DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and Deliverables

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and Deliverables HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS SPECIFICATIONS AND DELIVERABLES March 2019 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Change Management ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Changes from April 2018 ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Hydrographer ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Navigable Area Survey .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Pre-Survey Assessment ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Environmental Compliance .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Dangers to Navigation ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1 Definition ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 DTON Submission to Non-NOAA Source Authorities ............................................................................. 7 1.6.2.1 Federal USACE Channels .........................................................................................................................7 1.6.2.2 Aids to Navigation (USGC).......................................................................................................................7 1.6.2.3 Bridge Heights.............................................................................................................................................8 1.6.2.4 Pipelines.......................................................................................................................................................8 1.6.3 DTON Submission to NOAA ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.6.4 Charted Feature Remove Request (Anti-DTON) ....................................................................................... 9 1.7 Seep and Pipeline Report........................................................................................................................................9 2 Datums ............................................................................................................................................10 2.1 Time ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Horizontal Datum ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Vertical Datum ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Charted Soundings and Heights ................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Survey Platform Positioning (Control) ...................................................................................................... 10 3 Hydrographic Positioning .............................................................................................................11 3.1 GNSS Terminology .............................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Horizontal Control ............................................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Vertical Control .................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Differential GNSS Reference Stations (DGPS & ERS) .................................................................................... 12 3.5 Ellipsoid Referenced Survey Control ................................................................................................................. 12 3.5.1 ERS Planning and Operational Requirement .......................................................................................... 13 3.5.2 ERS GNSS Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.6 ERS Datum Transformation Requirements ...................................................................................................... 14 3.6.1 VDatum ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 3.6.2 Ellipsoidally-Referenced Zoned Tides (ERZT) ...................................................................................... 15 3.6.3 Constant Value Separation Model ............................................................................................................. 15 4 Tides and Water Levels Requirements .........................................................................................16 4.1 General Project Requirements and Scope ......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.1.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Planning and Preliminary Tidal Zoning .................................................................................................. 17 4.1.4 NOS Control Stations and Data Quality Monitoring ............................................................................. 18 4.1.5 General Data and Reference Datum Requirements ................................................................................ 18 4.1.6 Error Budget Considerations ..................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Data Collection and Field Work ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 Water Level Station Requirements ............................................................................................................ 21 4.2.2 Water Level Sensors ..................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2.1 Bottom Mounted Pressure Gauge (BMPG) ...................................................................................... 25 4.2.2.2 GPS Tide Buoys ..................................................................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Station Installation, Operation and Removal .......................................................................................... 27 4.2.4 Tide Staff ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.5 Bench Marks ................................................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.5.1 Types of Bench Marks ........................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.5.2 Digital Photographs of the Station and Bench Marks ....................................................................... 32 4.2.5.3 Obtaining and Recording of Positions of Stations, Data Collection Platform, Sensors, and Bench Marks Using a Handheld GPS Receiver .......................................................................................................... 32 4.2.6 Leveling ........................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.6.1 Leveling Frequency ................................................................................................................................ 33 4.2.6.2 Stability ................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.7 Water Level Station Documentation ......................................................................................................... 34 4.2.8 Additional Field Requirements .................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turning the Tide on Trash: Great Lakes
    Turning the Tide On Trash A LEARNING GUIDE ON MARINE DEBRIS Turning the Tide On Trash A LEARNING GUIDE ON MARINE DEBRIS Floating marine debris in Hawaii NOAA PIFSC CRED Educators, parents, students, and Unfortunately, the ocean is currently researchers can use Turning the Tide under considerable pressure. The on Trash as they explore the serious seeming vastness of the ocean has impacts that marine debris can have on prompted people to overestimate its wildlife, the environment, our well being, ability to safely absorb our wastes. For and our economy. too long, we have used these waters as a receptacle for our trash and other Covering nearly three-quarters of the wastes. Integrating the following lessons Earth, the ocean is an extraordinary and background chapters into your resource. The ocean supports fishing curriculum can help to teach students industries and coastal economies, that they can be an important part of the provides recreational opportunities, solution. Many of the lessons can also and serves as a nurturing home for a be modified for science fair projects and multitude of marine plants and wildlife. other learning extensions. C ON T EN T S 1 Acknowledgments & History of Turning the Tide on Trash 2 For Educators and Parents: How to Use This Learning Guide UNIT ONE 5 The Definition, Characteristics, and Sources of Marine Debris 17 Lesson One: Coming to Terms with Marine Debris 20 Lesson Two: Trash Traits 23 Lesson Three: A Degrading Experience 30 Lesson Four: Marine Debris – Data Mining 34 Lesson Five: Waste Inventory 38 Lesson
    [Show full text]
  • It Is Quite Common for Confusion to Arise About the Process Used During a Hydrographic Survey When GPS-Derived Water Surface
    It is quite common for confusion to arise about the process used during a hydrographic survey when GPS-derived water surface elevation is incorporated into the data as an RTK Tide correction. This article explains a little about the process. What we are discussing here might be a tide-related correction to a chart datum for coastal surveying – maybe to update navigational charts, or it might be nothing to do with tides at all. For example, surveying a river with the need to express bathymetry results as a bottom elevation on the desired vertical datum – not simply as “depth” results. Whether it is anything to do with tidal forces or not, the term “RTK Tide” is ubiquitous in hydrographic-speak to refer to vertical corrections of echo sounding data using RTK GPS. Although there is some confusing terminology, it’s a simple idea so let’s try to keep it that way. First keep in mind any GPS receiver will give the user basically two things in terms of vertical positioning: height above the GPS reference ellipsoid surface and height above Mean Sea Level (MSL) where ever he or she is on the Earth. How is MSL defined? Well, a geoid surface is a measure of the strength of gravity which in turn mostly controls the height of the sea; it is logical to say that MSL height equals the geoid height and vice versa. Using RTK techniques to obtain tide information is a logical extension of this basic principle. We are measuring the GPS receiver height above a geoid.
    [Show full text]
  • A Numerical Study of the Long- and Short-Term Temperature Variability and Thermal Circulation in the North Sea
    JANUARY 2003 LUYTEN ET AL. 37 A Numerical Study of the Long- and Short-Term Temperature Variability and Thermal Circulation in the North Sea PATRICK J. LUYTEN Management Unit of the Mathematical Models, Brussels, Belgium JOHN E. JONES AND ROGER PROCTOR Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston, United Kingdom (Manuscript received 3 January 2001, in ®nal form 4 April 2002) ABSTRACT A three-dimensional numerical study is presented of the seasonal, semimonthly, and tidal-inertial cycles of temperature and density-driven circulation within the North Sea. The simulations are conducted using realistic forcing data and are compared with the 1989 data of the North Sea Project. Sensitivity experiments are performed to test the physical and numerical impact of the heat ¯ux parameterizations, turbulence scheme, and advective transport. Parameterizations of the surface ¯uxes with the Monin±Obukhov similarity theory provide a relaxation mechanism and can partially explain the previously obtained overestimate of the depth mean temperatures in summer. Temperature strati®cation and thermocline depth are reasonably predicted using a variant of the Mellor±Yamada turbulence closure with limiting conditions for turbulence variables. The results question the common view to adopt a tuned background scheme for internal wave mixing. Two mechanisms are discussed that describe the feedback of the turbulence scheme on the surface forcing and the baroclinic circulation, generated at the tidal mixing fronts. First, an increased vertical mixing increases the depth mean temperature in summer through the surface heat ¯ux, with a restoring mechanism acting during autumn. Second, the magnitude and horizontal shear of the density ¯ow are reduced in response to a higher mixing rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Prioritization of Oxygen Delivery During Elevated Metabolic States
    Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 144 (2004) 215–224 Eat and run: prioritization of oxygen delivery during elevated metabolic states James W. Hicks∗, Albert F. Bennett Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Accepted 25 May 2004 Abstract The principal function of the cardiopulmonary system is the matching of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport to the metabolic V˙ requirements of different tissues. Increased oxygen demands ( O2 ), for example during physical activity, result in a rapid compensatory increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow to the appropriate skeletal muscles. These cardiovascular changes are matched by suitable ventilatory increments. This matching of cardiopulmonary performance and metabolism during activity has been demonstrated in a number of different taxa, and is universal among vertebrates. In some animals, large V˙ increments in aerobic metabolism may also be associated with physiological states other than activity. In particular, O2 may increase following feeding due to the energy requiring processes associated with prey handling, digestion and ensuing protein V˙ V˙ synthesis. This large increase in O2 is termed “specific dynamic action” (SDA). In reptiles, the increase in O2 during SDA may be 3–40-fold above resting values, peaking 24–36 h following ingestion, and remaining elevated for up to 7 days. In addition to the increased metabolic demands, digestion is associated with secretion of H+ into the stomach, resulting in a large metabolic − alkalosis (alkaline tide) and a near doubling in plasma [HCO3 ]. During digestion then, the cardiopulmonary system must meet the simultaneous challenges of an elevated oxygen demand and a pronounced metabolic alkalosis.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on the CONDUCT of the 2021 WORLD HYDROGRAPHY DAY CELEBRATION in NIGERIA-1.Pdf
    Advancements and the Future Outlook of Charting the Nigerian Navigation Channel Chukwuemeka C. Onyebuchi1, Franklin E. Onyeagoro2 and Peter O. Aimah3 1Polaris Integrated and Geosolutions Limited, [email protected] 2Federal University of Technology Owerri, [email protected] 3Polaris Integrated and Geosolutions Limited, [email protected] ABSTRACT The need for achieving safe waterways for navigation, engineering, exploration, security and other marine operations cannot be overemphasized and should be attained using precise methods and equipment. The Hydrographic process still remains the only systematic means through which spatial information about our marine environment (oceans, seas, rivers etc.) are acquired for charting purposes so as to aid analysis and decision making. In Nigeria today, most marine operations and mostly the Nigerian Navy is dependent on the Hydrographic process for smooth operations required for security, trading, engineering etc. therefore maintaining the integrity of the hydrographic process is of uttermost importance. To maintain the integrity of the hydrographic process used for charting our navigational channels, the progressive evolution of this process shall be assessed: from the earliest methods that directly sounded navigational channels using weighted lead lines and graduated poles to provide water depths to Wire Drag methods used to identify physical features on the marine environment, then to the 1930s when acoustic waves were applied in the Echo Sounder to indirectly ascertain seabed profile, and the use of instruments like Multi Beam Echo Sounders, Magnetometer, Side Scan Sonar, etc. for detailed Bathymetric and Geophysical Survey Projects, and presently to the use of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and satellites in space to monitor sea level rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Water Levels and Flow
    253 CHAPTER 5 WATER LEVELS AND FLOW 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to provide the hydrographer and technical reader the fundamental information required to understand and apply water levels, derived water level products and datums, and water currents to carry out field operations in support of hydrographic surveying and mapping activities. The hydrographer is concerned not only with the elevation of the sea surface, which is affected significantly by tides, but also with the elevation of lake and river surfaces, where tidal phenomena may have little effect. The term ‘tide’ is traditionally accepted and widely used by hydrographers in connection with the instrumentation used to measure the elevation of the water surface, though the term ‘water level’ would be more technically correct. The term ‘current’ similarly is accepted in many areas in connection with tidal currents; however water currents are greatly affected by much more than the tide producing forces. The term ‘flow’ is often used instead of currents. Tidal forces play such a significant role in completing most hydrographic surveys that tide producing forces and fundamental tidal variations are only described in general with appropriate technical references in this chapter. It is important for the hydrographer to understand why tide, water level and water current characteristics vary both over time and spatially so that they are taken fully into account for survey planning and operations which will lead to successful production of accurate surveys and charts. Because procedures and approaches to measuring and applying water levels, tides and currents vary depending upon the country, this chapter covers general principles using documented examples as appropriate for illustration.
    [Show full text]
  • ECHO SOUNDING CORRECTIONS (Article Handed to the I
    ECHO SOUNDING CORRECTIONS (Article handed to the I. H. B. by the U .S.S.R. Delegation of Observers at the Vllth International Hydrographic Conference) In the Soviet Union frequent use is made of echo sounders in routine hydrographic surveying, and all important surveys are carried out with the help of echo sounding apparatus. Depths recorded on echograms as well as depths entered in the sounding log must be corrected for a value which is the result of the algebraic addition of two partial corrections as follows : A Z f : correction for (( level error » A Z : conection of echo À When the value of the total correction is less than half the sounding accuracy, it is disregarded. The maximum tolerance figures allowed in sounding are shown below : From 0 to 20 m. : 0.4 m 21 to 50 m. : 0.7 m 51 to 100 m. : 1.5 m 101 and over :2 % of sounding depth Correction for level error. — The correction for the « error in level » is computed according to the following formula : A Z f = n _ f (1) n : reading of nearest tide gauge, corresponding to datum level determined; f : reading of tide gauge at time of taking soundings. Echo correction. — The depths determined by echo sounding must be subjected to corrections which are obtained as follows : (a) Immediately determined by calibration, or (b) According to the hydrological data available. I. — D etermination o f corrections b y calibration When determining echo corrections by calibration, the soundings are corrected as follows : (1) Determination of total correction A Z T in sounding area by calibration of echo sounding machine ; (2) A Z n correction for difference in speed of rotation of indicator disk with respect to speed determined during calibration ; The A Z q correction is applied when the number of revolutions of the indicator disk differs by more than 1 % during sounding operations from the value obtained during the initial calibration.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive Report to Accompany Hydrographic Survey H11004
    NOAA FORM 76-35A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY DESCRIPTIVE REPORT Type of Survey: Navigable Area Registry Number: H12139 LOCALITY State: Rhode Island General Locality: Block Island Sound Sub-locality: 5 NM West of Block Island 2009 H12139 CHIEF OF PARTY CDR Shepard M.Smith NOAA LIBRARY & ARCHIVES DATE - i - NOAA FORM 77-28 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REGISTRY NUMBER: (11-72) NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION HYDROGRAPHIC TITLE SHEET H12139 INSTRUCTIONS: The Hydrographic Sheet should be accompanied by this form, filled in as completely as possible, when the sheet is forwarded to the Office. State: Rhode Island General Locality: Block Island Sound, RI Sub-Locality: 5 NM West of Block Island Scale: 1:20,000 Date of Survey: 08/20/09 to 08/31/09 Instructions Dated: 26 February 2009 Project Number: OPR-B363-TJ-09 Vessel: NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson Chief of Party: CDR Shepard M. Smith , NOAA Surveyed by: Thomas Jefferson Personnel Soundings by: Reson 7125 multibeam echo sounder. Graphic record scaled by: N/A Graphic record checked by: N/A Protracted by: N/A Automated Plot: N/A Verification by: Atlantic Hydrographic Branch Soundings in: Meters at MLLW Remarks: 1) All Times are in UTC. 2) This is a Navigable Area Hydrographic Survey. 3) Projection is NAD83, UTM Zone 19. Bold, italic, red notes in the Descriptive Report were made during office processing. 2 OPR-B363-TJ-09 H12139 Table of Contents A. AREA SURVEYED………………………………………………………………………...4 B. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING………………………………………………...6 B.1 EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………………….6 B.2 QUALITY CONTROL………………………………………………………….……..6 Sounding Coverage…………………………………………………………………...6 Systematic Errors……………………………………………………………………..9 B.3 CORRECTIONS TO ECHO SOUNDINGS…………………………………...……...9 B.4 DATA PROCESSING……………………………………………………….…..……10 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Arenicola Marina During Low Tide
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 15 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Sulfide stress and tolerance in the lugworm Arenicola marina during low tide Susanne Volkel, Kerstin Hauschild, Manfred K. Grieshaber Institut fiir Zoologie, Lehrstuhl fur Tierphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstr. 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany ABSTRACT: In the present study environmental sulfide concentrations in the vicinity of and within burrows of the lugworm Arenicola marina during tidal exposure are presented. Sulfide concentrations in the pore water of the sediment ranged from 0.4 to 252 pM. During 4 h of tidal exposure no significant changes of pore water sulfide concentrations were observed. Up to 32 pM sulfide were measured in the water of lugworm burrows. During 4 h of low tide the percentage of burrows containing sulfide increased from 20 to 50% in July and from 36 to 77% in October A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations from 0 to 14.5 pM was observed after 5 h of emersion. Sulfide and thiosulfate concentrations in the coelomic fluid and succinate, alanopine and strombine levels in the body wall musculature of freshly caught A. marina were measured. During 4 h of tidal exposure in July the percentage of lugworms containing sulfide and maximal sulfide concentrations increased from 17 % and 5.4 pM to 62% and 150 pM, respectively. A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations was observed after 2 and 3 h of emersion. In October, changes of sulfide concentrations were less pronounced. Median thiosulfate concentrations were 18 to 32 FM in July and 7 to 12 ~.IMin October No significant changes were observed during tidal exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Advantages of Parametric Acoustics for the Detection of the Dredging Level in Areas with Siltation Jens Wunderlich, Prof
    7th Workshop on Dredging and Surveying, Scheveningen (The Haag), June 07th-08th 2001 Advantages of parametric acoustics for the detection of the dredging level in areas with siltation Jens Wunderlich, Prof. Dr. Gert Wendt, Rostock University Keywords sediment echo sounder, parametric acoustics, dredging level, siltation, Abstract Dredging companies and local authorities are interested in exact information about the dredging area and the material conditions, like sediment structures, sediment types and sediment volumes especially in ship channels and harbours. To get these information several equipment for sediment echo sounding is used. But what are the differences? What are the advantages of non- linear echo sounders compared to linear ones, especially in dredging areas with siltation? These questions are briefly discussed in this contribution. After that some survey examples, using a parametric echo sounder system, are given. Echo Sounding and Echo Sounder Parameters Sediment echo sounding means v = const transmitting sound pulses in direction ∆h water surface to the bottom and receiving reflected y x signals from the bottom and sediment a x b layers, see fig. 1. z ∆Θ,∆Φ There are some important parameters noise reverberation to classify echo sounder systems: Θ • Directivity h • Frequency • Pulse length, pulse ringing ∆τ bottom echo • Pulse repetition rate • Beam steering and stabilizing bottom surface • Heave compensation objects • Real time signal processing l • Size, weight, mobility a,c = f(material) layer echo These parameters and their meanings for surveys shall be discussed briefly. layer borders Figure 1: Echo sounding principle Directivity The directivity of the transmitted sound beam depends on the transducer dimensions related to the sound frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Depth Measuring Techniques
    EM 1110-2-1003 1 Jan 02 Chapter 9 Single Beam Acoustic Depth Measurement Techniques 9-1. General Scope and Applications Single beam acoustic depth sounding is by far the most widely used depth measurement technique in USACE for surveying river and harbor navigation projects. Acoustic depth sounding was first used in the Corps back in the 1930s but did not replace reliance on lead line depth measurement until the 1950s or 1960s. A variety of acoustic depth systems are used throughout the Corps, depending on project conditions and depths. These include single beam transducer systems, multiple transducer channel sweep systems, and multibeam sweep systems. Although multibeam systems are increasingly being used for surveys of deep-draft projects, single beam systems are still used by the vast majority of districts. This chapter covers the principles of acoustic depth measurement for traditional vertically mounted, single beam systems. Many of these principles are also applicable to multiple transducer sweep systems and multibeam systems. This chapter especially focuses on the critical calibrations required to maintain quality control in single beam echo sounding equipment. These criteria are summarized in Table 9-6 at the end of this chapter. 9-2. Principles of Acoustic Depth Measurement Reference water surface Transducer Outgoing signal VVeeloclocityty Transmitted and returned acoustic pulse Time Velocity X Time Draft d M e a s ure 2d depth is function of: Indexndex D • pulse travel time (t) • pulse velocity in water (v) D = 1/2 * v * t Reflected signal Figure 9-1. Acoustic depth measurement 9-1 EM 1110-2-1003 1 Jan 02 a.
    [Show full text]
  • National Hydrography Data Content Standard for Coastal and Inland Waterways Public Review Draft, January 2000
    FGDC Data Committee FGDC Document Number National Hydrography Data Content Standard for Coastal and Inland Waterways Public Review Draft, January 2000 NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure National Hydrography Data Content Standard for Coastal and Inland Waterways – Public Review Draft Bathymetric Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee January 2000 Federal Geographic Data Committee i FGDC Data Committee FGDC Document Number National Hydrography Data Content Standard for Coastal and Inland Waterways Public Review Draft, January 2000 Established by Office of Management and Budget Circular A-16, the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) promotes the coordinated development, use, sharing, and dissemination of geographic data. The FGDC is composed of representatives from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, State, and Transportation; the Environmental Protection Agency; the Federal Emergency Management Agency; the Library of Congress; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the National Archives and Records Administration; and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Additional Federal agencies participate on FGDC subcommittees and working groups. The Department of the Interior chairs the committee. FGDC subcommittees work on issues related to data categories coordinated under the circular. Subcommittees establish and implement standards for data content, quality, and transfer; encourage the exchange of information and the transfer of data; and organize the
    [Show full text]