC-Geodata Processing & Fairweather Geophysical LLC. Interpretation Frontline Geophysical Company

†2550 North Loop West, Suite 104, Houston, Texas 77092 USA. Website: http://www.iagc.org. Tel: 713-957-8080. Fax: 713-957-0008, E-mail: [email protected]. * Far East Chapter member

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Petroleum & Environmental Geo- Millenium Seismic, Inc. Services Paradigm Geophysical (UK) Ltd. PGS Exploration UK P.T. Digicon Mega Pratama* PGS Exploration (U.S.), Inc. Seismic Exchange, Inc. Photo Gravity Corporation Seitel, Inc. Polaris International Explorer Ltd. Geophysical Equipment Quantum Geophysical, Inc. Manufacturers and Industry Racal NCS, Inc. Suppliers (43) Schlumberger Geco-Prakla Sevmorneftegeoﬁzika (SMNG) Aerostaff Services, Inc. Shengli Geophysical Exploration Co. Alert Disaster Control* Sismograﬁa Colombia S.A. American Drilling Systems Stolt Comex Seaway S.A. Austin Powder Company Suelopetrol C.A. Australian Seismic Brokers Pty. Ltd. Terracorp Pty. Ltd. Benthos, Inc. TGS-Nopec Geophysical Company Bolt Technology Corporation THOR Geophysikalische Prospektion Concept Systems Ltd. (GmbH) Draka Geophysical Tidelands Geophysical Company, Inc. DWS International, Inc. TL Geohydrographics Sdn. Bhd.* Dyno Nobel Trace Exploration Ltd. Edison Chouest Offshore Turkiye Petrolleri Ortakligi (TPAO) Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment b.v. United Geophysical Corporation Ltd. Ensign-Bickford Company Veritas DGC Inc. Fabrica de Mechas S.A. Western Geophysical Company Geophysical Institute of Israel ZPEB Geophysical Co. Global Sources Gulf Fleet Offshore, LLC Geophysical Data Handling Hevi Lift (P.N.G.) Pty. Ltd. Companies (14) H.M.S. Communications, Inc. ARK Geophysics Ltd. Indel-Davis (S) Pte. Ltd.* EnSoCo, Inc. Input/Output, Inc. Field Processing Services Inshore Services (Int.) Ltd. GeoData Corporation The Land Department, Inc. Geophysical Pursuit, Inc. LADS Corporation Ltd. Geotrace Technologies, Inc. Landmark Graphics Corporation IndigoPool.com, Inc. Mark Products, Inc. JDK Incorporated Mitcham Industries, Inc. Kelman Technologies NFFO Services Ltd.

*Far East Chapter member

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NEC/HNSX Supercomputers Inc. Conoco Inc. Nordic Maritime Pte. Ltd. Elf Exploration & Production OYO Geospace Corporation Enron Oil & Gas Company Racal Survey Ltd. Enterprise Oil plc SFF Services Ltd. Exxon Mobil Exploration Company Sidney Schafer & Associates, Inc. Occidental Oil & Gas Corporation Sonardyne International Ltd. Phillips Petroleum Company Strawn Explosives, Inc. Shell International Exploration and Tanglesolve Instrumentation Ltd. Production B.V. Tidewater Marine, Inc. Shell Offshore Inc. UKCS Liaison Ltd. Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Vibra-Tech Engineers, Inc. Prospecting Corp. Waveney Insurance Brokers, Ltd. Texaco Inc. Westland Geoprojects TOTAL Fina Unocal Energy Resources Honorary Life Members (12) Vastar Resources Inc.

Richard C. Anderson Geoscience Consultants and H.W. Beauchamp Individual Members (45) Pierre Benichou Anglesey Geophysical Service L. Decker Dawson Baird Petrophysical International J.H. Frasher Benchmark Geophysical Consulting P.C. Havens Ltd. W.E. Laing Berglan Geophysical Services, Inc. George E. Parker BioEnvironmental Associates Scott Petty, Jr. Bishop Consulting Services* J.M. Proffitt Elwin M. Peacock D. Gale Reese Energy Innovations, Inc. Charles H. Ritchie Energy Innovations Ltd. Geoscience Departments of Exploration Consultants Ltd. Operating Companies (20) Exploration Employment Service, Inc. ENI S.p.A. Divisione Agip. Exploration Geodesy, Inc. Amerada Hess Corporation Exploration Management Associates BHP Petroleum Inc. Exploration Partners International Ltd. BP-Amoco Gene Womack Chang Qing Geophysical Exploration Geophysical Consultants Ltd. Company (GEOCON) Chevron U.S.A. Production Company

*Far East Chapter member

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Geophysical Consultants (SE Asia) Sdn. Offshore Surveys International Ltd. Bhd. Proforma, Inc. Geophysical Safety Resources Ltd. P.T. Geoservices* Gulf Geophysical Inc. Robert A. Booher GX Technology Corporation Rocky Mountain Permit Services, Inc. Houston Geoscan Inc. Rogers Environmental & Safety Services Hydrosearch Associates Ltd. Scott Pickford Group Ltd. International Medicine Center Seismic Management Services Ltd. J-D and Associates Seismic & Land Services J.E. Markham South West Surveys Jim Labo Syndicate Oil Services Kail Consulting, Ltd. TechSafe International, Inc. Lynn M. Chenault Thoem & Associates M.W. Covil Vision Project Services, Inc. Murray Saxton F.Z. Woodward

*Far East Chapter member

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Vignettes on the Teaching of Geophysics

There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new age. Niccole Machiavelli (1469–1527)

Comments on the Early Years of the Lamont Geological Observatory—Professor Maurice Ewing1 Our program of work at sea started in 1935, when the late Dr. Bowie of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and Professor Richard Field of Princeton came and pointed out to me the importance of making some measurements of the depth to basement rocks off the east coast of the United States. I was then an instructor in physics at Lehigh Universi- ty and had practically no knowledge of geology.… These men [indicated that there was] the possibility of getting a grant of $2000 from the Geological Society of Amer- ica to support the field work of this project. The grant was obtained, and we made our first tests on the ship Oceanographer of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Captain Nicholas H. Heck of the Coast Survey was a keen supporter of this project, and actually made one of the early trips with us. After these first tests, we did further work on the ship Atlantis of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the autumn of the same year.We were able to trace the basement rock from the outcrop near Petersburg, Virginia almost to the edge of the continental shelf. After this, Professor Field and Dr. Bowie urged us to undertake work in the deep ocean basin. At this time the group consisted of myself and one or two graduate students, and our ship facilities consisted of two weeks each year as guests of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute aboard the Atlantis. It requires much development of

1 Extract from an unpublished report, “A Short History of Lamont Geological Observatory,” dictated on 19 April 1955 by Professor Ewing and submitted to Mr. Richard Stevens, Resident Representa- tive for the Office of Naval Research. The commentary has been edited to some degree by rear- ranging the location of several paragraphs to provide improved continuity. The document provides an interesting overview of what a great marine geophysicist thought was particularly important some four decades ago—actions, of course, which, in 1978, led to the SEG’s top honorary award being named in his honor and, somewhat coincidentally, awarded that same year to Cecil H. Green, whose vignette follows in Appendix D.

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new techniques to get good measurements of the sediment thickness in the deep ocean basins. I was able to devote full time to it for two years by virtue of a grant from the John Simmon Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled me to take leave of absence from Lehigh University. I have always felt that this grant marked the real turning point in my career.… At about this time we also initiated work in photography of the ocean bottom. On a small grant of funds from the National Geographic Society, we built a few cameras that were very successful, and to this day almost all of the photographs of the ocean bottom in depths greater than a few tens of fathoms have been taken by us or with our cameras. An incident which occurred in the early days of this work is a good illustration of the difficulty we have had in raising the funds necessary to keep the program going. After the ﬁrst work in 1935 I realized that I had found the kind of work which I would like to do the rest of my life, so I organized a prospectus with a view to submitting it to a number of people in the oil business and getting a small annual grant from each of several companies to support a modest program of research. This proposal received no support whatever, and I was told that work out in the ocean could not possibly be of interest to the shareholder and could not rightfully receive one nickel of the shareholders’ money. This was the year 1935 and these were the tidelands that have since become so important in the petroleum business. I can safely say that no project to explore any part of the earth can possibly look more remote from commercial application today than the investigation of the tidelands looked to these leaders in the petroleum industry in 1935. Just before the outbreak of World War II, the National Defense Research Com- mittee was formed to promote research on projects important for national defense. I took leave of absence from Lehigh and went to Woods Hole to work on one of these contracts. Two of my Lehigh students, A. C. Vine and J. L. Worzel, went with me, and this formed the nucleus of the present team. Our wartime work consisted in the application of underwater sound and photography to problems of submarine warfare. We started out on an anti-submarine project but inevitably were led into some developments that were useful for pro-submarine applications. Toward the end of the war we developed a long-range system of underwater sound signaling for which the Navy made the name SOFAR. It had important possibilities for air-sea rescue purposes, but has always got bogged down in bureaucracy to the extent that no appreciable use has ever been made of it. We were quite fortunate professionally in our wartime experiences in that they involved the use of equipment and methods that were very close to the line of work we had followed before the war and after it.2 Toward the end of the war I was offered a chair at Columbia University to initiate instruction and research in geophysics. It turned out that a number of my colleagues there were disappointed when it developed that the bulk of my effort would be devoted to investigations of the oceans. They had rather hoped for a program of work that would apply more directly to the mining industry. But the program has ﬂourished well

2 Unbeknownst to Ewing, at the time of this writing, the Navy had a major secret operation (CAE- SAR) underway that would soon utilize his deep sea “sound channel” for monitoring screw noises of maritime shipping, including those of Soviet submarines, via the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS).

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enough that there has certainly been no opposition to it within the University, and it now receives strong encouragement from the administration and from our Depart- ment of Geology. This encouragement does not include any assistance with the financial problems. The University was operating in the red at the time we started our program, and had insisted from the start that it could not assume any additional financial responsibilities. The move to Columbia marked the beginning of a marvelous growth in our program. Mr. Worzel had come to Columbia as a graduate student at the end of the war, and continued to serve as the nucleus of the team while obtaining his Ph.D. degree.… The team has been very largely built up of our own graduate students and, as a result, is remarkably coherent and cooperative. We succeeded in measuring the thickness of sediment in the ocean basin at a number of places and found it to be only about 2000 feet. Unexpectedly we were able to measure the thickness of the basaltic layer beneath the sediment and show that it was only about two miles in thickness. This constitutes the entire crust of the earth under the ocean basin, and the contrast between this thin crust and the crust twenty miles thick or so which underlies the continents, amounts to proof of the permanence of the ocean basins. The transition zone between continent and ocean is the difficult part to investigate, and we are now working on that by several different methods and believe that by understanding it we will understand the mechanism by which continents have grown from nothing, or from small nuclei to their present size.3 The demonstration that the total accumulation of sediment in the ocean basins is only about 2000 feet and that this sediment is unconsolidated sets up a very challenging project which promises results of the greatest importance in almost every field of science. This is the project for penetrating the 2000 feet of sediment beneath the three miles of water and sampling it from the ocean floor to the underlying basaltic rock.This should contain a very complete record of the evolution of life with very con- spicuous changes in sediment character corresponding to the first development of ani- mals which could concentrate calcium carbonate shells, the first development of plants which would produce free oxygen in the atmosphere, and give clues about the most primitive forms of life through their chemical and biochemical activity. Beneath this, at the very bottom of this sediment, should be clear evidence of the kind of earth we had at the time when water first began to accumulate in the oceans. To date, this question has been the subject of much high-level mathematical study.Very divergent con- clusions have been reached, and the consequences of definite information about this point would affect fields as far apart as astronomy and biology. The project is entirely feasible. To date we have developed a sampling apparatus which penetrates as much as 60 feet into these unconsolidated sediments and has brought together the greatest collection of submarine sediment samples in the world—a total of about 1500 long cores of sediment from the deep sea. The research team which we have got together now includes slightly over a hundred people. A

3 Although Ewing was a major holdout in subscribing to the Hess-Dietz concept postulated in 1961–62 that continents were permanent lithospheric blocks and oceans temporary features, by 1968 many of his proteges, including J.R. Heirtzler, B. Isacks, J. Oliver, X. Le Pichon, and L. R. Sykes had presented seminal papers proving the existence of what is today called, “plate techtonics.”

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number of these are part-time students, and a number of them are clerical, technical, and mechanical technicians, but it requires a large team like this to undertake the large problems of the character of that just mentioned. Our work in measurements of gravity at sea has gone on primarily under the leadership of Dr. Worzel, and if we get continued support in this line, we hope to have, within the next decade, enough of these measurements to permit a new determination of the figure of the earth, in addition to definitive information about many important geological features such as the edges of continents and the volcanic island arcs. The next big turning point in our affairs came in 1949, when the Lamont Geo- logical Observatory was founded through a gift of property by the late Mrs. Thomas W.Lamont. At that time we were provided with an operating fund of $400 000 which was to constitute our assured support for the first six-year period. We have just completed that six years, and have produced a very gratifying series of scientific reports on work accomplished during the time. At about the time the Observatory was established, we felt it necessary to begin the study of earthquake seismology, and since then have built up what we consider to be the best seismological observatory in the world. We have concentrated on study of the propagation of surface waves along continental paths, and the contrast between these and the waves which have traveled over oceanic paths. From this study we have been able to demonstrate conclusively that the results about the oceanic crust found in the relatively small area which we could investigate by actual voyages are typical of the oceans of the world. Our work in seismology has received wide recognition. It started primarily as a project between Frank Press, then a graduate student, and myself, but like the other things, it has grown. A considerable group of our people is now working in what we call model seismology. Laboratory-size scale models of various geological formations and ultimately of the whole earth are put together, and the propagation of vibrations through these is used as a guide to what happens in earthquake- and explosion-generated waves. We are finding wonderful results in our study of the sediment cores from the deep sea. There is a clear record here of the end of the last glaciation, and a demonstration that it was an abrupt event, as far as the oceans were concerned. The opinion formed by all of those who have studied evidences of glaciation on land was that it was a tran- sitional event, probably still in progress. The discovery that it was abrupt, as far as the ocean is concerned, will certainly prove a most valuable clue to the eventual discovery of the reason for these glaciations. At present we have only speculation, much of it of the wildest possible type, about the cause of those enormous changes in climate. We have added a group under the leadership of Professor J. L. Kulp which works on the general problems of geochemistry. In addition to a considerable program of measuring the ages of rocks from various radioactive analyses, this group is, in my opinion, the leading one in the world for definitive studies on the changes in the level of radioactivity due to experiments in fission carried out throughout the world, and I am certain that the leadership of this group will be well recognized when the expected change in classification of information makes it possible for them to publish their results. We have been studying changes in the earth’s magnetic field over the oceans by towing behind our research vessel a magnetometer which measures the total strength

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of the earth’s magnetic field. This is an adaptation of the airborne magnetometer which has been of importance in exploration for minerals in the past few years. It is my belief that we will produce truly revolutionary results from these studies within the next two years. We [also] have a fine program of work in submarine topography which has led to the discovery of abyssal plains and an explanation of their origin. The North Atlantic has been divided into new physiographic provinces, ordinary submarine canyons shown to extend to depths greater than two miles, and a new type of mid-ocean canyon discovered on it. Under a grant recently awarded by the Rockefeller Foundation, we are about to undertake a study of the productivity of food materials in the ocean. Dr. Gifford Pin- chot, now at Yale University, plans to come here and head up this work. We believe this program of work will expand and will constitute a positive action in response to the prolonged outcry about the necessity for developing additional sources of food if the population of the earth is to continue its growth. In addition, the study of the distribution of small organisms in the present-day ocean will be of great advantage to us in interpreting the climatic changes of the past as recorded in the fossil remains of these organisms.… I believe that we have built up here a unique team of scientists, unique in the diversity of techniques which it can bring to bear on problems and in the fundamental importance of the problems in which the group is interested. It can truly be said that practically every project in this laboratory—certainly every major project—has a direct and important bearing on all others, and that there is the fullest cooperation between people working on the various projects. In fact, there is much overlapping and interlocking of personnel, so that the group can work almost as efficiently as a single individual could do.… I believe that this integrated group of scientists, this group of facilities which includes the ship, the chemical laboratory, the collection of sediment cores, and the great seismograph station constitute a facility comparable with the greatest cyclotron or the greatest telescope, and it is unique. It is as though there was just one cyclotron in the world and we had control of it, or just one big telescope in the world and we had control of it. It is true that there are other groups in the general field, but none has a comparable integration of personnel and techniques, or such concentration on the major problems. Learning Geophysics from Professor George P. Woollard— Ned A. Ostenso4 George Woollard was a refreshingly irreverent person. His vast reservoir of sanctity for the human spirit and human feelings did not spill over to human foibles and institutions.5 I first met George quite by accident in the winter of 1952, and our association has been a vignette of hundreds of others who share the rare opportunity to be associated with him. It all began with my need for a final elective three-credit course with-

4 Remarks of Dr. Ostenso, Director, Sea Grant Program Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, at a Memorial Service for Professor Woollard on 19 April 1979.

5 He and his wife, Eleanore, having four natural children, adopting five others, and supporting 18 fos- ter children, indicate Woollard’s special compassion for children.

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in the Department of Geology to meet the minimum requirements (which were my maximum requirements) for a baccalaureate degree in what I fondly hoped to be my terminal semester of college. A necessary requirement for my selection was that the course not start at 7:45 a.m. The selection was rather limited because geology professors tend to be early starters, and I had taken all the easy courses. Seemingly, the least distasteful choice was a relatively new course called “Geophysics,” taught by a guy called George Woollard. Although his personal class attendance can be most charita- bly described as spotty, he completely transformed my views of science, the earth, and myself. Rather than a dry compilation of facts, textbooks became frameworks for struc- tured questioning. The printed word did not square with what he and Brackett Hersey observed a couple of years ago off the Carolina Coast. If Statements “A” and “B” are both true, then how can we possibly have “C”? For example, the Charleston, North Carolina earthquake, which was one of the greatest ever recorded in North America, occurred thousands of miles from areas of normal earthquake activity. Why? “We’ve just got a proposal funded, Bill Bonini and some of the boys are going to try to find the answer, and we’re looking for help.” Parenthetically, I might add that some months later, while sitting in a Columbia, South Carolina jail, Bill, Don Plouff, Jack Mack, and I had time to discuss the pluses and minuses of providing George with “help”! The sepia-and-celluloid-collared scientists that stared bloodlessly from the text- book pages were replaced by the exploits of the Ewing Brothers, Dick Geyer, Teddy Bullard, Bert Crary, and Walter Munk—to mention but a few of the happy and hap- less adventurers who filled our lives through George Woollard’s special style of “non- teaching.” We were encouraged to wonder about all the wondrous things for which we had never given a single thought. Why are there continents and ocean basins? Why have all continents been seas at various times in their history, whereas there is no evidence that an ocean has ever been dry land? Why does the Earth have an internal magnetic field and why does this field exhibit certain dynamic properties? What is the internal constitution of the Earth? Why earthquakes? And so on. We were given all the scanty and conflicting evidence and challenged to evaluate it, to propose experiments to test it, and most exciting of all, tantalized by the prospects of participating in the grand adventure. Half-way through the semester, I was committed to go on to graduate school and approached George on the subject. Let me be explicit here in stating that at this point in time my academic credentials were less than stellar. My first semester as a freshman at Eau Claire State Teachers College was spent marking time awaiting my appoint- ment to Annapolis. My social life was straight A’s! My second semester was spent brooding over having failed the Academy physical examination and trying to punish my parents for making me stay in college when I wanted to join the Marines. That semester I even flunked social life. The following summer I continued my higher education working in the local canning factory. The hours were long and the pay 75¢ per hour. The niceties of time-and-a-half for overtime and double-time for Sundays and holidays had not yet been invented. The work was wet and miserable for us all— except for the guys who walked around with clipboards. They weren’t wet and hag- gard. They looked pretty well fed, rested, and seemed to be actually enjoying them- selves. Right then, I decided that the clipboard job was the job for me—enough of stuff-

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ing lids into canning machines—and I fancied that a college degree was the surest and shortest way to a clipboard job. It was with nothing more than a clipboard in mind that I set my academic sights as I moved on to the Madison campus and began in earnest the delicate balancing act of selecting the easiest courses that did not start too early in the morning. The ensemble of this highly selective process led me de facto towards a degree in geology and the aforementioned encounter with George Woollard. My singular lack of collegiate performance to date did not bother George one whit. I was willing, I had the blush of new-found youthful enthusiasm, and he figured I would work cheap. That was good enough for George, and the niceties of getting me admitted to graduate school and accepted by the Department were, like sex and religion, something gentlemen didn’t discuss. Through some mysterious combination of his awesome gall and guile, George got me into graduate school, and I found myself crammed into his outer office in the basement of Science Hall. My first encounter was a mothy vintage bearskin suspended from the ceiling and the greater part of two-thirds of a dried-out rattlesnake. These proved to be the most benign denizens of that room now so hallowed in many of our memories. There were also Bob Meyer, John Rose, Bill Black, Rodger Chapman, Bill Heinze, Phoebe Pierce, Ed Thiel, and John Behrendt, to name but a few.This rich zoo- logical mix had certain experiences in common which was a strong uniting force: none of us ever took a course from George that we didn’t end up teaching ourselves; we all wondered where George was; we all became infected with George’s working habit which was to keep going ’till you dropped—and then start over again when you came to; and most importantly, the exhilarating sense that we were inventing as we were learning. My first “official” act as a new graduate student was to enter George’s inner office where I was astonished to see him dancing about the floor strewn with bits of paper. This ritual, I was informed, had nothing to do with geophysics but rather a ceremony in honor of the University’s business office. It was called “aging” receipts. Of all the things that have and could be said of George Woollard, he has never been accused of being organized. The orderly collection and retention of receipts from his multitudi- nous travels represented management acumen to which he never aspired. His system of doing travel accounts had, like the common pyre, the elegance of ultimate simplic- ity. He knew how much he left with and he knew how much he came back with— the difference is what he spent. To satisfy the less elegantly minded accountants, at the end of each trip he would pass out a motley array of scraps of paper to his students who had to produce two receipts each—one with the right hand and one with the left hand. We were graded on our originality! These receipts were then aged under foot. In addition to serving as George’s sanctum sanctorum, we found his inner office a convenient place to store dynamite left over from or in anticipation of seismic experiments. The only bowing I have seen George do to higher authority was when he started stashing the explosives under his desk and some of the more nervous of the custo- dial force complained to buildings and grounds management. Looking back now, those were primitive days without the headlines of the new global tectonics, earthquake prediction, satellites, upper-mantle projects, and so forth. Nevertheless, they were truly exciting days—I think mainly for three reasons. First, there was a sense of self-sufficiency.What we had was pretty much what we

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made. There were no Academy committees or international consortia to generate research ideas. There were few companies to supply the instruments we needed even if we could afford “store-bought” stuff. There was no support staff of technicians and data processors.And there were few research grants.The grant that supported my Mas- ter’s thesis research was the generous loan of George’s personal gasoline credit card— I suspect [his wife] Eleanore actually paid for it. Secondly, and somewhat in contrast, there was a strong sense of togetherness in George’s basement room plus a feeling of common purpose and kinship that drew from the strength of George’s character.This was an aura that was shared with Woods Hole and Lamont by virtue of his association with these institutions. The fortunate amongst us remember the annual (in those days one didn’t have to specify Spring) AGU meetings in Washington when we would all descend on the old Gordon Hotel. The Gordon was a masterful statement of what hotels were meant to be—cavernous rooms that could be rented for $8.00 as a double and into which an additional six sleeping bags would easily fit. The management dignified the then unknown expression—“benign neglect.” Frank Press, George Sutton, Jack Nafe, Paul Pomeroy, John Ewing, Chuck Drake, Joe Worzel, and others would join us there.We drank in the good fellowship and shared sense of discovery along with the more tangible spirits of the Hay-Adams Hotel Bar. We couldn’t afford to stay at the "Hay" but we liked to drink in style—the ol’ Woollard élan. Thirdly, George shared with his students the rich array of his personal friends: Sam Worden, Nelson Steenland, Cecil Green, Louis Slichter, Louie Nettleton, Lucien La Coste, Teddy Bullard, and others. These were truly pioneers. We stood in their awe and were privileged to be in their presence. Wherever we traveled throughout the world our identification with George Woollard opened doors and hearts. My story could go on for hours, and thousands more could be told by others whose lives have been touched by George. But I cannot stop without a final comment on the indelibility of that touch. Once one became a member of the Woollard “family,” it was a lifetime affair. For instance, while doing my Army service in Alaska, it seemed perfectly natural that I should spend my weekends and leave-time doing a gravity survey of the then “territory.” Somehow, he got me one of Sam Worden’s meters, and I “gumshoed” the jeeps, planes, and boats to do the job. Later, while gainfully employed with Geophysical Service Inc., looking for oil in the Gulf of Mexico, George volun- teered my services for a year-and-a-half tour in the interior of Antarctica. It never occurred to me that I shouldn’t go. The only surprise was when I learned, two days before we sailed, that I was actually going to get paid for going—$1800 a year yet! More significantly, George set the standards against which I have measured my judgment and performance since we first met over a quarter of a century ago. The lessons he taught were the lessons of life, not just the relative significance of a Bouguer versus a free air anomaly. That such a great heart has stopped beating is more than pause for reverence—it is also pause for concern. We must take stock of a world without George Woollard and wonder what a poorer place it must be unless someone else picks up the trace. We must look to ourselves. To achieve George’s stature most sure- ly exceeds our reach. But if we strive, the many of us who have known and been influ- enced by him and come even half way to the mark, can, together, perpetuate his great- ness for another generation—and maybe others to come. This is our challenge.

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Vignettes on Geophysical Prospecting

Reflections on the Field of Exploration Geophysics—Cecil H. Green1 My long career in exploration geophysics and electronics has entailed only a faint line of separation between work and pleasure. At this later time in life, I have reached the important conclusion that success in life is mainly a function of one’s state of mind— or in a single word—“happiness.” This, in turn, is tied to a second important word, “accomplishment.” Just how and why did I get started in exploration geophysics in the first place? After all, I had grown up in far-away British Columbia and had then grad- uated as an electrical engineer at MIT in New England. However, it turned out that, in 1930, I was associated in Palo Alto, California as a production engineer with Charles V.Litton in the electronics shop of the Federal Telegraph Company, a subsidiary of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT). I soon admired Litton as one of the smartest young men I had ever met.2 He could go into the machine shop, take over from the best toolmaker, proceed to show him how to do a job better, and then return to his own office to perform a mathematical analysis of some other problem on the blackboard. At the same time, while designing and building 20-kilowatt transmitting tubes for ITT’s overseas radio system, Charlie had become one of the most capable glass-to-metal technologists in the United States. I mention this detail because this is where a new company, named Geophysical Service Inc. (or GSI for short), first entered the picture. Charlie’s preferred daily work regime with molten glass and metal was from late afternoon until long after midnight. I became greatly intrigued and understudied him after my regular work schedule, with the result that I found myself putting in far too many 12–15-hour days. Quite naturally, Ida, my wife, got just a little discouraged with her loneliness and so expressed her- self in correspondence with Helen, the wife of Roland F. Beers, with whom I had worked on a previous research assignment with Raytheon back in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. When I had left for the West Coast, Roland transferred first to Submarine Sig- nal Corp. and then to Geophysical Research Corp. (GRC), a subsidiary of Amerada

1 Presented on 3 November 1980 to the Dallas Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Mr. Green’s remarks are based on having spent 50 years in petroleum geophysics dating back to 1930.

2 Litton went on to found the firm which eventually became a conglomerate, Litton Industries, and the owner of the Western Geophysical Company until 1994.

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Petroleum Corporation. Then, in early 1930, when J. C. Karcher and Eugene McDer- mott elected to leave GRC to launch GSI as a completely independent seismic exploration service company, several other GRC associates, such as Roland Beers, H. Bates Peacock, Ken Burg, Henry Salvatori, and Chalmers Pittman, left as well to become party chiefs for the new firm based in Dallas, Texas. In spite of the great depression, prevailing at that time, business was so good that additional party chiefs had to be recruited. Because of our previous association in the Boston area with Raytheon, cou- pled with his knowledge via our two wives that I had become a workaholic out in Palo Alto, Roland purposely mailed me a glowing account of the exciting life of a petroleum explorationist. Ida was, of course, quite amenable and so I succumbed to an attractive job offer from Eugene McDermott—a letter which I still have in my memorabil- ia file. I included Charlie Litton in my notice of resignation from Federal Telegraph and I still hear his friendly, but harsh, criticism and his reference to the utter folly of looking for new oil because all storage tanks were already overflowing. But the die was cast! Ida and I drove our Oldsmobile from Palo Alto to Seminole, Oklahoma, where I understudied Roland Beers as Party Chief on his crew under contract to Pure Oil. His visiting geologist, Ira Cram, was most cooperative. Then, on 1 October 1930, I became party chief of GSI’s tenth field party, headquartered 12 miles away in the big town of Maud, Oklahoma, population 275, and under contract to Twin States Oil Company, a subsidiary of Sun Oil Company. My observer was Bill McDermott and computer, Chester Donnally. I experienced many interesting adventures during the next 12 months as we moved at frequent intervals to such Oklahoma towns as Seminole, 1 Prague, Stillwater, Perry, and Guthrie. Seismic energy was, of course, provided by 2 ⁄2 inch diameter sticks of Hercules 60% nitroglycerine sticks of dynamite. Since this was before the advent of truck-mounted drill rigs, shotholes were obtained with bucket augers built by the Hall Company.You real old-timers will recall this hole-digging process as “Bear down and turn to the right!”3 This was accomplished by three-men labor crews—two men to turn the auger handle, while the third sat on the handle to provide necessary weight as successive 4-foot pipe extensions were added until the hole reached its desired depth of 19 feet. Six closely spaced holes had to be drilled at each shot point, designated ahead of time by the crew surveyor with a stake decorated with yellow flagging. As many as six holes per shot were necessary, since the amplifiers of that early day did not feature automatic volume control, so successive charges of dynamite, of varying size per hole, had to be detonated in order to obtain the optimum reflection amplitude. Water from a truck-mounted tank was used for tamping each charge. A telephone line over the length of the spread of 1500 to 3000 feet between the layout of six seismometers and shotpoint provided communication between the observer and shooter. The shooter would advise by telephone when each charge had been pushed to the

3 One of GSI’s newer employees, Edward Fain, was promptly assigned to hand auger duty. In the process of grumbling about it, he asked a partner on what device he had been hired as. The answer was simple—“President,” for the individual was no less than J. C. Karcher! Fain became a topflight observer, but still was noted for his complaining. Wherever his crew happened to be was the world’s worst place, while the last place they had been was usually termed the world’s best.

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bottom of its hole and tamped with water.The observer would then start hand crank- ing the four-inch record through the camera as he told the shooter to fire; the shooter then quickly pushed down the handle of his old-fashioned blasting machine to detonate the charges. The instant of detonation was transmitted automatically from the blaster via the telephone line to be recorded as a “time-break” at the beginning of the reflection record. The surveyor’s distance from shotpoint to each of the seismometers at the recorder’s set-up was then checked by means of a blastphone—the time taken for the air wave generated by a very small charge, detonated at the surface, to travel at an air velocity of 1100 feet per second. The small number of seismometers was offset by their size and weight. They were our so-called S-2 “jugs”—cylindrical, 6 inches diameter, 15 inches tall, 30 lbs weight, and comprising a stationary coil and moving magnet mounted on leaf springs—such heavy moving system being properly damped by the right weight of oil. Each of these cylindrical jugs had to be buried in hand auger holes in order to minimize wind dis- turbance. At the same time, set-ups near trees were avoided in order to avoid wind noise transmitted by nearby roots. The essential unit in the recording camera was the so-called “harp”—comprising five 0.00065-inch-diameter gold wires, stretched between two ivory bridges. In the bright light of a properly focused optical system, each of these five small wires, whether stationary, or moving in response to an amplified signal from its particular seismometer, produced a so-called trace on 4-inch-wide photographic paper as it was hand-cranked through the camera by the observer. The camera also included a miniature sized hand-started synchronous motor driven by an electrically actuated tuning fork—the ten tines on its small fly wheel casting timing lines at 0.01-second intervals across the recording paper,so that the reflection arrivals on each of the five traces could be timed to the nearest 0.001 second by the party chief in his field office—that is, after the record had been developed, fixed, and dried by the observer’s helper as he caught the exposed record with his hand in the developer box located beneath the camera. Interpretation in the field office by the party chief, with an assistant as a computer, was a process of identifying reflection patterns and correlating same throughout the particular area, or prospect. Corrections for reflection traveltime through the weathering, near-surface material, was measured at each seismometer by the observer who recorded shallow refraction traveltimes using very small dynamite charges detonated in shallow auger holes beyond each end of the seismometer array. After thus correcting for weathering, as well as the surveyor’s surface elevation data, reflection arrival times were then converted to depths utilizing a chart based on time versus depth information from nearby velocity profiles or from direct measurements in a nearby dry oil well in the general area. In the case of our central Oklahoma work, the prime reflection horizon was an Ordovician limestone known as the Viola. I still recall the wonderment of our crew’s wives and their speculations that, since their men talked so much about Viola, she must obviously be quite a girl. In correlating the reflection patterns in a new prospect, the initial reconnaissance objective was, of course, to discover any reversal from normal regional dip for the prime reflection horizon. Unless such reversal was discovered fairly early, the prospect would be abandoned. On the other hand, an indication of reverse dip would then war- rant additional or fill-in reflection profiles to outline a hoped-for anomaly for a subse-

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quent test well. One can’t help remembering the aggressive acts of field scouts paid by oil companies other than one’s client firm. Indeed, it became very much a game to do one’s best in leading scouts astray in order that they would not be aware that interest was intensifying in a given prospect as the need arose to do fill-in profiling. I would make a personal observation at this point. After starting my professional career as an electrical engineer in both research and production, I had come to the conclusion that exploration seismology gave me the greatest measure of pleasure and satisfaction for the field comprised a wonderful combination of technology and people. I was also impressed that people in exploration rate highest in both personality and integrity. I learned also that Mother Nature can be coy and inconsistent so that whenever you feel you have her completely discerned, she is then ready to throw you a curve. So, in line with this experience, I finally concluded that whenever you meet a geologist, or a geophysicist, who is an egotist, you can be quite sure that you are lis- tening to a beginner. Back in those days of the 1930s, before there were rigid controls on the number of hours worked, our prime objective was to satisfy the client company with a daily level of good information. If breakdowns occurred or trucks were mired overly long on muddy roads, a crew might then find itself working in the field by moonlight, but this could be offset by returning to town in the middle of the afternoon on other days if everything had worked perfectly. That was also back in the days of Prohibition, so alcoholic stills were very preva- lent in the wooded hills of central Oklahoma. One afternoon I elected to visit my field crew, hoping that as I walked from my car through the woods I would not be shot as a possible “revenooer” by some trigger-happy “moonshiner.” I found the crew eventually, but instead of working, the observer and his men were asleep in the shade of the recording truck. On awakening them with a few kicks, I then listened to a plausible story: Thus, while the hand auger crew was drilling its six 19-foot holes at the survey- or’s stake with its yellow flagging in a creek bed beneath a large cottonwood tree, a farmer came over the brow of the nearby hill. He was Mr. Snow, the owner of that particular land, and wanted to know why holes were being dug there and, of course, the answer was, “We are fixing to set off a little dynamite in order to find some oil.” His quick response was, “Dynamite! Hell, I have six kegs of whiskey buried right there. Could you move up or down the creek?” Since the crew felt that the surveyor was probably not “exacting,” they very willingly moved the shotpoint about 100 feet up the creek. In return for their ready cooperation, my crew explained to me that Mr. Snow then insisted that they walk over the hill to enjoy his hospitality, which consisted of “corn squeezings” fresh from the spigot of his still. “Mr. Green, since we are on his land, how could we refuse his kind hospitality?” I agreed, especially since our client representative had not happened on this sleepy situation before I did. As I was beginning to regard Oklahoma as my newly adopted home, the East Texas oil field suddenly came on stream in mid-1931, resulting in a panic price drop in oil to as low as 10–15¢ per barrel, which resulted in an equally sudden cancellation of seismic exploration. Karcher and McDermott urged as many of us as possible to please get off the payroll for awhile by either returning to some previous job or to graduate studies. I elected to help out by communicating with my old friend, Charlie Litton. “Sure, come on back to your old job, now that you have probably learned your lesson.” Very soon after I had returned to Palo Alto, ITT announced that its Federal

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Telegraph operation would be moved back to Newark, New Jersey. Charlie elected to resign rather than move back East with the result I had no other choice than to take his place as manager of the Electronics Lab back in Newark. This seemed like retro- gression to me, but Eugene McDermott came to my rescue 12 months later when, in July 1932, he telephoned that the depressing effect of the East Texas field was beginning to be absorbed. “Would I please come back to my job as party chief, especially since a small anomaly I had mapped just south of Perry, Oklahoma was now a new oil discovery?” I said “yes” and then tackled the task of telling Mr. Clements, Chief Engi- neer of Federal Telegraph, that I planned to resign. His immediate response was, “Cecil, if this is your strategy for getting a raise in pay, the answer is no!” He was flab- bergasted when I told him that I was completely serious about leaving. So his next response was, “Where can you possibly go for another job in this great depression?” He followed that by giving Ida and myself a very pleasant farewell dinner. We were soon on our way to Corning, New York, after loading six S2 seismometers in my car trunk obtained from Erik Jonsson, then in charge of a small GSI shop in nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey. My first job upon returning to GSI was shooting a small prospect at nearby Campbell, New York, with W. W. “Ike” Newton as observer, J. W. Thomas, computer, and Phil Gaby, driller, on a portable spudder rig. The client was a small independent operator who drilled a test well on our resultant anomaly— then the following year he brought Karcher and me back into a Brooklyn Court because his well turned out to be a dry hole instead of a gas producer.The judge soon dismissed the case since seismic exploration is certainly not a direct oil-finding method, nor could the absence of geologic structure be verified by one lonely test well. The next four years were full of interesting experiences in many small towns throughout Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Northern Louisiana. Thus, while working for Seaboard Oil Company, I recall mapping a structure at Indian Gap, Hamilton County, Texas. A test well revealed the presence of gas rather than oil for which I received a friendly “bawling-out” by Chief Geologist, Ray Stehr—his criticism being, “What good is gas when we want oil?” Another structure was mapped for Seaboard, south of Minden, North Louisiana, which was drilled to the Woodbine sand—a dry hole! I had no trouble getting permission to run a velocity survey before the well was abandoned. Schlumberger cables were not then available so it meant taping about 5000 feet of lamp cord to a simple acid bottle line. Fortunately, we made our velocity measurement as we lowered the seismometer to the bottom of the well, because as we started to raise the seismometer through the heavy mud, the small steel line broke. So we obtained our velocity information, but at the cost of our geophone. Ray Stehr laughingly stated that we had done a good job of helping to fill a useless well! A year later, Stehr changed his mind completely. Seaboard had decided to resume drilling, and he worried about the possible difficulty of drilling through our lost geophone. He also noted in a friendly way that we might be sued in case of blockage. As might be expected, the geophone was merely pushed into the sidewall as the well was carried on down to the Pettit zone where it became a distillate producer. On being promoted to the position of supervisor, life became even more exciting because of continued adventures but on a worldwide basis. An episode in Southern California is worth mentioning. While headquartered in Los Angeles, I tried to add to

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our client customers by calling repeatedly on the Chief Geophysicist of the Superior Oil Company. I finally caught up with him at a social gathering. When he admitted that he had been avoiding me at his office, I told him that I was anxious to talk to him about a possible contract with GSI. His response was “Over my dead body!” Natural- ly, I asked him why. His answer was straightforward, “When I was about to graduate from O.U. ten years ago, I wrote your dear Dr. Karcher asking for a job. I am still waiting for an answer.” I have remained forever mindful of that important lesson in people relations. Accompanying George M. Cunningham, the Chief Geologist for Standard Oil Company (California), around the world during 1939–40 provided more experiences. GSI was then conducting our first seismic marine survey in the Persian Gulf—one off Bahrain Island. This was much before the advent of seismic streamers. Fortunately, the water was only 20 feet deep—also crystal clear because of the bottom material being a smooth white marl. We were able to use a vertical spread comprising four Type-S10 seismometers on either side of the shot point. Each seismometer was dropped over- board from a small Arab dhow at marked intervals. They generally settled upright on the bottom because of being surmounted by a small metal parachute. Before shooting began, it was necessary to check visually from the surface to make certain each geophone was in an upright position. In case of any being on their side, one of the Arab helpers with pearl-diving experience would dive down to it, for which he was glad to receive a one-rupee bonus. We did not know enough to detonate charges in the water, so shot holes drilled beneath the bottom, with casing reaching to the surface for easy loading, were provided by a barge-mounted rotary drill rig. Surveying was by sight tri- angulation with towers on frequent islets and coral reefs. One night, when I was on the headquarters barge, a strong seasonal gale from the north (a “shamal”) not only caused us to drag our anchors over the smooth marl bottom but, more seriously, the Arab dhow carrying our supply of dynamite disappeared. Knowing the direction of the previous night’s wind, it was easy for our observer and a retired British Navy officer to find the dynamite dhow on a beach in the nearby sheikdom of Dhofar. Our men were very relieved to find the dynamite intact in the dhow.After apologizing to some of the local Bedouins for defiling their beach with the uninvited dhow and its unsavory cargo, our men promised to return the next day with a larger craft to remove both the dhow and its cargo. This announced plan was, of course, a real mistake, because the local Bedouins very quickly surmised that anything worth coming back for must be valuable in spite of the fact that, on tasting a slice from one of the dynamite sticks, it did not seem a palatable food. So when our men returned the next day, the dhow was on the beach, but its cargo had disappeared. Without mentioning the word, dynamite, our men tried to scare the local Bedouins by describing the cargo as very unhealthy and therefore undesirable to retain in their country. By that time the local sheik had taken full possession and, on being proposi- tioned, he demanded a preposterous ransom equivalent to $25 000. There was only one thing left to do, which was to seek the counsel and aid of the British Political Agents of Bahrain and Dhofar. The Bahrain agent agreed to help by first stating that marine law would apply wherein anyone who salvages a ship’s cargo is entitled to only half its market value. Our estimate was $5000, so in quick time the two British agents obtained the release of the dynamite with our payment of $2500.

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At that time, the California–Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC), the pred- ecessor to the Arabian–American Oil Company (ARAMCO), was very unhappy that a test well drilled on seismic data known as Abu Hadrya Number One in the north- eastern part of Saudi Arabia near the Neutral Zone was giving indications that it would be a dry hole. The well had already penetrated without result all of the known Jurassic producing zones identified in the Damman Dome to the south of Dhahran, but it also had reached the unheard of depth (for foreign areas) of 2900 m. Everyone in CASOC’s Producing Department wanted to abandon the well and, at the same time, use this as a good reason for getting rid of the misleading geophysicists. Howev- er, the drilling superintendent had a peculiar feeling, based on his imagined smell of sulphur in the returning mud, that he might strike some new and deeper oil-producing zone. So it was agreed that he continue drilling until he either struck basement or ran out of drill stem or casing. This was the unhappy situation when George Cunningham and I left for Karachi, India. While we were together visiting a seismic party, an overnight train ride up the Indus River Valley, George received two cablegrams, one from San Francisco and the other from Dhahran. He decided to open the San Francisco message first because of it probably being from his boss, Clark Gester, the SOC vice president for production. Sure enough, it was, and the cryptic instruction, “Please return to Saudi Arabia before going on to Indonesia for the express purpose of making a post-mortem study re the loss of $1.5 million on the dry hole at Abu Hadrya.” While still moaning about such a disappointing message, I suggested that he read the second cablegram. It was also a cryptic message signed by Chief Geologist, Max Steineke at Dhahran, that Abu Hadrya had just struck oil at a depth of 10 200 feet and at a rate of 15 000 barrels per day. My next remark was to suggest that this was a very appropriate time to order up a cold beer! Soon after World War II, I found myself visiting Richmond Petroleum headquarters in Bogota, Colombia, before taking off on an unusual travel excursion to visit a seismic crew in the upper Magdalena River Valley. I was accompanied by the GSI Party Chief, Martin Linwell, by “Chuck” Ramsden, a field geologist for Richmond, and by a Colombian medical student, known as a “praciticanti,” who was carrying a thermos bottle of yellow fever serum to inoculate our crew because of the reported threat of a yellow fever outbreak. We first traveled by DC-3 aircraft from Bogota to Bucara- monga in the coffee-bean country, then by a small rail car powered by a Kalamazoo one-cylinder gasoline engine downgrade to Puerto Wilches on the Magdalena River, followed by moving on down the river by outboard-engine-powered canoe to Bocas del Rosario. Horses had been scheduled to meet us there for a ride via jungle trail to our houseboat on a nearby tributary of the Magdalena. While waiting in the town plaza for our horses, we decided to have a beer in a small grocery store.While the store owner was expressing his regrets for not having any Cervesa (a beer), Chuck opened the door of the refrigerator and found it fully stocked with beer as well as Coca Cola. The manager was full of apologies as he pointed to the heads of several peons who were watching us through the half open front door. He pleaded with us to accept Coca Cola instead of Cervesa because if he sold beer to us then he would have to sell beer to the watchful peons. Since their pockets were full of money, it being pay-day, they would drink too much, get terribly drunk, and wreck his store. We, of course,

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were willing to cooperate until we walked over to the waiting horses and found our “practicanti” missing. Very soon we saw him approaching us, carrying his thermos bottle plus a brown paper sack, and wearing a big smile. When asked as to the contents of the sack, he produced four cold bottles of Cervesa. We asked, of course, “Where did you get them?” His reply “In the store you have just left.” Naturally we asked, “How come, when we were turned down?” “Ah, but Senors, you offered money, while I asked if he would like an inoculation as protection against a bad yellow fever epidemic that is about to break out?” Naturally, our regard for our young Colombian friend increased tremendously in those few moments. In 1955, I had occasion to visit a seismic party near Exmouth Gulf in Western Aus- tralia. I had heard a year or so previously that CALTEX, in partnership with Western Australia Petroleum Company (WAPET), had acquired a new concession in that area. In response to my inquiry concerning seismic service, I was informed that the prime feature of the concession was a very prominent surface anticline, about 30 miles long, two or three miles wide, with 500 feet of relief and known as Rough Range. So all they really had to do was drill. As expected, oil was struck in the first well. At this juncture the market price of WAPET stock down in Perth escalated overnight from 10 shillings to 10 pounds per share. A north offset location was then drilled and it was dry, clearly a case of advancing in the wrong direction. Obviously a south offset was prescribed, but horrors, it was dry also! Then, much in desperation, offset locations both east and west were drilled and tragically were also dry. By this time, the common stock of WAPET had descended back “into the basement.” Our seismic task became twofold. The first step was to resolve this enigma. In this instance, the seismic data seemed to indicate a situation of complicated faulting with no apparent relation between the subsurface structure and the prominent surface anticline. The other portion of our assignment was for me, as a so-called “outside expert,” to go down to Perth and explain to news reporters why this peculiar and expensive operation was not just a mean maneuver by WAPET and CALTEX to “fleece” the gullible public who had put their savings into what turned out to be an unfortunate gamble for everyone concerned. In closing this musing, I would like to express my admiration and high esteem for the job that the Society of Exploration Geophysicists has done during the first half- century of its existence. During my term as the Society’s president in 1947–48, we were able to convert the Tulsa headquarters, run as an informal office for several years by the devoted efforts of Elizabeth Stiles, into a formal business one directed by Colin C. Campbell. Moreover, the concept of “Local Sections” came into being then. This concept not only has stood the test of time but has grown to include sections in Aus- tralia, Canada, and Peru. As a result, our professional group is more than living up to the hopes of its founders that it be truly THE Society of Exploration Geophysicists and know no national boundaries when it comes to improving the economic and social welfare of mankind. Conception of the Common-depth-point (CDP) Method of Seismic Surveying—W. Harry Mayne4 In late 1949 or early 1950, I made a field trip from the San Antonio office of Petty

4 Courtesy of Petty-Ray Geophysical Operations, Inc., Houston, Texas, a Geosource, Inc., subsidiary.

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Geophysical Engineering to an area somewhere in South Texas to assist in the startup of a new crew. As I recall, the area turned out to have a massive caliche surface that produced severe surface noise (ground roll) of unusually high velocity.Analysis of the noise indicated that extremely long (600 to 1000 ft) arrays would be required to sat- isfactorily attenuate this noise. Unfortunately, this solution was not considered per- missible because the objective of the survey was a search for low-relief structure accompanied by small faulting. The “smearing” effects of such long arrays were thought to be so serious that the desired definition could not be obtained. Consequently a marginally acceptable choice of array length was made, and the survey proceeded with data of dubious quality. I was far from satisfied with the results obtained with this expedient solution, and continued to think about the problem after returning to San Antonio. How might such long wavelength noise be attenuated without smearing the subsurface? The search for an answer to the question led to the basic concept of CRP (also CDP). To do this, an array was formed by summation of the recordings from a series of source-receiver pairs with progressively greater source-to- receiver distances, but with all having a common midpoint. With the concept in hand, a patent was drafted and filed in July 1950. At this time, however, there were two major deterrents to routine application of the technique. First, no field-worthy system for making electrically reproducible recordings was available at the time. Second, no acceptable way of applying the normal move-out corrections to the electrical signals prior to summation existed. As a matter of fact, the only way in which I visualized the method could be implemented was by purely graphical means. In 1950 this represented the only viable solution, and the method would probably have remained a scientific curiosity had not other parallel developments taken place. The Patent Office processed applications in leisurely fashion in those days, and issuance of the patent was not ensured until late 1955 with final publication in Janu- ary 1956. By this time, of course, magnetic tape recording had become established as a field-worthy recording system, but was limited to routine filtering and trace-mixing playback options. The only missing link was the lack of transcription correction capability.5 This remaining deficiency began occupying more and more of my attention by mid-1955 as it became increasingly apparent that significant patent coverage would probably be obtained. All of the geophysical instrument manufacturers were approached with an outline of the requirements for processing equipment that could perform the necessary correcting, transcribing, and summing operations. With the exception of one company, the Texas Division of Brush Electronics, no one could understand the need for transcribing the corrected data to another tape and refused to consider making such a machine. After considerable negotiation, Brush prepared preliminary specifications and submitted a price quotation on a suitable machine, and Petty entered into a development contract in late 1955. Brush was a newcomer in the geophysical instrument business, and not fully aware of the high standards required by the industry. I suspect that their education was a rather painful engineering and financial process. In any case, after two years’ elapsed time, considerable engineering trauma, and price escalation to

5 GSI’s magnetic disc system did not have enough capacity to handle the CDP requirements

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1 2 ⁄2 times the original price quotation, they developed quite a competent machine. Unfortunately, the geophysical business had suffered a severe recession in the interim, and Petty, as a relatively small contractor, was dubious about the business wis- dom of risking $250 000 (the final purchase price) on an untried instrument designed to perform a process which had not yet been accepted by the industry. It was a classic case of the chicken and the egg.We could not demonstrate effectiveness of the CRP method without the machine, and we didn’t want the machine unless the method proved to be economically viable. All this against the backdrop of a widespread “it will be too expensive even if it works” expression of opinion from a large segment of the industry. Consequently it was with some relief that we received an inquiry from a major oil company requesting us to relinquish our order for the machine to them. Negotiations were completed between the three parties at the SEG Annual Meeting in Dallas in 1957, and they assumed our order and subsequently took delivery on the first machine of its type. It should be gratifying to all concerned that this particular machine continued to perform creditably until displaced by digital processing in the mid-sixties. Then once again it was back to the drawing board! To regress a bit, we had realized shortly after conception of the idea that it had the capability of significantly attenuating multiple reflections6 as well as generally improving the signal-to-noise ratios. Since this could not be accomplished by any other means at the time, we decided to emphasize this advantage in trying to gain industry acceptance. It also happened that at least two oil companies, Phillips Petroleum Com- pany and Shell Oil, had independently conceived the same idea prior to publication of my patent and had been separately developing it on a proprietary basis. Quite log- ically then, they became the first licensees under the patent, and this acceptance helped to strengthen our commitment to the idea. Shell, in fact, later bought several data-processing units patterned after the prototype which was originally designed and built for us, but delivered to another oil company. Thus is was that as late as early 1958, Petty was still unable to implement the method and was desperately searching for an alternative data-processing unit which we thought we could afford. About then just such a unit was introduced by Techno Instrument Company in the form of the Dekatrak® auxiliary unit for their mechanical move-out corrector.The first of these units, manufactured under license from Con- tinental Oil Company, was delivered to us in mid-1958, and we were finally in a position to fully implement the CRP method. General industry acceptance was still some time away, however, and the first clients who supported this early work were the Tex- asgulf Producing, Pure Oil, and El Paso Natural Gas companies. Through the interests of these companies, we were able to develop a considerable body of experience in a variety of areas, and confirm our hopes that the method offered significant potential for data-quality enhancement in most problem areas. This information was gradually percolating through the industry, and a great deal of interest was apparent by late 1960

6 These are secondary reflections which have been reflected more than once, either between the surface and one or more subsurface horizons, or between two subsurface horizons. They are frequent- ly mistaken for bona fide primary reflections and hence make accurate interpretations difficult.

®A registered trademark of the Techno Instrument Company

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at the SEG Annual Meeting in Galveston. As evidenced by licensing activity and the proliferation of specialized data-processing equipment designed for the method, interest increased rapidly from 1960 through 1963, and the last major remaining skeptics had ﬁnally accepted the method by the end of the 1960s. Paralleling a part of this period, another technical development was gaining momentum, namely the digital recording and processing revolution. This was also a fortuitous circumstance because the CDP method and digital processing were mutu- ally synergistic. The wide-spread use of the CDP concept also provided the masses of data required to make digital processing attractive, and digital processing soon developed the capabilities of routine velocity analysis and automatic determination of static corrections. Both of these latter capabilities enhanced both the effectiveness and the convenience of the CDP method. One other synergism between apparently unrelated technical developments can be cited between the CDP technique and the development of non-dynamite sources, both land and marine. The development of these inexpensive and effective new sources also undoubtedly impacted acceptance of the CDP method by notably improving its cost-effectiveness.

The Way It Really Happened—The Invention of the VIBROSEIS® System—John M. Crawford7 Bill Doty had just returned from a seminar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was reporting to me concerning the new mathematical concepts on information theory which had been presented. He laid the June 1950 copy of the journal Elec- tronics on my desk. It was open to page 86 where an article by Lee and Wiesner dis- cussed the principles of “auto-correlation” and “cross-correlation.” Bill said something like this, “Here is a principle which we should be able to use in our business, but I don’t yet know how.” After he left my office, I scanned the article brieﬂy and we got together again. We agreed that this principle would allow accurate measure of the traveltime of a seismic wave through acoustic material if we could provide a signal which was “unique” (did not repeat itself) and if we had an accurate copy of the signal as transmitted. The article taught a “white noise” signal as usable but we knew of no available equipment for transmitting such a signal with sufficient power to be of much interest. Again Bill left me to my own devices for a short time. I then recalled an earlier conversation with Bill about his experience as an officer on a minesweeper during World War II. He had described the “bumblebee” signal, which the minesweeper transmitted as a seismic wave through the water in an attempt to detonate acoustic mines that were sensitive to certain sound frequencies. The signal varied continuous- ly in frequency from high to low to high, etc., hopefully hitting the triggering frequency in the process. It occurred to me that here was our unique signal. That is, it would match itself only at one time-phase relationship during a single frequency excursion or “sweep.”

® Registered trademark of the Continental Oil Company.

7 Reprinted from the company journal, Mertz World, of March 1982 by courtesy of Mr. Don Mertz, President

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Also, I remembered an article in the Oil and Gas Journal from several years back which had described an old principle for making a mechanical vibrator. Counter-rotating, off- center weights were geared together in such a way that horizontal forces were can- celed and vertical forces added in combination. To make a sweep signal, all we needed to do was to continually speed up or slow down the driving engine or motor. When Bill returned, he agreed that we had a system with possibilities. From these and other conversations between Bill and me the ideas flowed thick and fast. With Frank Clynch’s help we came up with a mechanical vibrator, driven by a borrowed gasoline engine and held in contact with the earth by driving a loaded water truck (also borrowed) up on some pads rigidly attached to the vibrator. A seismic detector fastened to the vibrator furnished the sample of the sweep signal as transmitted. With this vibrator and a bunch of electronic gear assembled from some very unlikely sources by some highly effective electrical engineers, we were able to get our first modest field results, and the rest is history. [Thus] the basic invention was made in a single working day by two people—each contributing vital building blocks from mostly unrelated fields. The principle building blocks were not original with either Bill or me, but the combination and adaptations were ours by means of a cooperative effort. It is quite probable that neither of us, working by ourselves, would have come up with the system.

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Some Contributions by Cecil and Ida Green to Their Fellow Man

In Cecil and Ida Green’s biography,1 Robert Shrock referred to them as philanthropists extraordinary.At the writing of the biography in 1988, they had contributed over $150, 000, 000. This included a variety of gifts including parcels of land, buildings, endowed chairs, student awards and fellowships, and other equipment. The Cecil and Ida Green Foundation continues today and will perpetuate the spirit of these philanthropists extraordinary.

Global Project “IDA,” which allows “International Deployment of Accelerometers” at some 20 points to study worldwide effects of earth oscillations, with the data center at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. During 1987, this helped found the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks, which became highly useful during negotiations prior to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996. By the end of 1987, 32 different professors had held distinguished endowed chairs in 15 institutions; more than 300 scholars had received limited appointments at six colleges and medical institutions, and more than 150 undergraduate and graduate students were able to start or continue their college education.

Buildings Fifty academic, medical, and civic buildings were wholly or partially funded by them. Following is a list of 18 which were also named for them. • St. Mark’s School of Texas (Dallas) Cecil H. and Ida Green Library Study Center (1958–86) • Massachusetts Institute of Technology The 20-story Cecil H. and Ida F. Green Center for Earth Sciences (1959–64). Ida F. Green Hall for female graduate students (1983). Cecil H. Green Center for Physics.

1 Cecil and Ida Green, Philanthropists Extraordinary by Robert R. Shrock, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts, 1989.

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• Colorado School of Mines Cecil H. Green Geophysical Observatory (1962). Cecil H. and Ida Green Graduate Professional Center (1972) • University of British Columbia Cecil Green Park, including a 24-room mansion housing the University’s Alumni Association (1967). • Austin College, Sherman Texas Ida Green Communication Center (1972) • University of California at San Diego Cecil and Ida Green Piñon Flat Geophysical Observatory (1978). Cecil H. and Ida Green Faculty Club Building (1988) • Stanford University The principal donation for expansion of the main library, now called the Cecil H. Green Library (1980). Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Earth Sciences Research Building (1987). • Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California New health care center on Torrey Pines Mesa, including the Cecil H. and Ida Green Hospital (1972–75), plus other improvements. • University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas and its Southwestern Medical School The Cecil H. and Ida Green Science Building (1975) Partial funding of the 9-story Cecil H. and Ida Green Biomedical Research Building (1986) • YWCA at Dallas, Texas The principal donation for construction of the new Dallas Community YWCA and an additional donation for construction of the Ida Green Natatorium (1972–75). • National Academy of Sciences, Georgetown, Washington DC Funding of the Cecil and Ida Green building, the principal building at the new site of the Academy’s National Research Council (1987). • Oxford University, England Donations to the construction fund for buildings in the Cecil H. Green College (1978–80).

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Other Notable Contributions (Joint Donations by the Greens (Cecil and Ida), the McDermotts (Eugene and Margaret) and the Jonssons (Erik and Margaret)

• Massachusetts Institute of Technology When the McDermotts learned of the Green’s large donations to MIT, they established a fund in the amount of $1 218 000 to give young men and women of Texas and the Southwest opportunities to receive an MIT education (1960). The McDermotts also provided funds to commission the famed sculptor, Alexander Calder, to create a suitable sculpture (The Big Sail) for the area fronting the Green building. They also paid for beautifying the area now called McDermott Court. • Southern Methodist University The Greens, Jonssons, and McDermotts contributed equal amounts to finance construction of SMU’s Science information Center (1961). At this time, the Center became the headquarters for construction of the TAGER TV educational network, a project to which the Greens made very substantial contributions of both time and money. • University of Texas at Dallas The Greens, Jonssons, and McDermotts donated 1200 acres of land and the Founders’ Building to the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest (1961) prior to its conversion to university status in 1969. • University of Texas Health Science Center in Dallas McDermott gave an amount equal to the Green’s pledge to construct a second building, the Eugene McDermott Administration Building (1972). The gardens were financed by Erik and Margaret Jonsson. • Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Gardens The core property (house and gardens) for the Dallas arboretum and gardens was the home of the most famous oil finder in the world, Everett DeGolyer (1885–1956). He and his wife, Neli Virginia Goodrich of Norman, Oklaho- ma, had the Spanish colonial house designed and built when they returned with four children in 1936 for DeGolyer to complete his degree in geology at the University of Oklahoma. Eventually, the house and grounds were pur- chased by the city of Dallas in 1975, but the DeGolyer library was retained by SMU. The Greens made a major challenge donation of $300 000 in 1984 to develop the Arboretum and Botanical Gardens, causing the first garden inside the main entrance to be named after them.

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Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology— Members and Foreign Affiliates

Headquarters International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Iran 1200 New York Avenue NW, Suite 800 Observatario Nacional, Brazil Washington, DC 20005 Peking University, china Phone: (202) 682-2220 Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia www.iris.edu The University of Leeds, England The University of Queensland, Australia Data Management Center Tubitak-Marmara Research Centre, Turkey 1408 NE 45th Street, Suite 201 Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Seattle, Washington 98105 Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil Phone: (206) 547-0393 Universidade of São Paulo, Brazil Fax: (206) 547-1093 University of Bergen, Norway University of Bristol, England Foreign Affiliates University of British Columbia, Canada Academia Sinica, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, England Taiwan University of Hong Kong, PRC Academy of Sciences, Seismological Center, Albania University of Otago, New Zealand Australian National University, Australia Utrecht University, The Netherlands Centro de Investigacion Cientiﬁca y de Victoria University, Institute of Geophysics, Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Mexico New Zealand Ecole Polytechnique, Canada Member Institutions Geological Survey of Canada, Canada University of Alabama Geophysical Institute, Czech Republic University of Alaska Institute of Geology, Beijing, PRC University of Arizona Institute of Geophysics, Beijing, PRC Arizona State University Instituto Geoﬁsico Del Peru, Peru University of Arkansas at Little Rock Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal Auburn University

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Boise State University State University of New York at Stony Brook Boston College University of North Carolina Brown University Northern Illinois University California Institute of Technology Northwestern University University of California, Berkeley The University of Oklahoma University of California, Los Angeles University of Oregon University of California, San Diego Oregon State University University of California, Santa Barbara Pennsylvania State University University of California, Santa Cruz Princeton University Carnegie Institute of Washington Purdue University University of Colorado, Boulder Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Colorado School of Mines Rice University Columbia University Saint Louis University University of Connecticut San Diego State University Cornell University San Jose State University University of Delaware Southeast Missouri State Duke University University of South Carolina Florida International University University of Southern California University of Georgia Southern Methodist University Georgia Institute of Technology Stanford University Harvard University Syracuse University University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Tennessee IGPP/Lawrence Livermore National Texas A&M University Laboratory Texas Tech University IGPP/Los Alamos National Laboratory University of Texas at Austin University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign University of Texas at Dallas Indiana University University of Texas at El Paso Indiana University/Purdue University at Fort University of Tulsa Wayne University of Utah University of Michigan Virginia Polytechnic Institute Michigan State University University of Washington Michigan Technological University Washington University, St. Louis University of Minnesota West Virginia University University of Missouri University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Nevada, Reno University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh University of New Orleans Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution New Mexico Institute of Mining & Wright State University Technology University of Wyoming New Mexico State University Yale University State University of New York at Binghamton

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The Prologue Chapter 2

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Abel, Robert B., 101 Aluminaut, 164 Abu Hadrya #1, Saudi Arabia, 377 Alvin, 164 Academica Sinica, 386 Amchitka Island, Alaska, 145 Academy of Sciences, Albania, 386 Amerada Petroleum Corporation, 15, 240, 361 Acadian Geophysical, Inc., 305 Amerada Tree, 240, 258, 271 acoustic impedance, 86 American Association for the Advancement of Acoustic–Meteorological–Oceanographic–Survey Science (AAAS), 5, 131, 136, 170 (AMOS), 101 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Adkins, John, 75 (AAPG), 15, 20, 25, 27, 32, 66-67, 78, 148, Advanced Study Institute on Identification of 180, 218, 279, 336, 338, 342-343, 347-348 Seismic Sources: Earthquake or Underground American Depositary Shares (ADS), 252 Explosion?, 186 American Expeditionary Force, 8 Advantage Capital, Inc., 329 American Geological Institute (AGI), 78, 343, aerial reconnaisance, 57, 103 349–350 Aero Service Corporation, 64, 250, 297, 312-313 American Geophysical Union (AGU)-1, 336–338, Aerojet General, 155 349 American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical aeromagnetics. See also magnetic surveying, airborne, 10, 31, 64, 68, 89, 173, 243, 245, 313 Engineers (AIME), 25 Aerostaff Services, Incorporated, 360 American Machinery and Foundry Company (AMF), 128, 323 Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, The, 258- 260 American Seismograph Corporation, 255 African tectonic plate, 150, 189 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 167, 181, 207-208, 244-245, 258, 297, Agnew, Spiro, 161 313 Agnich, Fred J., 261, 280 Amoco, 215, 220-221, 247, 275, 295, 302, 314, Agnich, Richard J., 280 322, 330 Airborne Instrument Laboratory, 59 Ampex, 320 Airmag Surveys, 312-313 amplitude (seismology), 24, 65, 93, 129, 178-179, Aker Geo Seismic, 359 256, 297 Alabama, University of, 386 analog recording and playback, 113 Alamogordo, New Mexico, 43, 69 analog-to-digital converter, 210 Alaska, 66, 70, 75, 81-82, 91, 101-103, 110-112, Anderson, Don L., 225 131, 133, 140, 153, 171, 181, 234, 280, 297, Anderson, Richard, 307, 361 333 Anderson, William, 105 Alaska, University of, 386 angle of incidence, 2 Alaskan Geophysical Company, 280 angle of reflection, 2 Alba field, North Sea, 221 Anglesey Geophysical Service, 361 Alberta, University of, 128, 304 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 22 Albuquerque, New Mexico, 234 Angola, 221 Alert Disaster Control, 360 Annenberg, Walter, 208 Aleutian Islands, 140 Anstey, Nigel A., 276 Alewine, Ralph W., III, 211 Antarctic Research Program, 338 Alexandria, Virginia, 133-134, 273 Antarctic Treaty, 100 Algeria, 66, 285 Anti-Submarine Warfare Environmental Prediction Alinginae Atoll, 90 System (ASWEPS), 72 Alioto, Joseph, 297 Antwerp, Belgium, 46 Allan, Clarence, 145 Anzio Beachhead, 45 Allard, Charles, 124 Apia Harbor, Samoa, 31, 89 Allègre, Claude, 130 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package Allen, Samuel J., 278 (ALSEPS), 189 Alpine Geophysical Associates, 165 Apollo Space Program, 183, 191

399

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Appalachian Geophysical Services, 359 Auburn University, 386 Applied Theory, Inc., 213 audio interpretation, 126 Aquamarine Energy Explorations, Ltd., 104 auger drilling, 374 Aquapulse®, 298 Augustat, George, 274 Aquatronics, 306-307 Austin, T. S., 101 Aquitaine Norge, 112 Austin, Texas, 227, 350, 384, 387 Arabian–American Oil Company (ARAMCO), Austin College (Texas), 384 377 Austin Powder Company, 360 Arbuckle Mountains, 14 Australia, 67, 78, 99, 139-140, 234, 248, 272, 301, Archambeau, C. B., 134 318, 332-333, 336, 342, 378, 386 archeological surveying, 181 Australian National University, 139, 386 Arctic, 70-71, 75, 100-106, 110, 165, 174, 185- Australian Seismic Brokers Pty. Ltd., 360 186, 198 Austria, 42, 99, 232, 237 Arctic Ocean, 75, 101-102, 104-105, 110, 165 autocorrelation, 381 Arctic Research Laboratory Ice Island (ARLIS), automatic gain (volume) control (AGC), 24, 65, 103 129, 178, 297, 372 Ardco Industries, 321 Autometrics, Inc., 166 Ardennes Forest, 46 AVO (amplitude variation with offset), 207, 256 Aricesti dome, Romania, 284 axial rift, 151 Aristotle, 1-2, 39, 77 Azerbijan, 249 Arizona State University, 386 Arizona, University of, 231, 332, 386 ARK Geophysics, Ltd., 360 Arkansas, 28, 73, 177, 386 Babb, John J., 274 Arkansas, University of (Little Rock), 386 Babbitt, Bruce, 176, 229 Armour Research Foundation, 128 Bache, Alexander, 10 Arnett, Richard, 69, 270 Backus, Milo, 86, 114, 126, 132, 263-264, 268 ARPANET, 211 Bacon, Francis, 3, 147 array Baile, Richard A., 272 Berkner-type, 131, 133 Baird, D. Euan, 292 Geneva-type, 131-133, 142, 147 Baird Petrophysical International, 361 large, 83-85, 132-134, 180, 278, 290 Baker, Curtis A., 307 steerable, 132, 136, 138-139, 193, 209 Baker Hughes, Inc., 253, 294, 300 underwater, 10-12, 36, 48, 52, 88, 95, 132, Bakersfield, California, 316 162-165, 209, 218-220, 227-228, 244, 286, Bankruptcy (federal code), 279 302, 306, 321, 325 Banks, Sir Joseph, 3 array processor, 116, 132, 136, 192-193 Bardeen, John, 309 arrival time. See traveltime, 16, 82, 85-87, 139, 141, 181, 188, 373, 381 Barnett, Ross, 143 Artemis Project, 132 Barringer, Anthony, 181, 330, 332 artillery location, 8-9 Barringer Research, 166, 330 Arzel, Jean-Francois, 287 Barrow, Thomas, 155 Asarco, Inc., 277 Barry, Kevin, 273 asdic, 11, 37, 57-58, 162 Barth, Kai-Henrik, 120 ash fall-out, 193 Barton, Donald C., 15, 336 Ashtech, Inc.., 327 basaltic layer, 153, 156, 304, 365 Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, 292 Bascom, Willard, 107, 153 Athanasiou, Bettye, 173, 323 basement, 18, 64, 142, 177, 188, 193, 311, 334, 363, 369-370, 377-378 Atlantic Refining Company, 86, 111 Basham, Peter, 147, 211 Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), 88, 110- 112, 165, 184, 216, 280, 314, 330 Bates, Charles C., 24, 37, 44, 63, 75-76, 91, 101- 102, 119, 229, 279 Atlantis, 34, 36-37, 61, 74, 187, 303, 363 bathymetry, 106, 320 Atlantis II Deep, 187 bathyscaph, 106 atomic explosion. See Nuclear, 43, 69, 92, 94, 118, 137, 140, 231, 237, 355, 358 bathythermograph, 36 attenuation, 113, 127, 147, 181, 299 Battelle Memorial Institute, 155 Atwater Valley Block 118 (Gulf of Mexico), 221 Battle of the Atlantic, 56 Atwood, George E., 330 Bay of Fundy, Canada, 53

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Bazzoni, Charles B., 8 Böth, Marcus, 146 Beagle, HMS, 9 Bouguer, Pierre, 3 Beauchamp, H. W., 361 Bowman, Robert, 263 Beaufort Sea Project, 186 Bragg, Sir W. Lawrence, 8, 44 Beeman, Keith, 258 Brasilia, Universidade de, 386 Beers, Roland F., 18, 270, 371 Breck, Howard, 342 Beers and Heroy, Inc., 69, 270 Breland, Gordon, 273 Beloussov, V.V., 159, 146 “bright spot,” 178-179, 256, 297 Benchmark Geophysical Consulting Ltd., 361 Bristol, University of, 386 Bendix Corporation, 276-277 British, 8-9, 14, 22, 32, 36-37, 44-45, 63, 67, 78, Benichou, Pierre, 287, 361 94, 98, 130, 135-139, 144-146, 150-153, 162, Benioff, Hugo, 97, 120, 151, 270 303, 376 Benkert, William, 159 British Admiralty, 47-54, 56-58, 72, 165, 209 Bennett, Ralph D., 51 British Columbia, University of, 384, 386 Bennett, Rawson, 60 British Geological Survey, 318 Berg, Joseph, 120 British Petroleum, Ltd., 22, 32, 111-113, 198-199, 215, 285 Bergen, University of, 386 British Royal Air Force, 54, 101, 166 Berglan Geophysical Services, Incorporated, 361 British units, xiii Berglund, Carl O., 273 Britsurvey, 359 Berkner, Lloyd, 97-98, 109, 160 Broding, Robert, 87, 126 Berman, Alan, 152 Broken Hill Proprietary, Ltd. (BHP), 205, 361 Bernal, J.D., 54 Bromery, Randolph W., 173 Best, William, 124, 186 Brooks Range, Alaska, 110 Bethe, Hans, 92, 97, 137 Broome, P. W., 134 Betts, Austin, 119 Brown, David L., 280 Bible, John L., 272 Brown, Frank E., 288 Bikini Atoll, 63, 69, 72, 74, 90 Brown, H. W., 27 Bing, George, 120, 131 Brown, Harold, 94, 131 BioEnvironmental Associates, 361 Brown, Pat, 175 Bishop Consulting Associates, 361 Brown and Root, Inc., 153 Black, Rudy, 120 Brown University, 387 Black, William, 369 Browne, B. C., 58 Blackett, P.M.S., 151 Brozena, Jon M., 316 Blacknest House, England, 147, 213, 280 Bruheim, Bjarte, 302-303 Blake, F. Gilman, 120, 141, 159 Brunk, Robert, 287 Blandy, W.H.P., 73 Brush Electronics Company, 379 blastphone, 373 Bryan, George S., 72 Blau, L.W., 337 Bubb, J. N., 180 Bloomingdale, Alfred, 208 Bucy, J. Fred, Jr., 250, 263-264 blowout preventer, 157 Budapest, University of, 4 Bluewater Maintenance, Inc., 281 Bullard, Sir Edward C., 36, 39, 48, 51-52, 58, 94, Blum, Clem, 264 149-152, 294, 368, 370 body wave, 93, 146 Bullen, Keith C., 31, 139 Boise State University, 387 “bumblebee” signal, 381 Bolt, Bruce A., 90 Bunker Hill, Massachusetts, 54 Bolt, Technology, Inc., 360 Bureau Central International de Seismologie, 43, Bombs of Palomares, 164 151 Bonini, William, 368 Bureau de Recherche de Pétrole (BRP), 284 Booher, Robert A., 362 Bureau of Geophysical Prospecting, 359 Bor deposit (Yugoslavia), 331 Burg, Kenneth E., 18, 113-114, 261, 264 borehole ﬂuid, 29 Burke, Arleigh, 107 borehole logging. See well logging, 28, 145, 181, Bush, George H. W., 155 243, 245-246, 292, 294, 334 Bush, Vannevar, 13, 50, 58, 63 Born, W.T., 40 business unit (BU), 222-224 Borovoye, Kazakhstan, 229, 234 Business Week, 329 Boston College, 387 Byerly, Perry, 31, 94

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Byrne, John, 183 CD-ROM, 225 Byrnes, B. C., 90 Cecil and Ida Green, Philanthropists Extraordinary, 18, 383 Center for Seismic Studies (Arlington, Virginia), 230 cable Centro de Investigacion Cientiﬁca de Ensenada, 386 land recording, 68, 115, 272 Century Geophysical Company, 89, 126 marine recording, 219-220, 244, 272 Challenger, HMS, 10, 73, 107 CAESAR/SOSUS System, 12, 164, 208-209 Chambovet, Gérard, 287 Caldrill, 156 Chan, Kwok Chun, 311 Calgary, University of, 318 Chance, John E. and Associates, Inc., 359 caliche, 288, 379 Chandeleur Sound, Mississippi, 307 California, University of Chang Qing Geophysical Exploration Company, Berkeley, 5, 29, 31, 33, 43, 75, 79, 94, 128, 361 143, 145, 210, 214, 387 channel. See seismic recording, 14, 17, 20, 65, 68, Los Angeles (UCLA), 79, 387 83, 85, 113-115, 180, 220, 256, 263-264, 269- San Diego, 33, 59-60, 152, 209, 232, 384, 387 270, 272, 278, 289-290, 296, 299, 306, 324- Santa Barbara, 387 325, 328 Santa Cruz, 387 Chapman, Sydney, 98, 100 California Company (Chevron), 51, 120, 155, 159, Chapman, Wilbert M., 170 274, 376 Chelminski, Paul, 322 California Institute of Technology (CalTech), 30, Chelminski, Stephen, 322 387 chemical explosion, 140, 142 California Research Corporation (Standard Oil chemical yield equivalent, 140 Company of California), 51, 120, 128, 141, 155, 159, 274 Chenault, Lynn M., 362 California–Arabian Standard Oil Company Chevron Corporation (formerly Standard Oil of (CASOC), 377 California), 51, 64, 67, 86, 120, 155, 159, 177- 178, 184-185, 198-200, 203, 208, 215-216, Callington, Cornwall, 137 221, 247, 263, 274, 280, 314, 325, 336, 342, Calvert, Horace A., 317 361 Calvert, James, 106 China (also People’s Republic of China), 2, 11, 90, Cambridge University, 3, 15, 29, 31, 39, 48, 51, 58, 92, 99, 102, 176, 191, 211, 229, 231, 234, 239, 81, 94, 150, 162, 275, 386 247, 249, 259, 287, 290, 316, 336, 348 camera, 15-16, 121, 331, 373 China Offshore Geophysical Company, 324, 359 Campbell, Colin C., 378 China State Seismological Bureau, 348 Canadian Air Force, Royal (RCAF), 101 Chinnery, Michael, 230 Canadian Arctic, 70-71, 102, 185-186 chronometer, 3-4, 326 Canadian Defense Research Board, 102 Churchill, Sir Winston, 22 Canadian Department of Energy, Mines, and Churchman, John, 4 Resources, 148, 186, 213 Cities Service, Inc., 17-18, 184, 268 Canadian Department of National Defense, 70 Claerbout, Jon, 317 Canadian Dominion Observatory, 7, 26, 138, 146 Claremont College, 295 Canadian Institute of Ocean Sciences, 186 Clarence Pier, England, 51 Canadian Space Agency, 208 Clark, Dean, 344 Canal, Patrice, 287 Clements, Calvin J., 288 cap rock, 21 Clements, Donald, 120 Capital Research and Management, 299 climate change, 170 Carnegie, 30-31, 35, 47, 50, 54, 89, 129, 142, 151 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 227 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 30, 47, 50, 89, Clinton, William Jefferson, 225, 227, 232 129, 142, 387 Cloudy, G. A., 250 Carpenter, Eric, 134, 137 Clough, Ray W., 145 Carson, Franklin D., 313, 315 Clynch, Frank, 382 Carson Services, Inc., 313 coastal zone management, 161-162, 172, 183 Carter, James Earl, 158, 174, 208, 247, 266 Cockcroft, John, 94 Carter, Melvin, 63, 264 Cofﬁn, Millard F., 227 Carter Oil Company, 18, 24-25, 27-28, 42, 63, CogniSeis, Inc., 308, 324 129, 335 College, Alaska, 91 Caspian Geophysical, 359 Collier, Albert, 75

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Colombia, 66, 99, 234, 249, 301, 360, 377 Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Colorado, University of, 29, 79, 387 Education (CORE), 208 Colorado School of Mines, 79, 107, 129, 200, 268, Constantine (Emperor), 88 277, 288, 307, 310-311, 318, 351, 384, 387 Constantinescu, L., 146 Colpitts, E. H., 58 consulting, 12, 71, 86, 241, 246, 270-271, 275, Columbia Space Shuttle, 100 278-280, 316, 323, 361-362 Columbia University consumer price index (U.S.), xiv Hudson Laboratories, 132, 152 containment, 139-140, 143-144, 212 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 74, continental drift, 3, 147-149, 195 129, 157, 184, 227, 363-367 Continental Geophysical Company, 102, 120, 250, Colville “High,” Alaska, 111 271-272 Committee for the Geophysical and Geological Continental Oil Company (Conoco), 14, 88, 107, Study of the Continents, 81 120, 141, 155, 184, 199, 269, 302, 304, 321, Common Heritage of Mankind, 210 361, 380-381 common-depth-point (CDP) method, 378 Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure and Tectonics, 355 common-reflection-point (CRP). See (CDP), 84, 379-380 continental shelf Commoner, Barry, 170 outer, 65, 112, 127, 132, 158, 167, 172, 228- 229, 298, 369 Compagnie Francaise de Prospection Séismique, 250 continental slope, 39, 163-164, 184, 187 Compagnie Francaises Pétroleum (CFP), 285 Continents in Motion—The New Earth Debate, 147 Compagnie Générale de Géophysique (CGG), continuous profiling, 67 283-86, 359 continuous velocity (sonic) log, 87 Geoterrex–Dighem, 250, 285, 332 Contole, William, 45 Sercel, 250, 285-286, 320-321, 325, 327-328 contractor (geophysical), 18, 27, 83, 224, 257, 259, compass (digital), 325 266, 289-290, 298, 302-303, 308, 319 CompuSeis, Inc., 326 Control Data Corporation, 275 computer (digital) Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle (CURV), 164 Automated Scientific Computer, 180, 205 Convention on Law of the Sea, 108, 187, 210, 229 bit, 210, 306 Convention on Use of the Continental Shelf, 157 core memory, 180, 203, 205 conversion factors, xiii-xiv DARC, 114, 264 Cook, Captain James, 3 graphics, 205-206, 246, 267, 269, 320, 360 Coolidge, W. D., 58 leasing, 189, 224, 327-328 Coon, James, 355 network, 120, 132-134, 210-212, 225, 231- 232, 234-237, 327, 385 Coote, George F., 304 Phoenix, 269, 289 copper, 187, 330-331 relative speed, 114, 204 coral reef, 63 SeisMAC, 263 Corby, Grant W., 276 software, 115, 189, 202-203, 205-206, 237, Cornell University, 47, 74, 155, 188-189, 387 241, 243, 246, 267, 273, 281, 285, 287, corporate raider, 198 292, 297, 303-304, 306, 308, 311-312, 316, correlation shooting, 67 324, 332, 344 correlogram, 138 TIAC, 114, 264, 280, 308 Cousteau Society, 170 TIMAP, 132 Covello, V. J., 90 turnaround time, 203 Covil, M. W., 362 VAX, 205 Cox, Allan V., 149 computer (seismic crew member), 25, 44, 129 Crafoord Prize, 225 Computer Data Processors, Ltd., 304 Cram, Ira, 141, 372 Concept Systems Ltd., 360 Cramer, Harold, 85 conductivity (earth), 31, 332 Crandell, Dwight, 193 Conductron Corporation, 278 Crary, Albert P., 36, 67, 102-103, 368 Confederate Navy, 10, 46 Crawford, John M., 88, 381 Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Crawford, Wendell, 20 Weapon Tests, 96-97, 120, 132 Creole field, Louisiana, 271 Conly, Etoyle, 274 crew-months Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling gravity, 21-24, 41-42, 247-248, 309-316 (COCORP), 188

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marine seismic, 248, 266-267, 271-272, 293- Deng, Xiaoping, 176 294, 298, 301, 376 Denmark, 66, 99, 112 seismic, 17-25, 42, 66-67, 80-89, 112, 176- density, 2, 20, 86-87, 115-116, 203, 334 178, 188-189, 244-248, 263-267, 331 depositional pattern, 178-180 cross-spread, 67 depth sounding, 32-33, 36, 106 crosscorrelation, 126, 381 Desaint, R., 250 Crowell, David L., 321 Descartes, René, 3 crustal strain, 192 Destin dome, Gulf of Mexico, 178 crustal tilt, 192 Det Norske Veritas, 293 Cunningham, George M., 376 Deutsche Seewarte, 148 Curtin University of Technology, 318 develocorder, 140 Cuss-1, 107, 153 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 377 Cyprus Pima Mining Company, 277 Dhofar, Sheikdom of, 376 Czechoslovakia, 42, 99 Diamond Geophysical Service Corporation, 359 Dietz, Robert, 106, 149 DIGHEM®, 332 Digicon, Inc., 247, 250, 279, 282, 360 D’Arcy Exploration Company, 42 Digicourse, Inc., 219, 324-325 da Vinci, Leonardo, 2 Digisonics, Inc., 250, 281 Daley, William M., 228 Digital Data Systems, Inc., 243, 266, 299 Dallas, 188, 205, 250, 260, 263-265, 267, 270-271, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) 273, 307, 348, 371-372, 380, 383-385 VAX computer, 205 Dalmorneftegeofysika, 359 digital revolution, 112-114, 164-169 Dalton, John H., 228 Digitech Ltd., 304 Danian limestone, 113 Dingman, M. Howard, 250 Dardanelles Campaign, 47 Dinoseis®, 88 Darden, Charles F., 243 dip moveout, 256 Dart, Justin, 208 direct hydrocarbon detection, 21 Darwin, Charles, 9, 149 Discovery II, RRS, 162 Davies, David, 146 Discovery Geophysical Services SpA, 359 Dawson, L. Decker, Jr., 288-290 Disko Bay, Greenland, 102 Dawson Geophysical Company, 288, 359 Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, 102 De Bilt, Netherlands, 194 divestiture, 200 de Forest, Lee, 20 DMT Gmbh., 359 De Golyer, Everette, 15, 40 Dobrin, David, 279 De Noyer, John, 126 Dobrin, Milton B., 51, 188, 278-279 de Quervain, A., 5 Doell, Richard D., 149 Deacon, George E. R., 32, 162 Dome Petroleum Ltd., 71, 185 Dean, W. O., 134 Donitz, Karl, 56-58 debubble, 286 Donn, W. L., 194 Decca, 68, 164 Donnally, Chester, 372 decoupling, 92, 117, 121, 123, 137, 143-144, 230, 332 doodlebugger, vi, 24, 277, 298, 326, 328, 337 Deep Sea Mining Act, 187 Dorsey, H. G., 32 Deep Sea Research Vessel (DSRV), 106 Doty, W. E. N., 141 deep-sea drilling, 106, 153-154, 176, 184, 221-222 Douze, E. J., 126 deep-sound channel, 11 Dove, Grant A., 266 Defenders of Wildlife, 170 Dowling, John J., 19 degaussing, 47-48 Draka Geophysical, 360 Dekatrak®, 380 Drake, Charles L., 370 Delaware, University of, 157, 387 Dresser Industries, Inc., 128, 258 Deletang, Bruno, 287 drift stations (Arctic), 103-104 Delft Laboratory of Seismics and Acoustics, 318 DSND Subsea ltd., 359 Deliac, Eric, 287 Dublin, University of, 19 Delta Exploration Company, 274 Dubridge, Lee A., 298 Denali Fault Zone, Alaska, 181 Duke University, 387 Denebrink, F. C., 102 Dunbar, Moira, 102

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Dunlap, Robert C., Jr., 261 earth (telluric) current, 28, 128, 331-332 Dupont, E. I., de Nemours and Company, 14 induced polarization, 181-182, 244-245, 332 Duval Corporation, 330 magnetotelluric, 182, 244-245, 333 dynamic positioning, 154 resistivity, 28, 182, 243-244, 284, 330, 332 dynamite shooting, 19-20, 24, 73, 87, 247, 298, self-potential, 182, 245, 330 325, 376 Electro-Mechanics Company, 128 DWS International, Incorporated, 360 Electro-Technical Laboratories, 258, 321 Dyno Nobel, 320, 360 Electrochemical properties, 2 Dziewonski, Adam, 225 electromagnetic spectrum, 167, 208 Electronic and Geophysical Services Ltd., 359 Elephant Butte Dam (New Mexico), 356-357 elevation correction, 3, 314 E. W. Scripps, 37 Elf Aquitaine, 287 Eagle Geophysical Company, 254, 305-306, 359 Elf Norge, 112 Eakring Field, England, 42 Elliott Associates, 291 Earth Elmstad, O., 293 core, 6 Eltran, 21, 23 free oscillations, 129, 175 Embree, Peter, 263 heat loss, 150-151 Empire Exploration Company, 272 Earth (book), 131, 148 ENI S.p.A. Divisione Agip, 361 , 338 Earth Interactions Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, Earth Watch, 171 279 earth-tide motion, 127 Energy Analysts, 264 Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act, 172, 192 Energy from Heaven and Earth, 131 earthquakes Energy Innovations, 361 micro-, 203 Engineering Data Processors (EDP), 308 number of, 91-92, 118, 136, 232, 235, 353 engineering geophysics, 79, 246, 270, 334 precursors (prediction), 129, 175, 192, 354, Engineering Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), 189, 268, 331 369 Engineering Physics Corporation, 128 source identification, 128, 137-139, 141, 145- Engineering Supply Company, 262 147, 211-214, 353 English Channel, 53, 137 East African Rift Valley, 151 Enid, Oklahoma, 321 East Coast Aerogravity/Magnetic Test Range, 314 Eniwetok Atoll, 270 Easter Island, 187, 234 Enron Oil and Gas Company, 361 Eaton, Gordon P., 129 Ensco, Inc., 213 echo ranging, 11, 32, 37, 57, 137, 151, 162, 227 Ensign-Bickford Company, 360 Eckhardt, E. A., 13, 21 EnSoCo, Incorporated, 360 eco-mania, 171 Entech, Inc., 314 École Normale Supérieure, 94, 130 Enterprise Oil plc, 361 École Polytechnique (Canada), 386 Enticknap, R. G., 134 Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. (EG&G), 128, 310 Entzminger, John, 124 Edinburgh, University of, 94, 318 Environment Canada, 70, 185 Edison, Thomas, 10, 20 environmental action, 82, 167, 170, 258 Edison Chouest Offshore, 360 environmental geophysics, 246, 334 Edleson, Lynn, 173 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), 171 Egypt, 66, 77, 99, 301, 342 environmental legislation (U.S.), 172 Ehrlich, Paul, 170 EOS, 338 Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment b.v., 360 Eötvös, Roland, 4 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 49, 77, 93, 96-97, 100, Eötvös correction, 314 119, 158 Eötvös Lorand Geophysical Institute, 359 Eisner, Elmer, 114 epicenter, 6, 43, 93, 143 Ekofisk field, North Sea, 113, 293 equal opportunity, 172 El Paso Natural Gas Company, 380 Ericsson, Ulf, 146 electrical surveying Ervin, L. D., 141 airborne, 41, 59, 64, 89-90, 164, 166, 177, Eskdalemuir, Scotland, 234 182, 244-248, 260, 297, 312-316, 330-332, ethic 334, 367

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humanist, 169 by earth, 6, 32, 89-90, 126, 129, 142 Judeo-Christian, 169-170 by recording system, 264 Eurasian tectonic plate, 154 directional, 126, 144, 292 Eureka, Canada, 70 frequency, 11, 17, 52, 56, 95, 117, 126, 162, European Association of Exploration Geophysicists 179, 182, 220, 230, 275, 332-333, 381 (EAEG), 347 First Break, 348 European Association of Exploration Geoscientists Fisk, James, 94 (EAEG), 347 flash ranging, 44-45 European Association of Geoscientists and flat spot, 178-179 Engineers (EAGE), 347 Fleming, John A., 47 European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists Fleming, Richard H., 33, 59, 72 (EAPG), 347, 349 Flinn, Edward A., 134 European Economic Community, 77 Floating Point Systems, Inc., 297, 320 Evans, John W., 14 floating production-storage-offloading systems Evernden, Jack, 143, 146 (FPSO), 302 Evins, Joe, 154 Florian, Eugene, 321 Ewing, John I., 370 Florida International University, 387 Ewing, Maurice, 11, 36, 39, 67, 70, 79, 97, 102, fluid content, 28, 86 107, 149-150, 161, 175, 188-189, 227, 279, 299, 310, 322, 363-367 Foote, Paul D., 21, 59 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 210 Forbes, 134, 327 Experimental Seismic Control Network, 131 Ford, Gerald R., 158 Exploration Consultants, Inc., 272, 361 Forrestal, James V., 72 Exploration Data Consultants (EDCON), 310 Fortunate Dragon, 90 Exploration Employment Service, Incorporated, fracturing, 334 361 Frame, Paul A., 317 Exploration Geodesy, Incorporated, 361 France, 4-5, 11, 26, 28, 40, 43, 45, 56, 66, 70, 77, Exploration Management Associates, 361 90, 94, 99, 112, 130, 146, 151, 158, 213, 225, 229, 231, 239, 254, 284-285, 312, 330, 332 Exploration Partners International Ltd., 361 Frank, Anne, 173 Exxon (formerly Standard Oil of New Jersey), 20, 28, 112, 115, 120, 126, 171, 173, 180, 184, Frank, Richard A., 183 198, 216, 227, 239, 247, 292, 330, 336, 361 Franklin, Benjamin, 3, 10, 54, 246 Franklin, J.E., 257 Frasher, James H., 250, 272 free-air correction, 314 Fabrica de Mechas S.A., 360 French, William, 302 facies, 180 French Equatorial Africa, 331 Failing, George E., 321 frequency sweep, 381 Fain, Edward, 372 Friends of the Earth, 170 Fairfield Industries, 224, 305-307, 359 Friendship Hotel, China, 348 Fairweather Geophysical LLC, 359 Frontline Geophysical Company, 359 fan shooting, 17, 22 Frosch, Robert A., 132, 166, 171 Farestveit, Anders, 251, 293, 302 Frost, C.H., 250 Farney Exploration, 272 Fugro, N. V., 312, 332, 359 Farragut, David, 46 Fuji Film, 320 fault trace Fukada, Atsuo, 323 longest, 156, 232 Fuller, Melvin, 63 transform, 152, 163, 256 Funkhouser, Lawrence, 343 Fay, H.J.W., 12 Federov, E.K., 94 Ferris, Craig, 309 Fessenden, Reginald, 10, 15-16, 83, 281 Gaby, Ewen, 274 Fichtner, Lawrence C., 304 gal, 3 Field, Richard M., 39 Galapagos Islands, 187 Field Processing Services, 360 Galilei, Galileo, 3 Fifty Years of Geophysical Ideas, 20, 209, 215, 257 Galitzin, B.B., 5 film chip, 121-122 galvanometer, 2, 25, 270 filtering of seismic data gamma-ray log, 29

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Gardline Surveys, 359 equipment demand, 18, 20, 42, 65, 67, 97, Gariepy, Byron, 116 113, 126, 202-208, 239-246, 249-254, 257, Gaskell, Thomas F., 36, 51, 54, 58, 73, 107 262, 268-272, 274, 276, 283, 290, 292, 296, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313, 315-317, 319-333 gas-oil interface, 178-179 financing, 240, 252-254, 279-285, 290, 299- Gausland, Ingebret, 293 300, 308-309, 323-328 Gauss, Karl F., 4 future prospects, 303, 310, 320, 329-330, 352- Geco-Prakla, 218, 251, 293-294, 305, 360 354 Geddes, W.H., 90 industry profitability, 14-15, 17-18, 20-28, 39- Geiger counter, 243, 334 42, 44, 46-47, 63-71, 77-79, 81-93, 102, General Dynamics, 155 110-113, 115-117, 120, 155, 157-160, 164- 167, 173-177, 179-182, 184-185, 199-204, General Electric Company, 58-59, 155 206-211, 215-225, 227-229, 239-263, 266- General Geophysical Company, 18, 159, 258 282, 283-333, 341-345, 347-354, 359-362, General Motors, 155 377-382 Geneva Conference of Experts, 97 ownership, 14, 17-20, 199, 224, 242, 251-254, Geo Graphix, Inc., 205 259-261, 268, 288-290, 312, 319, 323, 325, Geo Space, Inc., 173 328 geochemical surveying, 271 Geophysical institutes geochemistry, 330, 366 Canada, 7, 26, 138-140, 146-148 Geobird Management, AS, 359 China, 386 GeoData Corporation, 360 Czech Republic, 386 Geodynamics, Inc., 226, 312, 338 France, 5-6, 26, 130, 213 Geofyzika AS, 359 Germany, 25-26, 230 Goofizyka Krakow Ltd., 359 Great Britain, 26, 136-139 Geofizyka Torun Ltd., 359 Israel, 360 geological marker, 178-180 Italy, 26 Geological Society of London, 83 Japan, 26 Geological Survey of Canada, 386 Peru, 386 Geomarine, Inc., 262 United States, 26, 210-211, 225, 231-235, 352-353 Geonautics, 169, 155 geophysical methods, 23, 122, 191, 226-228, 243- Geonics, Ltd., 332 246, 256, 308-310, 315, 334 geophone (seismometer, detector) Geophysical Methods, 279 array, 8, 83, 88-89, 110, 116-117, 131-134, geophysical officer, 8, 44, 184 136-139, 145-146, 165, 181, 209, 218, 225, 227, 230, 243, 276, 293, 308, 322, 324-325, geophysical patents, 10, 13-18, 69, 257, 268, 292, 328, 373, 379 298, 331 downhole, 73, 87, 126, 132, 211-212, 269, geophysical prospecting, 335-354, 359-362, 371- 327, 375 378 smearing effect, 379 Geophysical Prospecting, 25, 348 three-component, 31, 127, 220, 324, 356-357 Geophysical Prospecting for Oil, 25 Geophysical Acquisition and Processing Services Geophysical Pursuit, Inc., 360 Ltd., 359 Geophysical Research Corporation (GRC), 15-18, Geophysical Activity Report (annual), 64, 248 21, 240, 257, 268, 271, 295, 297, 355, 371-372 Geophysical Associates International (GAI), 310, Geophysical Service, Inc., 17, 51, 113, 204, 250, 361 260, 359, 361, 370-371 Geophysical Atlas for Interpretation of Satellite- Geophysical Services, Ltd., 359 Derived Data, 189 geophysical society statistics, 341-351 Geophysical Company of Norway (GECO), 293 Geophysical Systems Corporation, 278, 360 Geophysical Consultants Ltd. (GEOCON), 361 Geophysics, 64, 83, 181, 335, 344, 345 Geophysical Directory, 241, 257, 308, 316 Geoquest, Inc., 270 geophysical education, 25-27, 70, 78-81, 210-214, Georgia, University of, 387 335-346, 350-352 GeoScience, Inc., 361 geophysical equipment manufacturing, 260-265, GeoSignal, Inc., 300 276, 285-286, 320-328 Geosource, Inc., 188, 257-258, 378 Geophysical Exploration Company, Dagang Geotechnical Corporation, 69, 97, 121, 126, 133 Oilfield Group, 359 GEOTEM®, 332 geophysical firms Geoterrex, 250, 285, 332 geothermal exploration, 334 Geotrace Technologies, Incorporated, 360

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Gerrard, John, 97 Gray, Robert, 124 Germany, 25-26, 39-40, 42, 47-53, 56-58, 63, 66, Great Britain, 26, 29, 32, 42, 47, 66, 77-78, 90, 81, 99, 112, 158, 187, 213, 230, 234, 239, 293, 112-113, 132, 136-141, 146, 158, 174, 211, 318 234, 304 Getty Oil Company, 198 Green, Cecil H., 18, 79, 260-261, 266, 268, 312, Geyer, Richard A., 161, 309 363, 371-378, 383-385 Gilbert, Freeman, 86 Green, Ida, 18, 129, 265-266, 383-385 Gilbert, John, 322 Green, J.H., 250, 268 Gilbert, William, 3 Green, Theodore, 278 Giles, Ben, 264-265 Green, W.G., 250 Gillin, John, 271 Green, William, 122, 268 Gillingham, William, 292 Green Mountain Geophysics, Inc., 326 Girard College, 10 Greenaway, K.R., 102 Giraudet, Jean, 287 Greenberg, Daniel S., 153 Global 2000 report, 247 Greenberg, Jacob, 275 Global Commons, 108, 187 Greve, Gordon, 249 Global Marine, Inc., 156 Griggs, David, 91, 97 Global Sources, 361 ground roll. See Surface wave, 17, 144, 379 Glomar Challenger, 156-157, 225 groundwater legislation, 172 Glomar Explorer, 184 groundwater surveying, 334 GLORIA (Geological long range inclined Asdic), Group of Scientiﬁc Experts (ad hoc), 230-231 162 group seismic surveys, 362 Golden, Colorado, 173, 210, 318, 331 Groves, Leslie, 356 Golden Geophysical Company, 307 Gulf Fleet Offshore, LLC, 360 Golden Lane, Mexico, 15 Gulf Oil Company, 21, 336 Gongxu, Gu, 348 Gumert, William R., 313, 315 Gore, Albert, 106, 225, 227 gunpowder, 4 Göttingen, University of, 4-5 GUS Manufacturing Company, 290 Gould, Lawrence M., 98-99 Gutenberg, Beno, 6, 29, 31-32, 43, 175, 296, 357 government regulation, 336 Graebner, Robert, 264 Grant, Henry L. (Bud), 290 Grant-Norpac, Inc., 279, 291 Haas, Stanley, 165 gravitational ﬁeld of earth, 3, 51, 80-81, 370 Hagfors, Sweden, 146 gravity benchmarks, 80 Haggerty, Patrick, 260-261 gravity data processing and interpretation, 309-316 Hale, George Ellery, 305 gravity meter (gravimeter) Hales, Anton, 188 Frost, 309 Hall, Ernest M., 322 Gulf underwater, 310 Hall-Sears, 132, 258, 322 Hart-Brown, 309 Halliburton Company, 252, 267 Hoyt, 309 Hamilton, Jack, 97 Humble, 21, 23, 309 Hammer, Sigmund, 309, 314, 316 La Coste and Romberg, 309-316 hammer-box, 52 Mott-Smith, 310 Handbook of Geophysical Exploration at Sea, 309 North American, 309, 323 Handbuch für Geophysik, 29 shipboard, 313 Hanson, Roy, 123 Stanolind, 309 Harbord, James G., 1 Vening Meinesz, 35-36 Harkins, T.I., 271 Worden, 80, 263, 311, 370 harp, 373 World-Wide, 80, 129, 309 Harris, Robert, 121 Gravity Meter Exploration Company, 310 Harvard University, 31, 33, 35, 149, 160, 176, 214, gravity surveying 277, 387 airborne, 244, 313-316 Harvey, A.G., 32, 68, 274 cost, 21-23, 309-316 Haseman, W.P., 13 extraterrestrial, 191-192 Hastings, Charles, 69 marine, 34-36, 103-106, 245, 272, 309-313, Hastings Instrument Company, 115 354, 361, 363, 376, 381 Hatelid, W. G., 180

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Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 143 Hudson, Donald E., 145 Havens, P. C., 361 Humble Oil and Refining Company, 20, 111, 155, Hawaii, University of, 157, 387 336-337 Hawkins, J., 141 Humphrey, Hubert, 92, 118, 161 Hayes, Harvey, 32 Hungary, 4, 40, 42, 66, 77, 99 Healy, J.H., 129 Hurd, Phil M., 290 heat-flow measurements, 150-151 hurricane, 43, 69, 143 Heck, Nicholas H., 30, 363 Hurricane Microseismic Research Project, 43 Heezen, Bruce, 151 Husebye, E. S., 186 Hefer, Fred W., 322 Hutt, Charles Heiland, C.A., 25, 288 Huygens, Christian, 3 Heinrichs, Walter, 277 Hyden, John, 342 Heirtzler, James, 152 hydrographic charting, 11-12, 36, 150, 184, 313 helicopter-assisted operations, 285 hydrophone, 11, 36, 52, 68, 88, 209, 220, 227, helicopter-borne gravity measuring system 243, 322, 324 (HGMS), 313-316 Hydrosearch Associates Ltd., 362 Henderson, Roland G., 173 Heng, Chang II, 2 Hennet, Christel B., 231 Henry, Jerry W., 342 I/O System Two, 325 Hercules Chemical Corporation, 320 Ice island, 103-106 Heroy, William, 270 ice pack, 75-76, 102-106 Heroy, William, Jr., 271 Ice Station ARLIS II, 103-105 Herrin, Eugene, 142, 146, 211, 230 Ice Station NP-8 (Soviet), 103 Herschel, Sir John, 4 Iceberg Alley, 185 Hersey, Brackett, 368 Iceberg detection, 11 Herzfeld, Charles, 120 icebreaker, 102 Hess, Harry H., 36, 107, 148-150 IGPP Hevilift (P.N.G.) Pty. Ltd., 360 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 387 Hewlett-Packard, 326 Los Alamos Laboratory, 387 Hibbard, H.C., 115 IGY-Year of Discovery, 98-100 Hibernia field, Newfoundland, 185 Ilenthal, Theodor, 147 high-resolution recording. See seismic recording, Illinois, University of, 387 180 imaging. See migration Hildebrand, Andy, 205 IMC Geophysics Ltd., 359 Hillsdale College, 295 Imperial College of Engineering (Tokyo), 4 Hiroshima, Japan, 118, 140, 191 Imperial College of Science and Technology Hirschman, Jerome, 103 (London), 14 Hitler, Adolf, 39, 56 Imperial Oil Ltd., 63 H.M.S. Communications, Incorporated, 360 Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology HMS Vernon, 48-49, 51 (IRIS) Hobson, George D., 185 Data Management Center, 167, 386 Hodgson, Ernest A., 7, 146 Global Seismograph Network (GSN), 211- 212, 225, 231-236 Hodgson, John, 138, 146 Nuclear Testing and Nonproliferation report, Holifield, Chet, 131 231 Hong Kong, University of, 387 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Hoover, Herbert C., 35, 41, 276 Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL), 225 Hoover, Herbert C., Jr., 41, 276 Independent Exploration Company (IXC), 250, Hornig, Donald F., 109-110 255, 271, 316, 346, 372 Houghton, Herbert M., 355 India, 18, 99, 139, 146, 229, 234, 290, 377 Houston, University of, 278-279, 318, 336 Indian Territory Illuminating Company, 18 Houston Geological Society, 22 Indiana, University of, 387 Houston Geophysical Products, 267, 323 Indiana-Purdue University (Fort Wayne), 387 Houston Geoscan, Incorporated, 362 IndigoPool.com, Inc., 360 Houston Technical Laboratories, 262 Indel-Davis (S) Pte. Ltd., 360 Howell, Benjamin F., Jr., 357 Indonesia, 73, 99, 231, 249, 290, 301 Howell, Lynn, 141 Industrial Electronic Supply Company, 262

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inertial navigation, 90, 115, 314 Intrusive plug, 21 inﬂation, xiv, xxiv, 77, 174, 215 Iowa State University, 79, 129 Information Products Systems, Inc., 250 Iran information theory, 85-86, 263-264, 381 the Shah, 197 infra-red imagery, 166, 182, 208, 244 iron ore, 3 Ingram, Jack, 351-352 Isachsen Island, Canada, 71 initial (ﬁrst) arrival, 92, 138 Isacks, Bryan, 152 Inland Sea (Japan), 55 Iselin, Columbus O’Donnell, 59 Innis, Gene, 205 island arc, 150 Input/Output, Inc., 253, 300, 320, 325, 360 Israel, 77, 99, 128, 249 Inshore Services (Int.) Ltd., 360 Italy, 2, 11, 26, 39, 42, 44-46, 66, 99, 122, 295 Institut du Physique du Globe (Strasbourg), 5-7, Itek, Inc., 121 26, 43, 151 Itten, Howard E., 272 Institut Francais de Pétrole, 324 Iverson, Robert M., 313-314 Institute of Applied Geophysics, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 94 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 134 Jackson, Mississippi, 274 Institute of Geology, Beijing, 386 Jackson, Philip L., 278 Institute of Geophysics (Göttingen), 4-5, 8, 26 Jackson, W. H., 129 Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, 160 J-D and Associates, 362 Instituto Superior Técnico, 386 Jaggar, Thomas A., 156 integrated circuits, 265 Jakosky, J.J., 25 Integrated Electronics, Inc. (INTEL), 265 Jamaica, 187 Interactive Exploration System (IES), 206 Jane’s Fighting Ships, 209 Intercontinental Rubber Company, 261 Japan, 26, 39-40, 49, 54-56, 77, 90, 99, 146, 158, Intermagnet, 225 175, 234, 323, 333, 342 Internal Constitution of the Earth, 32 Japanese, 47, 49, 54-55, 61, 72, 90, 260, 323 International Aspects of Oceanography, 35 Jarrell, Jimmie A., 291 International Association of Geophysical Jason, HMS, 36 Contractors (IAGC), 242-243, 246, 272, 276, 298, 324, 359-362 JDK Incorporated, 360 International Association of Seismology and Physics Jeansonne, David A., 329 of the Interior of the Earth, 139 JEBCO Seismic, L. P., 359 International Business Machines Corporation Jeffreys, Harold, 29, 32, 148-149 (IBM), 115-116, 263, 297, 304, 308, 320 Jeffreys–Bullen traveltime curves, 31, 139 International Decade of Ocean Exploration Jensen, Homer, 297 (IDOE), 186 Jesuit Seismological Network, 30 International Deployment of Accelerometers Jewett, Frank B., 58 (IDA), 129, 383 Jiansu Oil Exploration, 359 International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks, 383 John E. Chance & Assoc., Inc., 359 International Geophysical Year (IGY), 98-100 John Paul II, Pope, 191 International Ice Patrol, 32-33 Johns Hopkins University International Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Applied Physics Laboratory, 90 386 Johnson, Charles, 124 International Medical Center, 362 Johnson, David, 195 International Oceanographic Congress, 108 Johnson, Earl W., 18 International Peace Research Institute, 146, 209 Johnson, Ellis A., 54 International Polar Year, 98 Johnson, James F., 88 International Seabed Authority, 187 Johnson, Lyndon B., 118, 158, 160, 162 Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, 210 Johnson, Martin, 37 International Seismological Association, 5, 30, 43 Johnson, Paul, 239 International Seismological Centre (England), 5 Johnson, W. P., 18, 321 International Telephone and Telegraph Company Joint Commission on Atomic Energy, U.S. (ITT), 371 Congress, 98, 123, 137, 194 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth (IUGG), 1 Sampling (JOIDES), 156-158, 225, 227 International Upper Mantle Project, 142 Jones, C. T., 17

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Jonsson, Erik, 260-261, 274, 375, 385 Konoye, Prince, 55 Jorgensen, Earle, 208 Koonce, John, 116 Joyce, J. Wallace, 145 Korean War, 78 Juan de Fuca plate, 193, 195 Krakatau Island, Indonesia, 73 Juan de Fuca Submarine Ridge, 152 Kremlin, Russia, 135 jug hustler, 173 Kruger, Herbert, 44 jungle, 64, 301, 331, 377 Kruppenbach, Jack, 280 Jura Mountains, 4 Kruschev, Nikita, 93, 132 Kuboyama, Aikichi, 90 Kulp, J. Lawrence, 366 Kuparuk ﬁeld, Alaska, 112 Kaas, Ludovicus, 89 Kuwait, 67, 113, 215, 327 Kail Consulting, Ltd., 362 Kamchatka Peninsula, 127, 145 Kaminski, Henry, 101 Kango, 52 La Fond, Eugene, 106 Kannestine, F.M., 337 La Jolla, California, 72, 383-384 Kansas, 24, 166, 177, 295, 375 Labo, Jim, 362 Kansas, University of, 60, 166 Labrador, HCMS, 102 Karcher, John C., 9, 268 LaCoste, Lucien J. B., Jr., 309 Karlsruhe, University of, 318 LaFehr and Chan Technologies (LCT), 311 Karnik, V., 146 LaFehr, Thomas R., 310-311 Katcher, David A., 53 Laing, W.E., 361 Kauffman, Virgil, 207, 297 Lake Superior, 142 Kaufman, Sidney, 28, 188 Lamb, Horace, 52 Kazakstan, 138, 227, 234 Lamont, Thomas J., 70 Keach, Don, 163 Land Department, Inc., 360 Keith, Hastings, 158 land grant college, 161 Keller, George, 124 land permitting, 82, 246, 306 Kelly, Edward J., 136 Landmark Graphics Corporation, 205, 360 Kelly, Paul L., 228 Lane-Wells, 29 Kelly, Sherwin F., 330 Lapeyre, James M., 219, 325 Kelman Technologies, 320, 360 Laredo, Texas play, 217 Kelso, A. Scott, 275 Larner, Kenneth L., 299 Kennedy, John F., 105, 131, 135 Laroche, Annick, 287 Kerr, Ann U., 230 Larochelle, A., 150 Kerr-McGee Oil Company, 155 Latter, Albert, 92 Keystone Aerial Surveys, 312 Latter, Richard, 92, 120 Keyworth, George, 175 Laughton, Anthony S., 162 Khintchine, A., 85 Law of the Sea, 108, 187, 210, 229 Kidd, Robert L., 268 Lawrence, Ernest O., 94 Kidde, Inc., 325 Lawrence, K. M., 240 Kilby, Jack, 265 Lawrence, Marc, 114, 307 Kiley, Leo, 124 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL), 94 Killian, James R., 97, 100 Lawrie, Richard E., 272 kimberlite volcanic plug, 107 Lawson, Andrew C., 29 Kissinger, Henry, 107 Lawyer, L.C. (Lee), 24, 343, 348 Kisslinger, C., 147 le Pichon, Xavier, 152 Kitchener, Lord, 47 Le Roux, Thierry, 287 Kjeller, Norway, 186 Le Shack, Leonard, 103 Klotz, Otto, 7 Leading Edge, The, 17, 208, 311, 344, 347-348 Knudsen, Vern O., 58, 74 lease/rental, 244, 327-328 Kodiak, Alaska, 101 Lebel, Jean, 130 Koehler, Fulton, 275 Leduc ﬁeld, Alberta, 63 Kolmogorov, A., 85 Lee, Milford R., 88 Kongsberg Vapenfabrikk, 293 Leeds, University of, 386

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Leet, Don L., 31, 356 Louisiana Land and Exploration Company, 17 Legion of Merit, 45 Loundy, Samuel H., 45 Lehigh University, 36, 39, 150, 363-364 Love, Augustus E. H., 5 Lehman, John, 208 Lowe, Forest, 288 Lehman Brothers, 329 Lowe, Ralph, 288 Leica Geosystems, 327 Lowman, Paul D., Jr., 154, 189 Leipper, Dale F., 75 Loxco, Inc. (Louisiana Oil Exploration, Inc.), 290 Lemay, Curtis H., 54 Ludendorff, General Erich, 8 Lenig, Larry E., Jr., 291 Ludlow, Stephen J., 304 Lerat, Christian, 287 Lukens, John P., 18 Lesage, Yves, 287 Lunar Science: A Post Apollo Review, 189 lesser developed nations, 187 Lunar surface measurements, 189, 191 Lessons in Seismic Computing, 25 Lundberg, Hans, 330 Levelers, 324 Lyman, John, 101 Lewis, Flora, 164 Lynch, J. Joseph, 89 Lewis, John, 124 Lynn, Walter, 299 liability seismology, 143, 355-357 Lyon, Waldo L., 105 Liberty County, Texas, 271 Lyons, Paul L., 63, 80, 110-111 Libya, 28, 64 Lyons and Lyons, Inc., 110 Lick Observatory, California, 5 Lill, Gordon G., 75 Lillie, F. R., 34 Limbaugh, Robert, 205 Macelwane, James B., 7, 29, 43 limestone, 14, 17, 22, 88, 113, 139, 373, 379 Mack, John W., Jr., 368 Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 158, 161 Mackenzie River Delta, Canada, 71, 185, 280 Lindseth, Roy O., 179, 304, 308 Mackin, J., 75 line-mile, 65, 247, 296 Macmillan, Harold, 132, 135 Linehan, Daniel, 89, 145 Maddock, Ieuan, 136 Liner, C. L., 256 Madingley Rise, England, 150 Linwell, Martin, 377 Magdalena River Valley, Colombia, 377 lithology, 28, 180, 275, 334 Magellan, Inc., 327 Litton, Charles V., 297, 371 Maggiore, Italy, 45 Litton Industries, 250, 297, 312, 371 Maginot Line, France, 46 Litton Resources Systems (LRS), 299 magma source, 188 Livermore Radiation Laboratory (LRL), 131 Magnate, De, 3 location surveying. See positioning magnetic anomaly detector (MAD), 64 Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 153 magnetic data processing and interpretation, 311 Logicon, Inc., 312 magnetic declination, 9, 89 Lomonosov Submarine Ridge, 106 magnetic field of earth London, England, 5, 15, 26, 150, 205-206, 246, polarity reversals, 81, 89-90, 367 263, 276, 287, 303 magnetic intensity lineaments (geomagnetic London Sunday Times, 131 stripes), 4, 9, 151 Long Core (LOCO) Consortium, 107, 154, 156 magnetic surveying long-range seismic measurements (LRSM), 139- airborne, 41, 59, 64, 78, 89-90, 152, 164, 166, 142 177, 182, 244-245, 247-248, 260, 297, 312- longitude, 3-4, 99, 112, 326 316, 330-332, 334, 367 Longwell, C. R., 78 cost, 22-24, 42, 55, 59, 64-65, 225-226, 247- Lorac Service Corporation, 69, 269 249, 251, 309-313 Lord Cowdray (Weetman Pearson), 15, 239 Magnetischer Verein (Society for Magnetic Research), 4 Lorentzen, G. R., 90 magnetometer Lorient, France, 57 flux-gate, 59 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 92, 175, 355 helium, 90 Los Angeles, California, 92, 295-298 nuclear magnetic resonance (proton), 65 Lott, Trent, 184, 232 optical pumping, 65 Loudon field, Illinois, 27 space, 189-191 Louisiana, 15, 17, 67, 74-75, 81, 137, 221, 246, 271, 276, 292, 294-295, 375

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Magnolia Petroleum Company (subsidiary of Mobil McKay, A.E., 272 Corporation), 83, 86, 288 McKeehan, Louis D., 51 Maillet, R., 250, 284 McKelvey, Vincent, 183 Mallet, Robert, 4, 14 McManus, Louis B., 322 Malloy, Arthur, 106 McMinnville, Tennessee, 132 Malmédy Massacre, Belgium, 46 McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 103 management by objective, strategy, tactics (O-S-T) McNeill, James D., 332 restructuring role of research, 200-201, 262 McSherry, Diana, 281 Manchester, University of, 151 Mechlér, Pierre, 130, 146 Mandrell Industries, 126 Medina, Guillermo, 72 Mangan, G. B., 129 Meek, Robert, 134 manganese nodules, 187 Megaseis‘, 189 Manhattan, 165 Megatem®, 332 Manhattan Project, 355-358 Meignie, Yves, 287 Manila Bay, Philippines, 49 Meinez, F.A. Vening, 35-36 manpower, 9, 41, 44, 50, 60, 78-79, 129, 146-147, Melton, Ben F., 18, 51 178, 200-201, 316, 350-353 Menard, H. William, 151, 183-184 mantle Mendenhall, Harold L., 85 seismic velocity, 5-6, 31-32, 129, 139, 142- Mertz, Don, 381 145, 181 Mertz, Inc., 321 map contouring Mertz, Roy, 321 three-dimensional, 203-207 Mesa Petroleum Corporation, 198 Marianas Trench, 106 metalliferous mud, 187 Marine Geophysical Company, 263 methane hydrate, 157, 187, 227 Marine Instruments Company, 68 metric units, xiii marine life, 10, 12, 32-35, 60, 73-75, 227 Mexico City, Mexico, 342 marine mineral resources, 187, 210, 229, 309-311 Meyer, Robert P., 188 marine sanctuary, 228-229 Mgal, Inc., 81, 311-312, 314, 316 Marine Technology Society, 336 Miami, University of, 156, 166 Mark Products, 321, 360 Michaelsen, Reidar, 252, 302 Markham, J. E., 362 Michell, John, 3 Marland, E.W., 14 Michigan State University, 387 Marr, John D., 258 Michigan Technological University, 387 Marshall, Peter D., 146 Michigan, University of, 120, 126, 128, 278, 387 Martin, Lincoln, 278 microgravity, 334 Marvin, C. F., 7 microphone array, 8-9, 44-46 Mason, R.G., 151 microprocessor, 181, 202-208, 243-246, 302, 308 Massachusetts, University of, 79, 173 microwave radiometry, 166 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mid-Continent Petroleum Company, 268 Faculty, 31, 36, 51, 58, 100, 160-161, 175-176 Middle East, 40, 77, 110, 172, 197, 199, 248, 272, Geophysical Analysis Group (GAG), 85, 112- 288, 376-377 113, 263 Midland Reporter-Telegram, 289 Lincoln Laboratories, 188, 193-194 midocean ridges, 147-153 Massy, France, 254, 285 migration, 208, 220, 245, 256, 277, 295, 318, 395 Matthews, Drummond H., 150 Mile-Hi Exploration Company, 291 Maury, Matthew F., 9-10 Miles, Richard F., 324 Maxwell, Arthur E., 157 Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 169 Mayne, Harry, 20, 83, 215, 257, 259, 353, 378-381 Millenium Seismic, Incorporated, 360 McCollum, Burton, 9, 13, 88, 258 Miller, A. H., 7 McCollum, E.V., 309 Miller, George P., 159 McCollum Exploration Company, 258 Milne, John, 5, 121 McDaniel, D., 250 Milo, E. E., 157 McDermott, Eugene, 15, 260-261, 268, 372, 375, 385 Minden, Louisiana, 375 McDermott, Margaret, 265 mine, explosive McDermott, William, 372 acoustic, 51-55 McEvilly, Thomas, 210 air-launched, 48-55

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contact, 46, 54, 57-58, 227 Murphree, Harold F., 291 magnetic, 42, 47-51, 53-55, 59 Murphy, Leonard, 124 magnetic-acoustic, 54 Myer, Robert, 142 pressure-magnetic, 54 mine warfare, 46-55 mineral exploration, 3, 65, 182, 187, 247-248, 277, 285, 312-313, 329, 334 N F Industries, 174 minicomputers, 181, 243, 320 Nafe, John E., 370 Minnesota, University of, 387 Nagasaki, Japan, 191 Mintrop, Ludger, 8-9, 14, 20, 353 Nairobi, Kenya, 171 Minturno Front, Italy, 45 Nance Exploration Company, 272 Miracle Play chemical explosion series, 144 Nash salt dome, Texas, 15 Mission Research Corporation, 213 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 69 Mississippi River Delta, 166, 274 National Central University (Taiwan), 213 Missouri, University of, 387 National Defence Research Institute (Stockholm), Missouri, University of (Rolla), 387 146, 209 Mitcham, Billy F., Sr., 327 National Defense Research Committee (NRDC), Mitcham Industries, 254, 327-328, 360 50, 72, 107, 364 Mitchell, Walter R., 271 National Engineering Science Company, 155 Mitchum, R. M., Jr., 180 National Geographic Society, 364 Miyamura, S., 146 National Geophysical Company, 137, 271 Mobil Oil Company (originally SOCONY) National Institute of Earthquake Research, 26 Magnolia Petroleum Company, 83, 86, 288 National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Mobile Bay, Alabama, 46 (now National Institute of Oceanographic Mohoroviˇci´cdiscontinuity (“Moho”) Sciences), 162 Project Mohole, 5-6, 153-155, 158 National Materials and Minerals Policy Act, 330 Molnar, Julius P., 97 National Ocean Conference (1998), 227 Montana, 131-134, 142 National Ocean Industries Association, 298, 327 Monterey, California, 74, 227 National Ocean Survey, 60 moon landings, 100 National Research Council-1, 32, 58, 94, 107, 384 Mooney, J. B., Jr., 163 National Security Industrial Association, 165 Moore, Gordon, 265 National Wildlife Federation, 170 Moore, Willis, 7 Natural hazards, 181, 193 Morgan, J. P., 14 Natural Resources Defense Council, 227, 231 Morley, Lawrence W., 150 NAVSTAR, 326 Morrison, Frank, 311 Neese, U. E., 272 Mortureux, Marc, 287 Neidell, Norman S., 275, 294 Moss Bluff dome, Texas, 271 Neilson, Valerie, 173 Mott-Smith, Lewis M., 51, 159 Nelson, HMS, 48 Mott-Smith Corporation, 141, 310 Nelson, Royce, 205 Mould Bay, Canada, 71 Nero, Emperor, 88 Mount Cassino, Italy, 45 Nestvold, E. O., 218 Mount Hood, Oregon, 195 Netherlands, The, 42, 112 Mount Lassen, California, 192 Netherlands East Indies, 40, 67 Mount Palomar, California, 44 Nettleton, Lewis L., 309 Mount Rainier, Washington, 195 Neumann, M., 30 Mount St. Helens, Washington, 192 Nevada, 91, 131, 225, 387 Mount Vesuvius, Italy, 194 New Directions Society, 170 Mountain Bell Telephone Company, 134 New England, 31 Mouton, John, 205 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 225 Mr. De, 17 Mullineaux, Donal, 193 New Orleans, University of, 387 multicomponent seismic surveys, 245, 318 New York, New York, 29, 50, 53, 108, 110-111, 148, 165, 175, 206, 231, 252, 254, 261, 282, multiples (reverberations), 117, 286 285, 291, 299, 304, 307, 325, 375 Munk, Walter, 61, 86, 97, 106, 128, 160, 368 New York Times, 131, 135 Munk’s Law of Giving, 160 New York State University:

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Binghampton, 387 nuclear explosions Stony Brook, 387 Able, 72 New York University, 166 Antler, 126, 140 New Zealand, 45, 78, 99, 234, 248, 272 Baker, 69, 72-73 Newark, New Jersey, 375 Bilby, 136 Newcastle upon Tyne, University of, 176 Blanca, 96-97, 118 Newfoundland, 10, 156 Bravo, 90 Newton, Sir Isaac, 3 Cannikin, 194 Newton, W. W., 375 Diamond Dust, 123 NFFO Services Ltd., 360 Diamond Mine, 123 Nichols, E. L., 47 Dribble, 139, 143 Nicol, L. Tom, 307 Fisher, 126, 258 Nielson, Valerie, 173 Gnome, 137, 140-144 Nigeria, 66, 221, 291, 301 Hardhat, 126 Nilore, Pakistan, 233-234 Hardtack, 117, 137 Nitze, Paul, 163 Hardtack II, 96-97 Nixon, Richard M., 109, 158, 182, 348 Hiroshima, 118, 140, 191 Nobel Prize, 8, 92, 94, 149, 151, 225, 230, 309 Linen (chemical simulation), 140 Nolan, Thomas, 129 Logan, 96-97, 118, 126 Non-Linear Processes in Geophyics, 338 Longshot, 145 nonexclusive data, 272-273, 319-320 Nagasaki, 191 Nordberg, Harold, 251, 293 Plowshare, 140 Norgaard, Peer, 287 Rainier, 91-92, 96, 118, 140 normal moveout (NMO) correction, 117, 296 Salmon, 123, 143-144 Norman Wells, Canada, 70 Scroll, 123 Normandy, France, 46, 50, 53, 68 Shade, 139, 374 NORPAC Exploration Services, Inc., 291 Shoal, 143 Norsk AGIP, 112 Sterling, 123, 143-144 Norsk Hydro Produksjon, 112 Trinity, 43-44, 69, 143, 355-358 Norske Fina, 112 Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes—The Parted Veil, North American Aviation, Inc., 296 90, 120 North American Exploration Company, 291 nuclear submarine, 105, 151, 209 North American Processing, Inc., 291 nuclear test North Atlantic Basin, 36 ban, 90-97, 117-118, 120, 131, 135-138, 142, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 186 145, 147, 175, 186, 211-212, 229, 231, 236, 383 North Carolina, University of, 387 detection North Korea, 77 deep hole, 126, 211-212 North Pole, 104-107, 127, 151 threshold, 136, 171, 186, 229, 357 North Sea, 47, 110, 112-113, 115, 117, 172, 198, 220-221, 293, 302, 354 inspection, 73, 92, 96-97, 118, 123, 145, 232 North Slope, Alaska, 82, 112 radiation and fall-out, 72-73, 90-91, 140, 143- 145 Northern Illinois University, 387 Nuclear Test Ban Treaties Northrop, Doyle, 131 Comprehensive Test Ban (1996), 229, 383 Northwest Passage, 165 Limited (1963), 229 Northwest Territories, 70, 138 Non-Proliferation (1970), 231 Northwestern University, 387 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (1976), 229 Northwood, John, 263 Threshold (1974), 186, 229 Norway, 37, 59, 99, 112-113, 133, 136, 186, 213, 219, 230, 234, 254, 279, 286, 293 Nuclear testing Norwegian Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial China, 229, 231, 233-234 Development, 230 France, 90-97, 130, 141, 231-237 Notre Dame University, 176 India, 229, 233-234 Novaya Zemlya, 194 Pakistan, 229, 233-234 Noyce, Robert, 265 Soviet Union, 90-97, 135, 146, 229-237, 270 Nuclear Ambush—The Test Ban Trap, 90 United Kingdom, 90, 94, 96-97, 135-139, 229, nuclear disarmament, 92 231-237 nuclear excavation, 136, 140

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United States, 90-97, 117-120, 135-136, 139- offshore drilling, 107, 112, 155, 172, 176, 228, 293 145, 229-237, 270 offshore leasing (U.S.), 227-229 Offshore Navigation Inc. (ONI), 69 Offshore Surveys International Ltd., 362 Offshore Technology Conference (OTC), 172 O’Brien, W. J., 68 Ohio State University, 80 O’Donnell, T. J., 141 Oil & Gas Journal, 382 O’Keefe, Georgia, 265 Oil Data Processing Company, 269 Obenchain, R., 134 oil discovery cost (U.S.), 23-24, 247-250, 296 Obninsk, Russia, 233-234 oil discovery rate (U.S.), 23-24, 41, 178, 198-200, Observatorio Nacional, Brazil, 386 216 observer (on seismic crew), 24-25, 129 oil ﬁeld services, 200-202, 224, 243-246, 300-303 Occidental Petroleum Corporation, 316, 361 oil/gas blow-out, 171 ocean oil/gas seep, 229, 353 bottom hydrates, 227 oil spill, 229 bottom sediments, 2, 9-11, 32-33, 35-36, 149- oil–water interface, 178-179, 221, 294 158, 184-185, 187, 221-222, 225-229, 366 Oilmin Field Services, 359 depth, 11, 32-33, 35-36, 103-106 Oklahoma, 13-15, 17, 19, 44, 81, 89, 131, 133, depth record, 106-107, 156, 222, 227 142, 174, 177, 257, 268, 295, 301, 321, 336, engineering, 10-12, 46-55, 56-60, 68, 104-108, 345, 372-375 132, 153-158, 163-165, 218-222, 293-294, Oklahoma, University of, 9, 13, 79, 128, 268, 385, 302-303 387 gravity, 36, 103, 106, 149, 309-311, 313 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 14 mining, 108, 187 Oklahoma City Geophysical Society, 14 temperature, 3, 9-10, 33, 36-37, 103, 107, 181, Oklahoma State University, 288 245, 311 Oldham, Richard D., 6 waves, 10, 73 Oliver, Jack, 94, 120, 127, 145, 152, 187 ocean bottom seismometer (OBS), 127, 214 Olsen, Kenneth H., 355-358 Ocean Drilling and Exploration Company Olson, Boyd E., 101 (ODECO), 155 Olson, Robert W., 260-261 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) OMNI Energy Services, 328-329 Glomar Challenger, 156-157, 225 on-site inspection, 92, 96, 118, 123, 145, 232 (SEDCO/BP 471), 225 Joides Resolution One of Our H-Bombs Is Missing, 164 ocean ﬂoor seismic motion, 127 ONGC-Geodata Processing and Interpretation, Ocean Margin Drilling Program, 184 359 Ocean Marine Services, 250, 281 Operation Bluejay, 101 oceanic crust, 147-158, 366 Operation Crossroads, 72 Oceanographer, 48, 160, 184 Operation Skijump, 103 oceanography Oppeboen, Kjell Arne, 347 airborne, 89-90, 101-105, 166-167 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 72 biological, 10, 12, 33-34 optical correlation, 126 chemical, 33, 61, 73, 236, 365-367 Orbital Imaging Corporation, 208 geological, 106-108, 147-158, 180, 184, 221, Orbital Sciences, Inc., 320 225-229, 363-367 Orchard dome, Texas, 15 military, 11-12, 36-37, 60-61, 72-76, 100-108, Oregon 163-165, 184-185, 209, 364 State University of, 106, 183, 302, 387 research, 32-37, 72, 75-76, 102-106, 148-158, 160-163, 187, 227-228, 363-367 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 174, 197 spacecraft, 166-167, 189, 208 oscillograph, 13-14 Oceanography: 1960 to 1970, 108 Oslo, Norway, 146, 186, 254, 286 Oceanography: Its Scope, Problems and Economic Importance, 35 Ostenso, Ned A., 367 Oceanography Society, 166, 336 Otago, University of, 386 Oceans—Their Physics, Chemistry and General Ottawa, Ontario, 146 Biology, 37 Our Nation and the Sea, 161, 182 Odenbach, F. L., 7 Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), 229 off-the-road vehicles, 64, 73, 177, 244, 313, 321, Owen, HMS, 150 328-329 Owens, Gary D., 323, 326, 328

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Oxford University, 384 Pennsylvania State University, 79, 128, 357, 387 Oyo Corporation, 323, 361 Pennzoil Corporation, 184, 198-199, 330 Oyo Geospace, 253-254, 322-323, 361 permafrost, 181 oyster mortality, 74-75 permitting, 70-71, 82, 171-172, 181, 228-229, 288, 305-306, 316, 374 Perry, Waynard B., 278 Persian Gulf, 40, 67, 376 Pacific Northwest, 193, 195 Person, Waverly J., 173 Pacific Sierra, Inc., 213 personal computer (PC), 203-207, 230, 308, 320, Pacific West Exploration Company, 291 326-327 Pagan, A. C., 310 Peterson, Raymond A., 93, 277 Paine Webber, Inc., 282 Petrolane, Inc., 290 Pakiser, Louis C., Jr., 124, 129 Petroleum and Environmental Geo-Services, 360 Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) Paleoceanography, 338 Palo Alto, California, 210, 371 Calibre Seismic Company, 302 Palomares, Spain, 164 survey vessels, 251, 253, 285, 313 Pan American Petroleum Corporation (formerly Tensor Geophysical, 291, 302, 308 Standard Oil and Gas Company), 19, 40, 86, Petroleum in the Marine Environment, 229 141 Petroleum Information, Inc., 206 Panama Canal, 12, 140 petroleum price, 40, 77, 110, 197-199, 215-216, Panarctic Oil Ltd., 71 239, 242 Panofsky, Wolfgang, 119 petroleum production, 40, 71, 112, 228-229, 302, Papua, New Guinea, 67, 208, 234 353 Paradigm, Inc., 360 petroleum reserves Pardo, Arvid, 162 proven, 22, 40, 112-113 Pardue, Howell W., 289 undiscovered, 172, 221, 227-229, 247, 289-290 Paris, France, 225 petroleum reservoir evaluation, 300, 302, 329, 354 Park, Jeffrey, 231 Pettenati-Auzière, Christophe, 287 Parker, George E., 272, 361 Petts, John Paul, 289 Parker, Richard H., 258, 321 Petty, Dabney, 18 Parks, L., 122 Petty, Scott Jr., 18, 250, 361 party chief, 18, 25, 27, 44, 160, 173, 268, 270-271, Petty Geophysical Engineering Company, 18, 155, 274, 295, 372-373, 375, 377 257 Petty-Ray Geophysical Division, 259 Party Line, 132, 173 Pasechnik, I.P., 94, 146-147 Philco-Ford, 166 Paslay, Roy, 68 Phillips Petroleum Company, 85, 361 patents, geophysical, 10, 13-20, 64, 69, 262, 265, Phinney, Robert A., 188 292, 298, 314-316 Photo Gravity Corporation, 360 Paul, Donald L., 215 photographic recording, 8, 25, 29, 210 Pauling, Linus C., 91 photography Pavey, George, 68 aerial, 8, 102-103, 145, 208, 297, 312-313, Peacock, Elwin M., 361 331-332 Peacock, H. Bates, 18, 260-261, 268, 372 multispectral, 167, 182 Pearlman, Herbert M., 317 underwater, 163-164, 364 Pechelbronn field, France, 28 Photon, Ltd., 206 Pecora, William T., 170, 181 Physical Geography of the Sea, 10 Peking University, 386 Piccard, Jacques, 106 Pelton, Charles R., 321 Pickens, T. Boone, 198 Pelton Company, 321 Pierce, Phoebe, 369 pendulum Pinedale, Wyoming, 126 Eckhardt, 21-22, 44 Pitman, Walter, 152 free restoring, 4 Pittman, Chalmers V.A., 18 geodetic, 3, 81 plate tectonics, 147, 149, 151-152, 187 invar, 81 plotting (machine) quartz, 81, 311 color, 166, 179, 207, 275 Penney, Sir William G., 94 variable density, 20, 116 Pennsylvania, University of, 8-10, 13, 44, 295 Poe, Patrick, 280-281

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Point Barrow, Alaska, 70, 75, 81, 103 P.T. Geoservices, 362 Poland, 40, 42, 49, 77, 99 Puerto Rico Trench, 296 Polar Continental Shelf Project, 71, 185 Puget Sound, 152, 353 polar research, 71, 102, 185 pulse-shaping, 381-382 Polaris International Explorer, Ltd., 360 Purdue University, 10, 387 Pole Mountain, Wyoming, 137, 141 Pure Oil Company, 18, 141, 372, 380 Politics of Pure Science, The, 153 pyroclastic flow, 194 Politics of the Ocean, The, 158 Pollock, Jonathan, 291 pollutants detection by analytical chemistry, 170, 187 Quanah, Texas, 188 Pomeroy, Paul, 126, 370 Quantum Geophysical, Inc., 360 population (world), 247 quarterboat, 274 porosity, 86-87, 91, 179, 334 Queensland, University of, 386 Portwood, Thomas, 250 positioning (surveying), 3, 11, 45, 68-69, 115, 164, 219, 244, 246, 269, 313-316, 320, 325-327, 376 Racal, NCS, Incorporated, 360 positioning systems Racal Surveys, Ltd., 320 Decca, 68, 164 radar GEONAV‘, 115 airborne, 41, 56, 59, 207-208, 244-245, 261, Global Positioning System (GPS), 326 316, 330-332, 334 LORAC, 69, 115, 269 ground penetrating, 224, 334 LORAN-C, 115, 327 imagery, 166, 207-208, 245, 297 OMEGA, 115, 327 ship-mounted, 11, 56 RAYDIST, 69, 115 side-looking, 162, 165-166, 297 SHORAN TRANSIT, 69 station, 101-102 Visual, 68 surveying, 68 Post, Troy V., 307 synthetic-aperture, 166 potential field data interpretation, 309-316 wavelength, 57, 166-167 Potsdam, Germany, 81 radio, 2, 15-16, 20, 43-44, 46, 56-57, 60, 69, 71, Potter, David S., 184 92, 130, 244, 257, 262, 268, 276, 296, 306- Practical Seismology and Seismic Prospecting, 31 307, 324-325, 338, 371 Prakla, 42, 293 Radio Oil Finders (RadOil), Inc., 257 Prather, O.E., 290 Radio Science, 338 Pratt, Wallace, 20 radio telemetry, 306, 324-325 Preliminary Bulletin of Seismic Events, 43, 210 radioactive dating, 150, 152, 371 Press, Frank, 94, 97, 120, 131, 146, 175, 184, 189, radioactive debris, 90-96, 132, 366 266, 366, 370 radiometric surveying, 145, 182, 244-245, 334 Prince, Rudy, 280-281, 304 Raeder, Erich, 56 Princeton University, 36, 39, 149, 161, 166, 188, Raff, A.D., 151 231, 387 Ramco Laboratories, 281 process manager, 223 Ramform-class vessel, 227 Proffitt, J.M., 361 Rauscher Pierce Refsnes, 282 Proforma, Incorporated, 362 Rayflex Exploration, Inc., 271, 273 Project raypath, 2-6, 8, 11, 14, 16-17, 19, 67, 84, 113-117, Ida, 129, 211, 232, 383 178-181, 256, 275 Magnet, 89-90, 152 Raytheon Company, 33, 269 Mohole, 153-155, 158 Reagan, Ronald W., 158, 175, 183, 208-210, 247, Vela Uniform, 98, 119-136, 139-145, 210-214, 297 271, 278, 280 recording line, 8, 44, 52, 68, 219, 247, 290, 304, proprietary data, 224-225, 253, 276, 291, 317 354 Proubasta, Dolores, 344 Reese, D. Gayle, 250, 276, 279, 361 Prudhoe Bay field, Alaska, 102, 110-112, 165, 171, Reeves, James, 124, 143 181, 280 reflection Pryor, William, 36 amplitude, 24-25, 86-87, 113-117, 178-180, P.T. Digicon Mega Pratama, 360 207, 275, 297, 372

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character change, 178 Romania, 28, 40, 42, 99, 146, 273, 284 coefficient, 86-87 Romberg, Fred, 159, 263 picking by machine, 207, 256, 263, 275-276, Romig, Phillip R., 351 297, 304 Romney, Carl F., 94, 97, 126, 132, 143, 237, 270 point, 83-87, 115-117, 256, 378-381 Rondout Associates, 213 polarity, 179 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 63 refraction Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 33 arrival, 6, 14-17, 37, 92, 132, 138, 141, 334 Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, 181 index, 3 Roots, Fred, 71, 185 registration law, 278 Ropek, John, 101 remote sensing, 167, 181, 192, 207-208, 244-245, Rosaire, E. Eugene, 21, 271 258, 297, 313 Rose, John, 81, 369 remotely operated vehicle (ROV), 164, 220-221 Rosenbaum, J.H., 126 Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute, 387 Ross, Rex, 206 reparage par le son, 8 Rossby, Carl-Gustav, 36 Republic Exploration Company, 288 Rosset, Pascal, 287 research and development expenditures, U.S. Rothé, J.P., 43, 151 government, 109-110, 123 Rough Range field, Australia, 378 research geophysical surveying, 79-81, 102-106, 129-130, 142, 151-152, 225-228, 353, 363-370 Rouiller, Pascal, 287 resolution of reflections, 179, 263 round-off error, 297 results based compensation, 224 Rowan Companies, 172, 228 Revelle, Roger, 37, 61, 73, 108 Royal Astronomical Society, 1, 51, 175 Reykjanes Submarine Ridge, 152 Rubaiyat, The, 255 Reynolds, Fisher F., 258 Ruhr University (Bochum), 213 Rhode Island, University of, 74 Rummerfield, Ben, 141 rhyolitic tuff, 91 Runcorn, Stanley Keith, 149, 151, 176 Riboud, Jean, 292 Running summation, 126 Rice, Robert B., 296 Ruska Instrument Corporation, 81 Rice University, 387 Russell, Brian, 342-343 Richards, Paul, 229 Russell, Sir Bertrand, 140 Richardson, Elliott L., 187 Russian, 5, 40, 85, 103, 107, 140, 209, 231, 234, 239, 249, 303, 386 Richmond Petroleum Company, 377 Russian Academy of Sciences, 175, 231, 386 Richter, Charles F., 91, 93 Russian Federation (as of 1992), 239, 249 Ricker, Norman H., 20 Ridgefield, Connecticut, 294 Rieber, Frank, 20 Rio Grande Rift, 188 S-Cubed, Inc., 213 riser pipe, 157 Sabins, Floyd F., 208 risk-based compensation, 224 Sain-Bel deposit (France), 331 Ritchie, Charles H., 361 Saint Gaudens, France, 284 Ritsema, A.R., 194 Saint Louis University, 26, 387 Ritter, William E., 33 Saint Peter’s tomb, 88-89 Robert, Dominque, 287 Salem field, Illinois, 28 Robert H. Ray, Inc., 173, 258-259 salinity, 33 Robinson, Enders A., 85 salt bed, 139 Robinson, Herbert, 17 salt dome, 15, 17, 19, 22, 116, 143, 271, 276, 284, Robson, David, 282, 304 336 Robson, Val, 304 Salvatori, Henry, 17-18, 175, 208, 271, 295-297, Rocard, Michel, 130 372 Rocard, Yves, 94, 130 Salvatori, William, 271 Rockefeller Foundation, 34-35, 367 sampling rate, 179-180, 314 Rockwell Corporation, 213, 257-258 San Andreas Fault, 152 Rocky Mountain Permit Services, Incorporated, San Antonio, New Mexico, 357 362 San Diego State University, 387 Rodean, H.C., 186 San Joaquin Valley, California, 296 Rogers Environmental & Safety Services, 362 San Jose State University, 387

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sand-shale sequence, 117, 217 Seaboard Oil Company, 375 Sanders, Ray, 275 seamount, 36 Sangree, J. B., 180 Sears, Harold A., 258, 322 Santa Barbara, California, 171, 182, 298, 387 Sears, Mary, 61, 108 sardines, 74 Seaton, R. W., 90 Saskatchewan, University of, 128 Sedco Drillship, 187, 445 satellite, 99-100, 115, 166, 181-182, 189, 245-246, sedimentary section (column), 157, 365 297, 326-327 Seis Pros Inc., 328 satellite sensing systems Seiscom Delta United (Seiscom Delta, Inc.), 250 EROS, 181-183 Seislog®, 179 LANDSAT, 64, 183, 208, 226, 297 Seismic & Land Services, 362 MAGSAT, 65, 189, 192 Seismic Array Facilities POGO, 65, 189, 192 Australia, 139-140 RADARSAT, 208 Brazil, 139 Sea WIFS, 208 Canada, 136, 138-140, 186, 235 SEASAT, 166, 189, 192 Finland, 230 SPOT, 208 France, 130 Saudi Arabia, 18, 82, 199, 208, 218, 301, 377 Germany, 230, 235 Saville, W. G., 310 Great Britain, 136-139 Savit, Carl H., 115, 141, 159, 295-299 India, 139 Sax, R. L., 126, 134 Kazakhstan, 229 Saxton, Murray, 362 Norway, 133, 136, 186, 230, 235 Schefer, Murray, 101 Soviet Union, 211, 229-231 Scherbel, T. J., 122 United Nations, 232-237 Schlumberger, Anne Gruner, 284, 331 United States Schlumberger, Conrad, 8, 28, 283-284, 292, 331 Air Force Technical Applications Center Schlumberger, Marcel, 28, 250, 283-284, 292 (AFTAC), 69, 131, 133, 226 Schlumberger Adventure, 331 Project VELA Uniform, 98, 119-136, 139- Schlumberger Ltd. 147, 211-214 GECO-Prakla, 218, 251, 293-294, 305, 360 Seismic Computing Corporation (Seiscom), 241, GeoQuest, 203, 205-206, 269-270, 294, 308 274 SEDCO Forex, 293 seismic crew count, 41, 66, 77, 110, 176-177, 240, 247 Schmitt, Harrison H., 147 seismic cross-section, 14, 20, 85, 115-117, 178- Schmunk, John, 313 181, 207, 217, 220, 256, 275, 278, 299, 309- Schneider, Louis I., 273 310 Schneider, William A., 307 seismic data acquisition. See seismic recording Schofield, Frank H., 35 seismic data processing Schwarz, Harvey F., 68 cost, 25, 84-85, 113-117, 178, 203-207, 247, Science, 131, 157 264, 296-297 Science Applications International Corporation, digital, 85, 113-117, 178-180, 202-207, 210- 230 211, 217-221, 225-226, 230-231, 243-247, Science Horizons, Inc., 213 256, 263-264, 269, 272-273, 275, 285, 289, 296-297, 308, 318 Science Service Epicenter Project, 43 floating-point, 115, 269, 297 Scientific Computers Company, 275 real-time, 126, 132, 210-212, 302 scintillometer, 334 relative amplitude preservation, 115, 178-180, Scotland, 42, 113, 139, 218, 234, 318 256 Scott, G. L., 291 three-dimensional, 180, 202-207, 216-221 Scott-Pickford Group Ltd., 362 seismic data storage/brokerage, 243, 253-254, 317- Scripps, E. W., 35 319 Scripps, Robert, 37 seismic detection stations, 90-97, 119-139, 210- Scripps Clinic (California), 384 212, 230-237 Scripps Institution for Biological Research, 33 seismic discoveries Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 33-34, 59, 61, cost, 17, 22-24, 40, 42, 65, 79, 171, 174, 180, 107-108, 155, 183, 298, 383 184, 186, 199-203, 205, 216-219, 221, 247- Sea, swell, and surf forecasting, 61 249, 251, 289, 294, 296-298, 308, 317-320, sea grant college, 161 328, 354 sea-floor spreading, 147, 149, 152, 157 seismic energy sources

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air gun, 88, 115, 219, 322, 324-325 telemetry, 133-134, 211, 236, 244, 290, 306, artillery, 8 324-325 bombs, 14 three-dimensional, 36, 117, 180, 200, 216- dropped weights, 88-89 222, 256, 264, 272, 289-290, 294, 299, 302, 304 gaseous impulses, 14, 18, 22, 24, 68, 73, 87, 110, 129, 137-145, 243, 286, 320, 322 universal acquisition, 307 sparkers, 88, 272 variable density, 20, 116, 179 vibrators, 88, 244, 247, 285, 321, 325, 381- seismic reﬂection quality, 80-81, 288-289 382 Seismic & Land Services, 362 seismic equipment Seismic Research Corporation, 240-241 cost, 86, 115, 123, 210-211, 251, 253, 262, Seismic Resources, Inc., 211, 300, 309 275, 280, 288-289 Seismic Services, Inc., 291, 362 manufacturing capacity, 262-265, 268, 282, seismic stratigraphy, 41, 180, 256, 279 285, 295, 300, 320-329, 332-333 Seismic Stratigraphy, 279 Seismic Exchange, Inc., 290, 360 Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Seismic Explorations Company, 258 Exploration, 180 seismic interpretation seismic survey vessels: 2-D, 27, 110-113, 115-117, 179, 205, 207, Digicon: Atlantic Seal, 279-282 217-218, 251, 256, 272, 289-290, 299, 307, Eagle: Celtic Horizon, Discoverer, Labrador 317, 323, 328, 353-354 Horizon, Paciﬁc Horizon, 306 3-D, 180, 200-207, 216-219, 221, 239, 249, Geophysical Service Inc.: Cecil H. Green, Sonic, 251-252, 256, 264, 272-273, 276, 282, 289- 263, 266-267 290, 292-294, 299-302, 304-307, 312, 317- Gulf Oil Company: Hollis Hedberg, 200-201 319, 323, 325, 327-329, 353-354 Lamont-Doherty: Maurice Ewing, 227-228 4-C (four component), 216, 252, 354 Petroleum Geo-Services: Geo-Explorer, Ramform 4-D (time-lapse 3-D), 252, 292 Explorer, Ramform Viking, 227, 251, 302 visualization, 207, 243, 311, 354 Seiscom-Delta: American Delta, 276 seismic magnitude, 91, 93, 118, 139-145, 148, Veritas: Veritas Viking, 304 211-214, 229 Western Geophysical (Baker Hughes): Western Seismic Management Services, Ltd., 362 Horizon, Western Legend, Western Monarch, Seismic Methods for Monitoring Underground Orient Pearl I, Western Patriot, Western Wave, Explosions, 146 301 Seismic Micro-Technology, Inc., 203 seismic surveying seismic modeling, 85-87, 207, 245, 256, 312, 317- marine, 34-36, 112-113, 137, 162, 171, 178, 318 180, 184-186, 200-201, 216-222, 227-229, seismic noise 243-248, 256, 266-267, 271-273, 276, 280- random (white), 81, 83-84, 210, 381-382 281, 286, 293, 296-307, 322, 324, 326, 354, seismic phase, 5, 275 363-366, 376 seismic recording multiple coverage, 67, 83-88, 112, 115-117, 203-208, 218-222, 243-247, 251-252, 288- analog, 14, 83, 85, 88, 110, 113-117, 137, 210, 290, 293-294, 302, 304, 306, 317-319, 378- 212, 243, 245, 263, 272-273, 281, 288, 296 381 binary-gain, 115, 178, 269, 297 seismograph (seismometer, detector) broad-band, 83, 126, 165, 212 accelerometer, 53, 129, 211 cost, 113-117, 174, 180, 199-203, 205, 216- borehole, 126, 132, 212, 227, 243-245, 334, 219, 221, 247-249, 251, 264-265, 281, 289, 375 294, 296-298, 306, 308, 317, 325, 328, 375 broad-band, 83, 126, 212 digital, 85-86, 113-117, 202, 205-206, 210- 211, 218, 243, 256, 258, 263-264, 266-267, frequency response, 4, 17, 95, 121, 126, 139, 269, 272-273, 275, 278-281, 285, 289, 296- 178-181, 212, 334 299, 304, 308, 314, 320, 324-325, 353, Hall-Sears, 132, 258, 322 380-381, 383 horizontal, 4-5, 121, 126, 220-221, 270, 318, dynamic range, 115, 210, 212, 269, 314 354 early camera, 15-17, 20, 373 long-period, 5, 95, 117, 121, 126, 128, 139, equipment distortion, 15-16, 121, 373 212, 230, 383 high-resolution, 178-181, 273, 323, 334 Milne, 4-5, 7, 121 magnetic, 81-83, 85, 113, 115-116, 127, 137, ocean bottom (OBS), 127, 245, 324 140, 179, 258, 263, 272, 288, 296 phased arrays, 82-87, 113-117, 130-134, 136- number of channels (traces), 13-15, 17-20, 25, 139, 202-207, 209, 218-220, 230-231, 236 65, 68, 83, 110, 132, 137, 180, 190, 258, short-period, 95, 121, 139, 178-180 278, 288-290, 296, 300, 306, 324 standardization, 7, 121-123, 145, 211

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strain, 43, 192 Shoram, Yoram, 353 three-component, 31, 127, 220, 245, 324, 356- shot-hole drilling, 321 357 Shrock, Robert R., 79, 383 vertical, 4-5, 65, 84, 95, 179, 191, 220, 230, Shugart, Thomas R., 273 244, 256, 270, 323, 355, 376 Sidney Schafer and Associates, 241 Wood-Anderson, 93 SIE, Inc., 128, 321 seismograph network, 5-6, 121-125, 139, 140, 146, Sierra Club, 170 152, 210-211, 231-236 Sierra Geophysics, Inc., 213 Seismograph Service Corporation (SSC) (Raytheon), 268-270 Signal du Sourcier, Le, 130 Birdwell Division, 269 signal strength, 142 Seiscor Division, 268 signal-to-noise ratio, 83, 88, 91, 126 Seismological Service of Canada, 147 Signature Geophysical, 305 Seismological Society of America (SSA)-1, 336- Sigsbee Plateau, 156 337 Silicon Graphics, 320 seismology (forensic), 137, 146, 211, 230, 237 Silverman, Daniel, 86, 295 seismometer. See also detector, geophone, Simmons & Company, 305 hydrophone, seismograph Simon-Horizon, Ltd., 273, 306 Seismos, Ltd., 19, 250 Simons, Howard, 131, 135 Seitel, Inc., 317-320, 360 Simpson, David W., 231 3-D Energy, 282, 317 Simpson, Stephen M., Jr., 86 Eagle Geophysical, 253-254, 305-306, 319- Sinclair, Kenneth, 124 320, 359 Sinclair Oil and Gas Company, 110 Olympic Seismic, Ltd., 317 Singleton, Henry E., 271, 299 Seiwell, Richard, 61 Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 167, 181, 208 Selecman, Charles E., 325 Sismografia Colombia S.A., 360 Semenov, Nikolai N., 94 Skelton, J. Dan, 126, 348 semiconductor, 262, 265-266 Skerl, Damir, 299 Seminole, Oklahoma, 17, 372 SKYLAB, 192 Semipalatinsk, East Kazakhistan, 138, 211, 229- Slichter, Louis B., 31, 58, 70 230 Slotnick, Morris M., 25 Seneca, Lucius A., 335 Smith, James, 103 Senti, Russell, 247 Smith, Mark K., 86, 114 Seriff, A. J., 126 Smith, Neal J., 51 service sector, 201-202, 216, 224, 241-246, 253- 254, 306-333, 351 Smith, Tom, 203 Seven Sisters, 198 Smith, William, 83 Sevmorneftegeofizika (SMNG), 360 Smithsonian Institution, 7 Sewell, R. B. S., 151 Snodgrass, Frank, 128 Seydoux, Rene, 285 snorkel, 57 Shannon, Claude E., 263 Snyder, J. Edward, Jr., 184 Shapee, Richard M., 126 Sobel, A. H., 124 Shaw Industries, 321 Société de Prospection Electrique, 284, 331 Sheffield, D. B., 250, 258 Société de Prospection Géophysique, 284 Shell, William, 280 Société Géophysique de Recherches Minières (SGRM), 284 Shell Oil Company, 28, 85, 126, 155, 361, 380 Society of Economic Geophysicists, 336 Shengli Geophysical Exploration Co., 360 Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) Shepherd, Mark, Jr., 267 Annual Meeting, 41, 78, 150, 173, 215, 241- Sheridan, R. E., 157 242, 249, 264, 285, 294, 314, 342, 345, Sheriff, Robert E., 241, 279 348, 380-381 Sherwood, John W. C., 280 Business Office, 342, 345, 369 Sherwood Forest, England, 42 Buyer’s Guide, 242-246, 308, 316 Shetland-Faroe Basin, 304 Committee for Women in Geophysics, 173 Shimonoseki Straits, Japan, 55 Committee on Cooperation with Govermental shooter, 20, 25, 372-373 Agencies, 141 shooting geometry, 296 continuing education, 335, 346 Shor, George C., 160 Distinguished Achievement Award, 295, 325

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Distinguished Lecturer, 129, 264, 278-279 South West Surveys, 362 Editor, 131, 147, 150, 161, 273, 278, 289, 310, Southeast Missouri State, 387 337, 344, 355 Southern California, University of, 295, 387 Enterprise Award, 304, 321, 332 Southern Methodist University (SMU), 128, 142, Ewing Medal, 79, 150, 279, 299, 310 212-214, 230, 270-271, 385, 387 exhibitors, 241-242, 335, 343, 345 Southwestern Industrial Electronics (SIE), 258 Fessenden Award, 10, 83, 281 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 94, 211, 229 Foundation, xxviii, 346 Soviet Union (Russian Federation since 1992) founding member, 173, 268, 336 Ice islands, 103 Geophysical Activity Report, 64, 248 nuclear testing, 90-92, 131, 140, 230, 270 Honorary Member, 134, 173, 273, 278-279, panel of experts, 93-97, 117-119 281, 310 petroleum production, 28 Kauffman Gold Medal Award, 278, 330 seismic observatories, 7, 121, 211, 229 Life Member, 49, 173-174 Sputnik-I, 100 membership, 173, 335-337, 340-341, 343, submarine ﬂeet, 103, 165, 208-209 351-352 test ban negotiations, 93-97, 117-119, 135, museum, 174, 346 211, 230-237 president, 27, 126, 173, 268, 278, 298, 304, Space Electronics Corporation, 128, 322 336, 343-344, 348, 378 spectral analysis, 126, 181 sections, 349, 378 speculative surveying, 317-320 student sections, 349 Sperry Univac, 320 Yearbook, 242, 308, 349 Spilhaus, Athelstan F., 36, 161, 170 Society of Jesus (SJ), 7 Spindler and Hoyer (Göttingen), 7 Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 342 Spindletop salt dome, Texas, 15-16 Society of Petroleum Geophysicists, 25, 27, 336 split-spread, 65, 67-68 Society of Petroleum Well Log Analysts (SPWLA), Sproüll, Robert L., 120 29, 342 St. Boniface College, 7 Socorro, New Mexico, 225 St. Ignatius College, 7 SOFAR, 11, 364 St. Mark’s School (Texas), 383 software development, 241, 273, 281, 308, 316 stacking (compositing), 11, 14, 20, 83, 88, 117, Sohio (see Standard Oil of Ohio), 199, 330 180, 275, 296 soil analysis (geochemical surveying), 23, 42, 330 Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio), 199, 330 Solandt, O. M., 94 Stanford Research Institute, 128, 145 Solid State Geophysical, 290, 292 Stanford University, 150, 277, 295, 312, 317, 384, solid-state technology, 262, 265, 321 387 Solow, Herbert, 153 Stanolind Research and Development Company, sonar 86 arrays, 11-12, 57-58, 103, 106, 132, 165, 209, State Seismological Bureau (China), 348 219, 227, 231, 236, 244, 251, 266, 324 State University of New York (Stony Brook), 166, doppler, 115 387 side-scan, 162, 182, 210 static (constant) corrections Sonneman, Henry, 134 elevation, 83, 207, 314, 373 sonobuoy, 227 weathering, 83, 110, 373 sonograph, 20 statistical communications theory, 85-86, 263-264, Sony Electronics, 320 381-382 Soros, George, 281, 303 Steenken, W., 347 sound characteristics in sea water, 10-11, 33, 36- Steenland, Nelson, 370 37, 364 Steetle, David, 250, 280-281 Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR), 11, 364 Stehling, Kurt, 166 sound source, 11, 132, 227 Stehr, Ray, 375 Sound Surveillance Subsystem (SOSUS), 12, 164, Steineke, Max, 377 209 Steinhart, John, 142 sound-ranging, 8-9, 44-46 Stennis, John, 184 South Barrow gas ﬁeld, Alaska, 110 Stevens, Richard, 363 South Carolina, University of, 387 Steward, Roger, 165 South Korea, 77, 234 Stiles, M. Elizabeth, 173, 336, 378 South Pole, 234 Stolt Comex Seaway, S.A., 360

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Stommel, Henry M., 60 Systems Development Company, 155 Strain release, 192 Szulc, Ted, 164 Strange, Booth, 296, 298 Strasbourg, France, 5, 26 Stratamodel, Inc., 205 stratigraphic exploration, 178-180 Tabor Pluto Project, 136 Stratton, Julius A., 161, 182 Taiwan (formerly Formosa), 99, 102, 213, 348, 386 streamer (hydrophone) cable. See also cable, 68, Talwani, Manik, 152 112-113, 115, 165, 209, 218-221, 227-228, Tampere, Finland, 230 244, 251, 256, 266-267, 272, 286, 293-294, Taner, M. Turhan, 241, 250, 275, 279 296, 302-304, 306, 322, 324-326 Tangshan, China, 191 Street, Kenneth, 97 Tate, John T., 59 Strickland, Lawrence, 114, 263 Tatum salt dome, Mississippi, 143 Strong, Maurice F., 171 Tavella, Emir L., 264 Strutt, John W. (Lord Rayleigh), 5 Tech-Sym, Inc., 308, 324 Stulken, Edward, 265 Technical University of Istanbul, 275 subduction, 152 Technical Working Group Two (Geneva), 117-119 submarine bells (clappers), 11 Techno Instrument Company, 380 submarine patrols (Arctic), 103-106 TechSafe International, Incorporated, 362 Submarine Signal Company, 10, 32, 58 Tectonic plates of the earth submarine warfare, 11-12, 56-61, 103-106, 132, 163-165, 208-209, 364 associated seismic activity, 150-151, 235 subsalt imaging, 256 Tectonics, 147-153, 163, 187, 311, 338, 355, 369 success ratio, 178 Teknica Resource Development, Ltd., 179, 304 Sudan Tektronix, Inc., 320 Sudd Swamp, 177 Teledyne, Inc. Unity Field, 177-178 Brown Engineering, 273-274 Suelopetrol C.A., 360 Exploration, 250-270-274, 299 Sugahara, Bryan, 307 Geotech, 18, 121, 126, 133, 139, 211, 214, 250, 270-273, 299 Sugahara, K. G., 307 telegraph, 2, 10 Suggs, Robert, 69 telemetry, 134, 138, 211, 236, 244, 290, 306-307, Sullivan, Walter, 100, 135, 147 324-325 Sun Microsystems, 320 Teller, Edward, 91-92, 131, 140 Sun Oil Company, 309, 372 Telseis®, 306-307 Sunmark, 184 Tenneco Inc., 141 Superior Oil Company, 376 Tennessee, 131-133, 136, 144, 154, 387 surface wave (ground roll), 5, 17, 144-145, 257, University of, 387 379 Tensor Geophysical, Inc., 291, 302-303, 308 SURTASS (surveillance towed array sonar system), 209, 227 Terracorp Pty. Ltd., 360 surveying. See positioning Terrametrics, Inc., 214 surveys, multiclient, 319-320 Texaco Inc., 14, 28, 114-115, 120, 184, 216, 247, 264 Sutton, George, 370 Texas, 15, 21, 28, 43, 81, 88, 154, 172, 178, 189, Suyama, Kunio, 323 197-198, 205, 212, 216-217, 239, 241, 251, Sverdrup, Sir Harald, 31, 37, 59, 61, 72, 105 254, 257-258, 264, 270, 273, 279, 284, 286, swamp, 24, 64, 67, 274, 292, 294, 305, 328-329 288-290, 294-295, 297-298, 301, 305, 310- Sweden, 3, 99, 128, 146, 231 312, 320-321, 325-326, 328, 336, 359, 372, Swedish Research Institute for National Defense, 374-375, 378-379, 383-385 146, 209 Texas, University of, Sweet, George Elliott, 255 Austin, 70, 79, 126, 184, 227, 309, 350, 384- Sweet, Reginald, 255, 309 385, 387 Sykes, Lynn R., 152 Dallas, 384, 387 Syndicate Oil Services, 362 El Paso, 387 synthetic seismogram, 87, 256 Texas A&M University, 74, 79, 129, 161, 166, 184, 225, 227, 318, 387 Syntron, Inc., 306, 324 Texas Instruments Inc., 18, 97, 114-115, 122, 128, Syntronix, Inc., 324 132-133, 155, 180, 250, 261-268 Syracuse University, 271, 387 Texas Tech University, 387

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Texasgulf, Inc., 15, 21, 380 Trieste, Italy, 26, 122 Tharp, Marie, 151 Trimble, Charles R., 326-327 Thatcher, Margaret, 174 Trimble Navigation, Ltd., 326-328 thermal probe, 151 Trostle, Maurice E., 264, 307 Thiel, Edward, 369 Truman, Harry S., 72, 158 Third Generation R&D, 223 TRW, Inc., 214 Thirlaway, H. I. S., 136-139, 146, 211 Tsarapkin, T., 97 Thoem & Associates, 362 Tubitak-Marmara Research Centre, 386 Thomas, Albert, 154 Tucker, Harold, 45 Thomas, J. W., 375 Tucker, Paul M., 25 Thomas, Roger, 329 Tucson, Arizona, 44, 81, 234, 333 Thompson, Douglas B., 303 Tukey, John, 97 Thompson, R. P. P., 18 Tulsa, Oklahoma, 86, 89, 174, 257, 295, 336, 345 Thompson, S., 180 tuning fork, 16, 373 Thomsen, Carl J., 260 Turkiye Petrolleri Ortakligi (TPAO), 360 Thomsen, Leon, 221 Turkey, 66, 234, 249, 274-275, 386 THOR Geophysikalische Prospektion (GmbH), Turner Valley field, Alberta, 24 360 Tuttle, Holmes, 208 Thralls, Green and Perry, 278 Tuve, Merle, 129, 142 Thralls, Hugh M., 278 Twin Buttes, Arizona, 277 Thule, Greenland, 101 Twin States Oil Company, 372 tidal wave (tsunami), 73, 193 two-hundred-mile limit, 210 tide, 3, 49, 53 Tidelands Geophysical Company, Incorporated, 360 Tidelands Exploration Company, 272 Umiat, Alaska, 110 Tilley, Aubra E., 325 underwater Tilley, Dorothy, 325 acoustics, 10, 37, 58, 60-61, 162, 364 Time Break, 173, 323 asdic, 11, 37, 57-58 time-break, 16, 65, 373 oscillator, 11, 52, 132, 227 timing lines, 15, 65, 373 sensing, 11-12, 107, 164-167, 207-208, 236- Timur, Aytekin, 343 237, 244-248 TL Geohydrographics Sdn. Bhd., 360 television, 163, 243 Todd, R. G., 180 Union Oil Company of California, 107, 182, 277 Tokyo, University of, 26 United Electro Dynamics (UED), Inc., 132-134 Toomey, E. James, 264 United Geophysical Company, 20, 41, 51, 86, 110, Toronto, Ontario, 331 188, 274 Toronto, University of, 79 United Geophysical Corporation Ltd., 360 Torrey Canyon, 171 United Kingdom, 56, 99, 112, 118-119, 135-136, Torricelli, Evangelista, 3 139, 146, 162, 213, 229, 231 torsion balance, 3-4, 15, 21-23, 42, 310, 336 United Kingdom Institute of Geological Sciences, Torsion Balance Exploration Company, 310 139 Torvanger, Olve, 302 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 171 Total Group, 285 United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, total quality management (TQM), 201 187, 209-210 towed arrays (naval), 165, 209, 227 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Trace Exploration Ltd., 360 163 training, geophysical, 25-26, 210-211, 265, 342- United Nations Education and Scientific 353 Consultative Organization (UNESCO), 145- Traite de la Lumiére, 3 146, 163, 273 Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, 181 United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), transducer, acoustic, 11 171 transistor, 109, 262, 309 United Nations Group of Scientific Experts (ad hoc), 230-231 transition zone, 269, 290-292, 301, 324, 328, 365 United Nations International Monitoring System traveltime, 6, 8, 11, 19, 44, 65, 82, 85-87, 139, (CTBT), 226, 229, 231-232, 236-237 141, 181, 188, 373, 381 Treitel, Sven, 86

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United States, 1, 4, 10-11, 17-18, 22, 26, 29-32, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 35, 39-43, 47, 49, 56, 60-64, 77-78, 80-82, 90, (DARPA), 210-211, 213, 230 100-103, 109-110, 112, 118-119, 124, 132, Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), 184 134, 136, 142-146, 151, 158, 165-166, 171- Nuclear Treaty Programs Office, 237 172, 174-176, 182, 186, 188-189, 192-193, 199, 211, 229, 232, 239, 257, 270, 275, 277, United States Department of State 284-286, 289, 291, 295, 330, 342, 348-349, Panel on Seismic Improvement, 97, 175 352, 363, 371 United States Department of the Interior, 70, 167, United States Activities in Spacecraft Oceanography, 170, 183, 210, 229 166 United States Director of Defense Research and United States Air Force Engineering, 98, 131 Cambridge Research Laboratories, 70, 103, United States Earth Resources Observation System 124 (EROS) Data Center, 167, 208 European Research Office, 124 United States Environmental Protection Agency Global Positioning System (GPS), 326 (EPA), 183 Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), 124, United States Environmental Science Services 160 Administration (ESSA), 160, 166-167, 192 Rome Air Development Center, 124 United States Exploring Expedition, 9 Space Command, 326 United States Geological Survey, 34, 59, 124, 128- 129, 150, 167, 170, 173, 181, 183, 188, 193, Technical Applications Center (AFTAC), 69, 210-212, 231-232, 333 124, 131, 226, 231 United States GI Bill of Rights, 63 United States Army United States Joint Congressional Committee on Air Corps/Forces, 18, 45, 54-55, 61, 68-69, 76, Atomic Energy, 131 80, 91-92, 94, 97-98, 101-103, 120, 124, 131, 140, 160, 164, 231, 270-271, 280, 313, United States Military Air Transport Service, 80 326, 335 United States Military Sea Transport Service Artillery Observation Battalion, 8-9, 44-46 (MSTS), 101-102 Cold Regions Research and Development United States Minerals Management Service, 229 Laboratory, 166 United States National Academy of Sciences Topographic Command, 313 (NAS)-1, 34-35, 58, 74, 77, 108, 121, 149, 175, 229, 266, 384 United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 96, 98, 120, 123, 137, 140, 143, 194, 271 United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) United States Atomic Energy Detection System (AEDS), 231 Geophysics Branch, 189 United States Bureau of Aeronautics, 50, 101, 260 Goddard Space Flight Center, 154, 167, 189, 225-226, 235 United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 101, 166, 183 Lunar missions (Project Apollo), 183, 189, 191 United States Bureau of Land Management, 82, Manned Spacecraft Center, 189 176 Terrestial missions United States Bureau of Standards, 9, 13, 21, 160 Earth Resources Satellites (ERS), 189, United States Central Intelligence Agency, 103, 260, 267 184 GEOSAT, 189 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS) LANDSAT, 64, 177, 183, 208, 226, 297 Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, 121 MAGSAT, 65, 189 Magnetic Observatories, 81 SEASAT, 166-167, 189 United States Coast Guard, 165 United States National Defense Research Council CGC Miami, 11 (NDRC), 58-59 CGC Woodrush, 142 United States National Earthquake Information Center, 173, 210 United States Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 161 United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 182-183, 193, 209- United States Comptroller, 185 211, 226 United States Congress, 4, 118, 160, 184, 192, 229, United States National Research Council (NRC)-1, 330 32, 107, 384 United States Defense Atomic Support Agency, 98, United States National Science Foundation, 97, 124 100, 103, 123, 146, 153-158, 160-161, 183- United States Department of Agriculture, 7 184, 188, 192, 210, 353 United States Department of Commerce, 7, 209, United States National Space Technology 226 Laboratory (NSTL), 184 United States Department of Defense United States Navy Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Anti-Submarine Warfare Environmental 98, 119-136, 139-145 Prediction System (ASWEPS), 72

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Assistant Secretary, Research and Thresher, USS, 163 Development, 132, 171 Trieste I, R/V, 106-107, 163, 166 Bureau of Ordnance, 47, 50, 54, 101 Trieste II, R/V, 163-164 Bureau of Ships, 50, 53, 60-61, 74, 124 United States Office of Petroleum Administration Depot of Charts and Instruments, 9 for War, 270 Experimental Oceanographic Central, 101 United States President’s Award for Distinguished Hydrographic Office, 32, 35, 61, 72, 74, 89- Federal Civilian Service, 105 90, 100, 108, 164 United States President’s Science Advisory Microseismic Research Project, 43, 278 Committee, 175 Naval Academy, 50, 60 United States Science Advisor to the President, Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL), 75 138, 175-176, 298 Naval Electronics Laboratory, 60, 105-106, United States Sea Grant Program, 161, 183, 367 124, 128 United States Steel Corporation, 155 Naval Ocean Research and Development United States Weather Bureau, 7, 30, 32, 43, 160 Activity (NORDA), 185 Unitrin, Inc., 299 Naval Oceanographic Office Unity field, Sudan, 64, 177-178 (NAVOCEANO), 90, 164-165, 185 Universal Seismic, Inc., 254, 305 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 49-50, 297 Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, 386 Naval Ordnance Test Station, 164 Universidade de Sâo Paulo, 386 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 152, 316 University-National Oceanographic Laboratory Naval Weather Service, 184 System (UNOLS), 227 Oceanographer of, 49, 90 Unix workstation, 203 Office of Chief of Naval Operations, 50 Untersteiner, J. Norbert, 106 Office of Naval Research (ONR), 60, 72, 74- Uppsala, University of, 128, 146 75, 103-108, 124, 148-149, 185 uranium deposits, 70 Petroleum Reserve Number 4, 70, 110 Urcis, Sam, 257 Ships Utah, University of, 120, 181, 318, 387 Archerfish, USS, 164, 313 Utirik Atoll, 90 Arkansas, USS, 73 Utrecht University, 386 Assertive, USNS, 209 Bent, USNS, 164 Blish, USS, 73 Bold, USNS, 209 Vacquier, Victor, 59 Bowditch, USS/USNS, 73, 313 vacuum tube amplifier, 2, 15, 20, 258 Cape Johnson, USS, 36 Vail, Peter R., 180 Dutton, USNS, 313 Valdez, Alaska, 181 Gillis, USS, 73 Valdivia, 187 Glennon, USS, 50 Valhall Field (North Sea), 220 Hartford, USS, 46 van der Gracht, W. A. J. M., 14 Heezen, USNS, 151 Van der Vink, Gregory, 231 Hess, USNS, 149, 313 Van Melle, F. A., 147 Indomitable, USNS, 209 Van Nostrand, Robert G., 134, 273 Miami, USS (SSN-755), 209 van Steenburgh, W. E., 71 Michelson, USNS, 313 van Weelden, Arie, 346 Nautilus, USS (SSN-571, 1952), 105 Vancouver, Washington, 193 Nevada, USS, 73 Vanguard, 100 New York, 73 Vaporchoc®, 286 O-12, USS (R/V Nautilus, 1931), 105 Varghese, T. C., 146 Pennsylvania, USS, 73 Vatican, 88-89 Prevail, USNS, 209, 353 Vaughan, T. Wayland, 33 S-48, USS, 36 velocity (seismic) Saratoga, USS, 73 analysis, 87, 117-118, 178, 207, 245, 256, 269, Scorpion, USS, 164 275, 277 Semmes, USS, 36-37 average, 87 Stalwart, USNS, 209 compressional, 5-6, 92, 143, 220, 318, 321, Stewart, USS, 32 358 Tecumseh, USS, 46 crustal, 6, 31, 124, 129-130, 142, 146, 188, 192, 226

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inversion, 124, 256, 304, 318, 358 Waterman, Allan, 153 of gas-bearing sandstone, 178 Waters, Odale D., 49 spectra, 256, 275 Watkins, James, 208 variation, 192 Watts, Ken, 170 water, 11, 33 wave type Vema, 79 “C”, 357-358 Venezuela, 19, 66, 82, 99, 110, 187, 234, 257, 269, “L”, 5-6, 231 284, 301, 316, 342 “M”, 5 Venezuelan Basin, 156, 316 compressional (P), 5, 93, 231, 358 Venture Seismic, Inc., 328 long-period (Pn), 5, 231 Veritas DGC, 253-254, 282, 303-305, 360 Love, 5-6, 143, 231, 357-358 Vetlesen Prize, 149 phase, 5-6, 124 Vetter, Edward O., 264, 266 Rayleigh, 5-6, 194, 231-233, 355, 357-358 Vibroseis®, 88, 120, 188-189, 256, 269, 294, 321, shear (S), 5, 93, 220, 231, 358 354, 381-382 surface, 5-6, 17, 148, 231, 357-358 Victoria, British Columbia, 7, 386 wavetrain (earthquake), 5-6, 138 Victoria University, 386 weather stations (Canadian Arctic), 70-71, 102, Vine, Allyn C., 36, 60, 67 185-186 Vine, F. J., 150-152 weathered (low-velocity) layer, 83, 88, 110, 373 Viola limestone, 14, 17, 373 Weaver, Paul, 336, 338 Vision Project Services, Incorporated, 362 Wegener, Alfred L., 148 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 387 weight-dropping, 14, 88, 258 virtual reality, 207 Weinberger, Caspar, 209 volcanic eruption, 73, 192-195 Welch, Margaret, 173 Volcano Observatory, Mount Kilaeua, 156 well logging Volpe, John, 183 acoustic, 38-29, 245 von Eötvös, Baron Roland, 4 borehole, 28-29, 245, 334 von Humboldt, Baron Friedrich, 4 deviation, 245 von Leibniz, Baron Gottfried, 3 electrical, 28-29, 227, 245, 292, 334 von Platen, C. H. G., 146 magnetic, 28-29, 245, 292 Voss, Earl H., 90, 135 nuclear, 28-29, 245 Voyager, 189 radioactive, 28-29, 245, 334 resistivity, 28, 182, 243-244, 284, 331, 334 seismic, 28-29, 126, 132, 182, 212, 244, 256 temperature, 28, 227, 245 Wadsworth, George P., 85 well-velocity survey (check-shot survey), 87, 244- Waldkirchen, Germany, 230 245, 373, 375 Walker-Hall-Sears, Inc., 173 Wells, James, 45 Wall Street Journal, 239 Wenk, Edward, Jr. Wallace, Terry, 231 Wenzel, Lee C., 272 Walling, Dean, 297 West Virginia University, 387 Walsh, Donald, 106 Westby, Gerald, 268 “War of the Physicists”, 61 Western Atlas, Inc., 267, 299 Ware, L. L., 111 Western Australia Petroleum Company, 378 Warren, Jerry, 307 Western Electric Company, 9, 12, 59 Warrick, R. E., 129 Western Equities, 324 Washburn, Harold W., 277 Western Geophysical Company (See also Baker- Washington, D.C., 43, 61, 75, 90-91, 98, 122, 138, Hughes, Inc.), 70, 253, 294, 300 160-161, 175, 184, 186, 270, 298, 316, 336, Westinghouse Air Brake, 155, 321 342, 370 Weyerhauser Company, 194 Washington, George, 158 Whitcomb, Harry, 122 Washington (state), 192-194 White, Richard C., 300 Washington, University of, 34, 75, 106, 184, 193, White, Robert M., 167, 192 211, 387 White, Roderick, 165 Washington Post, 131, 135 Whitham, Kenneth, 146-147 Washington University (St. Louis), 387 Widmier, J. M., 180 water witching, 130 Wiechert, Emil, 5-6

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Wiener, Norbert, 85, 263 Zonge, Kenneth L., 332-333 Wiesner, Jerome B., 38, 381 Zonge Research and Engineering (ZERO), 332-333 “wildcat well” success ratio, 42, 63, 178, 217, 289 ZPEB Geophysical Company, 360 Wilderness Society, 170 Zycore, Inc., 205 Wilkes, Charles, 9 Wilkins, Sir Hubert, 105 Wilmore, Patrick, 139 Wilson, J. Tuzo, 100, 149-150, 152-153 Wilson, James T., 121, 149 Wilson, Robert E., 40 Winchester, James, 124 Windsor Castle, England, 42 Wipff, Pershing, 68 Wisconsin, University of Madison, 79, 81, 103, 142, 367-370, 387 Oshkosh, 387 Wittman, Walter, 91 Wolff, Paul, 209 Woo, Harry, 124 Wood, Harry, 30 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 12, 149 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 34, 36, 59, 61, 80, 108, 158, 166, 184, 363-364, 387 Woodward, Allen R., 329 Woodward, F. Z., 362 Woollard, Elanore, 367, 370 Woollard, George P., 79-81, 367-370 Worden, Sam, 311, 370 workstation, 202-207, 256, 320 World War I, 8-9, 11-12, 44, 46-47 World War II, 12, 41, 43-61, 67, 69-70, 72, 78, 83, 85, 92, 101, 173, 197, 258, 260, 269-270, 285, 288, 293, 296-297, 331, 364, 381 Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network, 121-125, 140, 146, 152, 210-212 Worzel, Joseph, 11, 36, 67, 163, 364-366, 370 Wright State University, 387 Wyckoff, Ralph D., 59, 64 Wynn, Jeff, 333 Wyoming, University of, 387

Yale University, 51, 231, 367, 387 Yilmaz, Oz, 299 York, Herbert, 98 Yowell, David L., 342 Yule, G. Udney, 85

Zapata Offshore, Inc., 155 Zatopek, A., 94 Zeitschrift für angewandte Geophysik, 25 Zeitschrift für Geophysik, 25 Zeringue, W. J., 326 Zinke, Sally G., 173

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Baron Roland von Eötvös, inventor of the ﬁrst ﬁeld-worthy torsion balance (1890) (courtesy J.E. Sweet). ABOVE RIGHT–International Seismological Centre entrance near Reading, England (1981) (courtesy Inter. Seis. Center). BELOW–Weichert-type mechanical seismograph with central mass ranging up to 21 tons (circa 1900) (courtesy of Texas Instruments).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Prof. Reginald Fessenden, holder of reﬂection seismology’s basic patent (courtesy Raytheon Corporation). ABOVE RIGHT–World War I naval vessel’s hydroacoustic array installation (courtesy Raytheon Corporation). BELOW LEFT–Utilizing binaural headset in World War I underwater water signal detection (courtesy Raytheon Corporation). BELOW RIGHT–Captain Lawrence Bragg, chief of Sound Ranging, British Army (1915–18) (courtesy J.E. Sweet).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Lt. Charles Bazzoni, chief of Sound Ranging Section No. 1, American Expeditionary Force (1917–18); later Sun Oil’s chief geophysicist (courtesy J.E. Sweet). ABOVE RIGHT–Dr. Ludger Mintrop, initiator of sound ranging by the German Imperial Army (1917) and later, ﬁrst to locate oil rich salt domes by seismic refraction (1924) (courtesy J.E. Sweet). BELOW–Captain Conrad Schlumberger, one of the French pioneers in reparage par le son circa 1916 (courtesy Clarisse Doll Lebel).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Conrad Schlumberger’s first electrical resistivity truck (1912) (courtesy Fondation des Treilles). BELOW–W.B. Robinson and Dr. John C. Karcher beside the Oklahoma City monument marking the location where the latter first recorded artificially induced seismic reflections (SEG file photo).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Dr. William P.Haseman, shooter for the world’s first intentional reflection seismogram (courtesy J.E. Sweet). ABOVE RIGHT–Dr. E.A. Eckhardt, technical chief, Sound Section, U.S. Bureau of Standards (1917–18) and SEG President (1939–40) (SEG file photo). BELOW LEFT–Alongside a torsion balance, Dr. Burton McCollum, Eckhardt’s wartime administrative assistant and subsequent founder of several geophysical firms (courtesy Bettye Athanasiou). BELOW RIGHT–Dr. Everette De Golyer, founder of the pioneering Geophysical Research Corporation (1925) and its offshoot, Geophysical Service Inc. (1930) (courtesy J.E. Sweet).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–O. Scott Petty, co-founder of Petty Geophysical Engineering Company, beside a tent for developing seismograph ﬁlm in the Louisiana swamp, circa 1926. BELOW–Elephants as prime movers for a Petty recording van in India, circa 1939 (courtesy Geosource Inc.).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Société de Prospection Electrique’s “black box” used for surface measurements of electrical resistivity; six such crews operated throughout North America during 1926 (courtesy Fondation de Treilles). ABOVE RIGHT–GRC seismic refraction crew detonates a 225-kg dynamite charge in coastal Louisiana (1929) (courtesy J.E. Sweet). BELOW–Continental Oil Company swamp buggy in Louisiana marsh (1931) (courtesy J.E. Sweet).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–GRC refraction crew led by T.I. Harkins prospecting for Gulf Oil Company in West Texas (1930). BELOW–GSI recording truck with 16-kg seismometers “jugs” in the foreground (1931) (SEG ﬁle photos).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Observer Craig Ferris adjacent to an American Seismograph Company recording truck (1937). Six decades later, Ferris spearheaded creation of the SEG Foundation Museum (courtesy Craig Ferris). BELOW LEFT–Andrew Gilmour, ﬁrst to locate an American salt dome (Nash, in 1924) by utilizing a torsion balance; also SEG President (1949–50) (SEG ﬁle photo). BELOW RIGHT–Dr. Norman H. Ricker of “Ricker wavelet” fame and Humble Oil’s initial designer of geophysical instruments (courtesy J.E. Sweet).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Prof. Roland F.Beers, Sr., GSI’s first party chief and later founder of the Geotechnical Corporation (1936) (courtesy Barbara Beers Trafford). ABOVE RIGHT–M. Elisabeth Stiles, SEG charter and “Life” member who served as associate editor, Geophysics (1936–37) and SEG business manager (1945–46) (SEG file photo). BELOW LEFT–Dr. Lucien LaCoste, prolific inventor of unique gravimetric systems (SEG file photo). BELOW RIGHT–Dr. Ernest Hodgson, Canada’s first recipient of a doctorate in seismology (1930); later, his replacement as director, Seismology Branch, Dominion Observatory, was son Dr. John H. Hodgson (courtesy J. Hodgson).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Dr. Harry Hess and a Vening-Meinesz pendulum gravity sensor he operated aboard U.S. submarines (1932–36) (National Archives). BELOW–USS S-48, the gravity sensor platform used during the Navy-Princeton Expedition of 1932 to the area between Florida and Puerto Rico (National Archives).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Columbus Iselin and Rear Admiral Edward “Iceberg Eddy” Smith, USCG (Ret.), second and third directors of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1940–58) (courtesy WHOI). ABOVE RIGHT–Research vessel Atlantis (1932) (copyrighted by and reprinted by permission of National Geographic Society). BELOW–Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus during the mid-1930s with La Jolla across the embayment (copyrighted by and reprinted through the courtesy of Eugene C. LaFond).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Sir Edward Bullard, eminent geophysicist in both peace and war (1930s–70s) (courtesy T. Bullard). BELOW LEFT–Dr. Thomas Gaskell, a Bullard student who became deputy science advisor, British Combined Operations (1944) (courtesy B. Athanasiou). RIGHT–Paul L. Lyons (SEG President, 1954–55) before “The Driller” in Robin Hood’s Sherwood Forest (courtesy Abigail Lyons)

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Lt. George Elliott Sweet, USNR, cofounder American Seismograph Company and author, The History of Geophysical Prospecting (1978) (courtesy J.E. Sweet). ABOVE RIGHT–Operating sound recorder for a six-element microphone array, 2nd F.A. Observation Battalion, Fort Sill, Oklahoma (1941) (coauthor Bates photo). BELOW–Picking time breaks caused by salvos of “enemy artillery” at Fort Sill (1941) (coauthor Bates photo).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Lt. Mary Sears, USNR(W), chief, Oceanographic Unit, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office (1943–46) (U.S. Navy photo). ABOVE RIGHT–Dr. Gordon G. Lill, chief, Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research (1950–61) (U.S. Navy photo). BELOW–America’s first class of military oceanographers (all Army Air Corps) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (mid-1943). Left to right: H.G. Venn, J.C. Crowell, George Timpson, C.C. Bates, R.S. Klopper, Prof. Sir Harald Sverdrup, D.F.Leipper, and B.E. Olson. Later, Leipper initiated oceanographic departments at Texas A&M University and the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School (1951–79), Bates and Olson were successive Technical Directors, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (1964–79), and Crowell received the top award of the Geologocial Society of of America (1995) (courtesy Scripps Institution of Oceanography).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Prof. Maurice Ewing, ﬁrst to perform seismographic measurements in the open ocean (1935). Eight years before he had been an observer on an early GRC land crew (courtesy J.E. Sweet). ABOVE RIGHT–Prof. George P.Wollard, founder of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and initiator of the world gravity control net (1963) (courtesy University of Hawaii). BELOW–Group photo of ﬁeld crew used by Aeroservice, Inc., to survey the Bahamas archipelago aeromagnetically in 1947 (courtesy John M. Schmunk).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–U.S. Navy Hydrographic Ofﬁce, Suitland, Maryland in 1945 (U.S. Navy). BELOW–Tracks of Project Magnet’s aerial magnetic surveys (1959–70) (U.S. Navy).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Fred Bucy and Cecil H. Green of GSI scrutinize a “magnedisc” in September, 1954 (courtesy Dallas Morning News). ABOVE RIGHT–M. Turhan Taner, co-founder of Seiscom, Inc. (1964) and leading designer of seismic software (courtesy M.T. Taner). BELOW–Dr. J. Edward White (right) and R.B. Rice inspect the 4000-word magnetic storage drum of an ElectroData Datatron computer in 1956 at Marathon Oil’s Denver Research Center (coauthor Rice photo).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Hall-Sears miniature geophones used by the dozen in the 1960s to enhance signal-to-noise ratios (courtesy Bettye Athanasiou). ABOVE RIGHT–Hydrophone detector cables used in marine seismic work; by 1980, such a string could be up to 3.5 km in length (courtesy Western Geophysical Company). BELOW–Operator and console of Phillips Petroleum Company magnetic tape playback center for seismic data enhancement (1957) (courtesy H.L. Mendenhall).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Prof. Enders A. Robinson, leader of MIT’s embryonic Geophysical Analysis Group (1953–57) (SEG file photo). ABOVE RIGHT–Prof. Milo M. Backus, legendary developer of digital software for reverberation suppression; SEG President (1979–80) (SEG file photo). BELOW–Schematic diagram illustrating method for performing seismic reflection and refraction measurements while underway (after Ludwig and Houtz, 1979).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Winterized surveyor and shothole drilling rig on Alaska’s North Slope (1960s). BELOW–Seismic vibrators working under the same winter conditions but a decade later. (courtesy Western Geophysical Company).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Dr. A.P.Crary, ﬁrst to stand astride the North and South Poles (1952 and 1960, respectively), while operating a gravity meter on Ice Island T-3 (1951) (Military Airlift Command). ABOVE RIGHT–Leonard Leshack while conducting a seismic survey of the Antarctic Ice Cap (1957). BELOW–Diagram illustrating USS Sargo’s use of high-frequency sonar beams to transit the Bering Sea prior to arriving at an ice-covered North Pole (February 1960) (U.S. Naval Electronics Center).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Dr. Waldo Lyon, “Father of Under Ice Navigation,” monitoring the ice canopy above USS Nautilus prior to North Pole arrival on 3 August 1958 (U.S. Navy). ABOVE RIGHT–USCG icebreaker Storis freeing barge of seismic equipment off Point Barrow, Alaska (July 1969). BELOW–Icebreaking tanker Manhattan transiting the Northwest Passage in order to deliver a barrel of Prudhoe Bay oil to New York City (September, 1969) (courtesy Exxon USA).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Radioactive cloud of vapor and water generated by 20-kiloton Baker device in Bikini Lagoon (25 July 1946) (Joint Task Force One photo). ABOVE RIGHT–Radioactive dust and vapor caused by balloon-born De Baca 2.5-kiloton event at Nevada Test Site (26 October 1958) (Las Vegas Office, Department of Energy). BELOW–U.S. delegation in action at the Geneva Nuclear Test Ban negotiations (November 1969). Left to right, front row: W. Panofsky, James Fisk, and Carl Romney; second row: Frank Press, A. Turkeviche, Hans Bethe, and John Tukey (courtesy Carl Romney).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Suite of instruments utilized in the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN) (1961) (courtesy USGS). BELOW–Jesuit Seismological Observatory, La Paz, Bolivia, a WWSSN site (courtesy USGS).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Lt. Seismic prospecing crew with volunteer recording of the unique Gnome event (10 December 1961) (coauthor Bates photo). BELOW–One of 40 Long-Range Seismic Monitoring Units operated by Geotech (1961) (courtesy Teledyne Geotech).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Dedication Day at Berkner Seismic Array facility, Payson, Arizona (6 April 1963) (coauthor Bates photo). BELOW–Artist’s rendering of azimuthal array processor facility, Cumberland Plateau Seismological Observatory (1963) (courtesy Texas Instruments).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Gary Holcomb readying SRO sensor package for installation at Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (1974) (courtesy USGS). ABOVE RIGHT–Deep-sea seismometer (Mark III) (1964) (courtesy Texas Instruments). BELOW LEFT–Drills readying instrumentation holes at Dribble nuclear explosion site near Baxterville, Mississippi (1964) (coauthor Bates photo) BELOW RIGHT–Five megaton (approximate) Cannikin device being lowered into Amchitka Island for Vela Uniform’s largest research explosion (6 November 1971) (courtesy Las Vegas Ofﬁce, Department of Energy).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Air Force Ofﬁce of Scientiﬁc Research’s Seismological Advisory Committee (1964). Left to right: Dr. William Stauder, S.J.; Dr. Thomas O’Donnell, Gulf Research; Prof. James Wilson; Prof. Hugo Benioff; Dr. Sidney Kaufman, Shell Oil, and Prof. Jack Oliver (courtesy American Geophysical Union). BELOW–”Relax, Bing! Sooner or later, one of them will come up with something!” Concept of Major Robert Harris, USAF,converted into a sketch by Pricilla Robinson (1962).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Louis Pakister, ex-Carter Oil company seismologist and instigator of the USGS’s crustal studies program (courtesy L. Pakiser). ABOVE RIGHT–Prof. Charles Richter, inventor of the “Richter scale” of seismic magnitude (1935). BELOW BOTTOM LEFT–Blacknext near Brimpton, Berkshire, home of the British Tabor Pluto program (courtesy H.I.S. Thirlaway). BELOW TOP RIGHT–Spoof of British seismic array method (copyrighted by and used with permission of Daily Mirror, London, 1962).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–British-Canadian seismic array near Yellowkife, Northwest Territories (1974) (courtesy Energy, Mines and Resources Canada). CENTER–Gloria (Mark I) side-looking sonar disassembled (courtesy A.S. Laughton). BELOW–Wayward ﬁve-megaton bomb retrieved by U.S. Navy from waters off Palomares, Spain (1966) (U.S. Navy photo).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Dr. H.I.S. Thirlaway (left) and Prof. L.P.Passechnik (right) at the Geneva session of the UN Disarmament Committee’s ad hoc Group of Scientiﬁc Experts (1981) (courtesy H. Thirlaway). ABOVE RIGHT–Sir Anthony Laughton, developer of the Gloria side-looking sonar system and director, United Knigdom Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (1978–88) (courtesy A.S. Laughton). BELOW LEFT–Capt. J.E. Snyder, USN, (right) debates with RADM Harry “Plate Tectonics” Hess, USNR, prior to Snyder assuming command (1966) of the battleship, USS New Jersey. Later on, Snyder received the SEG Special Commendation Award (1980). BELOW RIGHT–Dr. Robert A. Frosch experimenting with forked stick technology at Flers, Normandy (1963).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Final meeting of U.S. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (December 1968). Clockwise from center: David Adams (North Carolina), C.F.Baird (New York), Leon Jaworski (Texas), Taylor Pryor (Hawaii), Vice Chairman Richard A. Geyer (Texas), Chairman Julius Stratton (Massachusetts), Samuel Lawrence (staff), George H. Sullivan (Pennsylvania), Jacob Blaustein (Maryland) and John A. Knauss (Rhode Island) (U.S. Coast Guard). BELOW–Retirement ceremony in Assistant Secretary of the Navy (R&D) Robert A. Frosch’s ofﬁce (January 1972). Left to right : Gordon Lill, Robert Abel, J. Lamar Worzel*, Arthur Maxwell, Secretary Frosch*, Gordon Hamilton, John Ewing*, B.K. Couper (retiree), unknown, Alan Vine, E. La Fond, Maurice Ewing* and J. Brackett Hersey* (U.S. Navy). (Asterisk denotes SEG member).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) deployed near the moon’s Cone crater on 6 February 1971 by astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14). Left side: Press-Ewing designed seismometer subsystem adjacent to larger plutonium-powered central recording/transmitting station; center: magnetometer subsystem; right side: mortar for creating man-made seismic events (NASA). BELOW LEFT–Dr. Paul W. Lowman, Jr., initial Director, Geophysics Branch, Goddard Space Flight Center (courtesy P.W. Lowman, Jr.). BELOW RIGHT–Willard Bascom, the ﬁrst ocean engineer to utilize dynamic positioning for deep sea drilling (courtesy W. Bascom).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Exploration seismologists Milton Dobrin, Sidney Kaufman, and Harry Mayne inspect a COCORP deep reﬂection record in 1975 (courtesy S. Kaufman). BELOW–President Jimmy Carter (right) inspects the book, Earth, coauthored by his Science Adviser, Dr. Frank Press (1977) (White House photograph).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–USNS Stalwart (T-AGOS-1), the Navy’s ﬁrst ocean surveillance ship (1982) (U.S. Navy photo). BELOW–Soviet Victor III attack submarine capable of 33 knots submerged wallows at the surface after becoming entangled in towed array cable off the Carolina coast (1983) (U.S. Navy photo).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Mount St. Helens, a quiescent volcano until 1980 (USGS). ABOVE RIGHT–Mount St. Helens during the seismologically indicated eruption of 18 May 1980 (USGS). BELOW–IRIS’s PASSCAL Instrumentation Facility, Socorro (courtesy New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–President William Clinton signs a directive of 12 June 1998 extending the offshore leasing moratorium out to year 2012. Left to right: Leon Panetta (former White House chief of staff), Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, Vice President Albert Gore, Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey, President Clinton, Congressman George Miller, Congresswoman Lois Capps, Congressman Sam Farr, Senator Barbara A. Boxer, and aquanaut Sylvia Earle (U.S. Navy photo credited to Javier Chagoya, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School). BELOW LEFT–Waverly Person, director, National Earthquake Information Center (USGS), Golden, Colorado (USGS). BELOW RIGHT–U.S. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt (1992–2001) holder of a master’s degree in earth physics (courtesy B. Babbitt).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS DURING THE 1990S. ABOVE–Twin Otter aircraft capable of simultaneously performing quality airborne gravity and magnetic surveys (courtesy Carson Servcies). CENTER–Airborne time-domain pulsed electromagnetic system (Megatem™) mounted on Dash 7 aircraft (courtesy Geoterrex-Dighem, a CGG subsidiary). BELOW–Ramform design seismic survey vessel underway with ten full-length streamers for making rapid 3-D surveys (courtesy Petroleum Geo-Services, 1998).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Early explorationists of note: ABOVE LEFT–Dr. Donald C. Barton, founding SEG President (1930–32). ABOVE CENTER–Dr. Paul Weaver, second SEG President (1932–33). ABOVE RIGHT–Dr. Louis L. Nettleton, gravity specialist and SEG President (1948–49). BELOW LEFT–Dr. Sigmund Hammer, gravity survey proponent and SEG President (1951–52); BELOW CENTER–Dr. M. King Hubbert, creator of “Hubbert’s Pimple” relative to oil production versus time. BELOW RIGHT–Dr. J. Tuzo Wilson, Canada’s leading geophysicist of the 1960s and 1970s. (SEG photo ﬁles).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Contemporary exploration geophysicists of note: ABOVE LEFT–Dr. Ned Ostenso, Director, Sea Grant Programs, National Science Foundation (courtesy N. Ostenso). ABOVE CENTER–Dr. Anthony Barringer, holder of 40 patents in serial and geochemical prospecting (courtesy A. Barringer). ABOVE RIGHT–Prof. Randolph Bromery, first geophysicist to serve on a “Seven Sisters” board of directors (Exxon, 1977– ) (courtesy University of Massachusetts). BELOW LEFT–Dr. Roland G. Henderson, first USGS staff member to be named SEG Honorary Member (1976). BELOW CENTER–Bettye Athanasiou, SEG Life Member (1978) (SEG file photo). BELOW RIGHT–Dr. Gregory E. van der Vink, multifaceted planner, IRIS Consortium (1989– ) (courtesy G.E. van der Vink).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Norman J. Christie, first Canadian to become SEG president (1963–64) (SEG file photo). ABOVE RIGHT–R.O. Lindseth, pioneer in seismic stratigraphy and founder of several Canadian digital processing firms; also SEG president (1976–77) (SEG file photo). BELOW–Reception at the Sixth Anniversary Meeting of the European Association of Exploration Geophysicists at The Hague, Netherlands (June 1976) (courtesy EAGE).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Doodlebugging is never easy. ABOVE–Preparing shotholes in the Tunisian desert. BELOW–Pakistani bullock cart transporting geophone cables. (Note: Photos are from the late 1970s and are provided courtesy of Western Geophysical Company).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 “Westerners” in action. ABOVE–Founder Henry Salvatori and his senior research specialist, Carl Savit (41 patents to his credit), exchanging viewpoints. CENTER–Western Geophysical Comapny’s world headquarters in Houston, Texas. BELOW–Magnetic tape reels of seismic recordings by the thousands awaiting processing in Houston data center (1978). (photos courstesy Western Geophysical Company.)

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Geophysical Service Incorporated’s new owners of 6 December 1941—J. Erik Jonsson, Henry Bates Peacock, Eugene McDermott, and Cecil H. Green. BELOW–Cutting GSI’s 40th Anniversary cake (1970) by the ﬁrm’s sundry presidents. Left to right: John C. Karcher, Eugene McDermott, Fred Agnich, Robert C. Dunlap, Jr., Mark K. Smith, Cecil H. Green, Edward O. Vetter, and H. Bates Peacock (photos courtesy Texas Instruments.)

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE LEFT–Cecil and Ida Green in front of Green Earth Sciences Building on MIT campus circa 1970 (courtesy MIT Historical Collections). ABOVE RIGHT–Charles F.Darden, long-time president of International Association of Geophysical Contractors (1998) (courtesy C. Darden). BELOW LEFT–Sally Griffiths Zinke, SEG President (2000-01). BELOW RIGHT–Main entrance to ﬁve-story AGU Headquarters, Washington, D.C. (courtesy American Geophysical Union).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Cecil and Ida Green Tower at the SEG Geophysical Resource Center located at 8801 South Yale, Tulsa, Oklahoma (1985).

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABOVE–Modern Geophysical workstation (courtesy Landmark Graphics). BELOW–Group photo of past SEG Presidents. Top row (left to right): Milo M. Backus, W. T. Born, L. Decker Dawson, Douglas D. Barman, Kevin M. Barry, Thomas R. LaFehr, J. Dan Skelton; middle row: Kenneth L. Larner, Sigmund I. Hammer, Norman J. Christie, E. John Northwood, L. C. (Lee) Lawyer, Roy O. Lindseth, J. E. White, A. M. Olander, T. Norman Crook; bottom row; Carl H. Savit, E. R. Brumbaugh, Marvin R. Hewitt, Cecil H. Green, Robert J. Graebner, Paul L. Lyons, and W. Harry Mayne.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3761574/9781560801788_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021