Sharing the NASA Experience with Students
Dr. Obadiah Kegege NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Electrical and Computer Engineering Seminar, Howard University, October 29, 2014
Outline
• About NASA
• Presentation References and Acknowledgement
• NASA Space Missions Overview
• Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN)
• Research Collaboration with Academia
About NASA?
• http://www.nasa.gov/about/ • http://www.nasa.gov/missions/
http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/201 4/04/18/FY2014_NASA_StrategicPlan_508c.pdf NASA’s 2014 Strategic Goals
http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/201 4/04/18/FY2014_NASA_StrategicPlan_508c.pdf National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Centers and Facilities
Glenn Research Center Lewis Field Deep Space Network Facilities: Cleveland, OH Goddard Space Flight Center . Goldstone, in CA Mojave Desert Glenn Research Center Greenbelt, MD . near Madrid, Spain Plum Brook Station . near Canberra, Australia Independent Verification Sandusky, OH & Validation Facility Fairmont, WV
Ames Research Center Mountain View, CA NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Wallops Flight Facility Wallops Island, VA
Langley Research Center Hampton, VA Armstrong Flight Research Center Edwards, CA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Marshall Space Flight Center Pasadena, CA Huntsville, AL
Stennis Space Center Johnson Space Center Stennis Space Center, MS White Sands Test Facility Houston, Texas White Sands, NM Kennedy Space Center Michoud Assembly Facility Cape Canaveral, FL New Orleans, LA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/installations.html • NASA GSFC’s Facilities include:
Goddard Space Flight Center, main campus Wallops Flight Facility, located on located within Greenbelt, Md Virginia's Eastern Shore
7 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Organizations and Projects
• http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/about/organizations/org2.html
Open the link to view GSFC Organizations and Projects
8 Presentation References and Acknowledgement Would like to thank and acknowledge the sources below that have provided materials for the following slides focusing on “Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN)”
1. http://www.nasa.gov/content/scan-presentations/
2. Badri Younes, “Future of Space Communications,” Space Generation Congress, Naples, Italy, September 2012 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_S pace_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf
3. Phil Liebrecht, “Communicating with Astronaut and Robotic Explorers across the Solar System,” Public University of Navarra, Spain, December 2010 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_Unive rsity_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf
The following slides will focus on Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN)” – My current work tasks support the SCaN Program SCaN Current Networks
The current NASA space communications architecture embraces three operational networks that collectively provide communications services to supported missions using space-based and ground-based assets Near Earth Network - NASA, commercial, and partner ground stations and integration systems providing space communications and tracking services to orbital and suborbital missions
Space Network - constellation of geosynchronous relays (TDRSS) and associated ground systems
Deep Space Network - ground stations spaced around the world providing continuous coverage of satellites from Earth Orbit (GEO) to the edge of our solar system
NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN) - not part of SCaN; provides terrestrial connectivity
11 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_Space_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf SCaN Network
Crewed Missions Sub-Orbital Missions Earth Science Missions Space Science Missions Lunar Missions Solar System Exploration
Alaska Kongsberg Satellite USN Alaska Madrid Complex Satellite Services (KSAT) Swedish Space Corp. (SSC) DSN Partner Station: Poker Flat & Madrid, Spain Kiruna, Sweden Facility Gilmore Creek, Alaska North Pole, Alaska Svalbard, Norway German NEN/NASA Fairbanks, Space Alaska NEN/Commercial Agency (DLR) NEN/Partner Weilheim, Germany SN
Guam Remote Ground Terminal Goldstone Complex Guam, Marianna Islands Fort Irwin, California
F6 F5 F9 F3 F10 F7 F8 (Stored) (Stored) F4 USN Australia Dongara, Australia USN Hawaii South Point, Hawaii
Canberra Complex Merritt Island Wallops Ground Canberra, Australia White Sands Launch Annex Station McMurdo Ground Station USN Chile McMurdo Base, Antarctica Ground Station Merritt Island, Florida Santiago, Chile Wallops, Virginia White Sands, New Mexico
White Sands Ground Terminals White Sands, New Mexico Satellite Applications12 Center Hartebeesthoek, Africa http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_Space_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf Near Earth Network Overview
USN Alaska (2) Partner Station: USN Alaska (1) Kongsberg Satellite Services NOAA CDA Station North Pole, Alaska Svalbard, Norway Poker Flat, Alaska Swedish Space Corp. (SSC) Gilmore Creek, Alaska Alaska Satellite Facility Kiruna, Sweden Fairbanks, Alaska
German Space Agency (DLR) Weilheim, Germany
White Sands Complex White Sands, New Mexico
USN Hawaii Station South Point, Hawaii USN Australia Dongara, Australia
NASA Merritt Island Commercial Launch Annex 13 Wallops Ground Station McMurdo Ground Station Partner Merritt Island, Florida University of Chile Satellite Applications Center Wallops, Virginia McMurdo Base, Antarctica Santiago, Chile Hartebeesthoek, Africa Space Network Space Segment • TDRS F-1 through F-7 • The most complex communications satellite ever build at that time • Single access S-Band and Ku-Band services and Multiple Access system • 10 year design life • Series launched from 1983 - 1995 – Original series still in operation – TDRS-B lost with the Challenger – TDRS 1 retired in 2010 First Generation TDRS F-1 through F-7 • TDRS F-8 through F-10 • Backwards compatible S-Band and Ku-Band services • New Ka-Band Service, up to 1.2 Gbps Capability • Enhanced Multiple Access system • Increased on-orbit autonomy • 15 year design life • Series launched from 2000 – 2002
• The 3rd Generation of TDRS spacecraft, known as TDRS K, L, and M: TDRS K launched January 30, 2013, and TDRS L launched Second Generation TDRS F-8 through F-10 January 23, 2014. TDRS M's launch readiness date is scheduled for 14 2015. http://tdrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/tdrs/136.html
White Sands Ground Terminal (WSGT) and the Second TDRSS Ground Terminal (STGT).
Guam Remote Ground Terminal (GRGT). The GRGT allows for the closure of the the Zone of Exclusion.
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_S pace_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf 15 Space Segment: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (F1 - F7)
Solar array Power output is Single Access Antenna approximately 1800 Dual frequency communications and watts tracking functions: • S-band TDRSS (SSA) • Ku-band TDRSS (KuSA) • Ku-band auto-tracking 4.9 meter shaped reflector assembly SA equipment compartment mounted Omni Antenna (S-band) behind reflector and Solar Sail Two axis gimballing
Multiple Access Antenna Space-to-Ground-Link Antenna 30 helices: TDRS downlink • 12 diplexers for transmit 2.0 meter parabolic reflector • 30 receive body mounted Dual orthogonal linear polarization TDRS: Single commanded beam, transmit • single horn feed 20 adapted beams for receive • orthomode transducer Ground implemented receive function Two axis gimballed Forward (FWD): link from TDRSS Ground Station through TDRS to Customer Spacecraft Return (RTN): link from Customer Spacecraft through TDRS to TDRSS Ground Station
16 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf 1st and 2nd Generation TDRSS Constellation
Goddard Space Flight Center White Sands Complex
Guam Remote Ground Terminal
TDRS-6 TDRS-5 TDRS-4 TDRS -9 TDRS-7 TDRS-8 ° ° TDRS-3 ° TDRS-10 171 W 167.5 W 062°W 046 W 275°W ° ° 271°W Stored 049 W 041 W
In a typical month the SN supports approximately 10,000 scheduled customer service events.
17 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf Deep Space Network Facilities
DSS-27 DSS-24 DSS-25 DSS-26 DSS-54 DSS-55 DSS-34 DSS-35 34m (HSB) 34m (BWG-1) 34m (BWG-2) 34m (BWG-3) 34m (BWG-1) 34m (BWG-2) 34m (BWG-1) 34m (in 2015)
DSS-28 DSS-63 DSS-43 34m (HSB) 70m 70m
DSS-14 Signal Processing Signal Processing Signal Processing 70m Center SPC-10 Center SPC-60 Center SPC-40
DSS-13 34m (**R&D) DSS-45 GPS DSS-15 GPS DSS-65 GPS 34m HEF 34m (HEF) 34m (HEF) Goldstone, California Madrid, Spain Canberra, Australia
CTT-22 Compatibility Test Trailer
MIL-71 Launch Support Facility at KSC
JPL, Pasadena Network Operations ITT, Monrovia Control Center Service Preparation, (NOCC) Logistics, Compatibility Testing, O&M Analysis
18 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf Deep Space Complexes
19 Titan Lunar Lunar Neptune Relay Relay Satellite Payload Saturn (potential) Uranus
Pluto LADEE Charon
Jupiter
Near Earth Optical Relay Pathfinder
SCaN Mars INM & ISE
NISNNISN MCC
MOCs 2023SCaN202520182015 Add: Services Provide: • EnhancedIntegratedDeepStandard Space ServicesOpticalserviceNetwork Optical -Initialbased Management Initialand Capability Interfacesarchitecture Capability (INM) • DeepSpaceIntegratedDelay Space internetworkingInternetworkingTolerant Service Optical Networking Execution Relay (DTNthroughout Pathfinder and (ISE) IP) Solar Venus Deep Space • LunarInternationalSystemSpaceDeep SpaceRelayInternetworking Satellite interoperabilityAntenna Initial Array Capability Antenna Optical Relay • AssuredOpticalSignificantLunar Optical Ground safety Increases PathfinderandTerminal security in Bandwidth (LADEE) of missions Array Pathfinder • SignificantNearRetirementTDRS Earth K, L Optical increasesof Aging Initial RF in Systemsbandwidth Capability Sun Mercury • TDRSIncreased M,N microwave link data rates • Lunar Relay Payload (potential) 20 Microwave Links Optical Links NISN Space Communications End to End Process
From reflector (dish)- To reflector (dish)- outgoing Captured signal signal Polarizer Polarizer From reflector (dish)- Captures To reflector (dish) - Directs focuses the signal and focus signal
Separate incoming signal Separate incoming signal Diplexer Diplexer from outgoing signal from outgoing signal
Amplify the modulated Amplify the received Amplifier signal Amplifier The ‘Signal’ signal (Low Noise) (Electromagnetic Analog signal Analog signal Ranging Waves) Reconstitute the Modulate symbol signal symbol stream Ranging Modulator stream on to the carrier The Demodulator Medium signal Carrier Reference signal Symbol stream (bits) Soft Symbol signal stream (bits) Convert to a coded Reconstitute the Encoder symbol stream bit stream Decoder
Bit stream Bit stream Constitute the data Organize data for formats and forward Processor transmission- Frames, Processor the data (Frames, Files) Files as addressed Digital data
System Data Mission Data Capture desired Camera Sensor Status information convert to digital format
Desired measurements 21
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf Space Communications The Medium
From reflector (dish)- To reflector (dish)- outgoing Captured signal signal Polarizer Polarizer From reflector (dish)- Captures To reflector (dish) - Directs focuses the signal and focus signal
Separate incoming signal Separate incoming signal Diplexer Diplexer from outgoing signal from outgoing signal
Amplify the modulated Amplify the received Amplifier signal Amplifier The ‘Signal’ signal (Low Noise) (Electromagnetic Analog signal Analog signal Ranging Waves) Reconstitute the Modulate symbol signal symbol stream Ranging Modulator stream on to the carrier The Demodulator Medium signal Carrier Reference signal Symbol stream (bits) Soft Symbol signal stream (bits) Convert to a coded Reconstitute the Encoder symbol stream bit stream Decoder
Bit stream Bit stream Constitute the data Organize data for formats and forward Processor transmission- Frames, Processor the data (Frames, Files) Files as addressed Digital data
System Data Mission Data ….. Capture desired Camera Sensor Status information convert to digital format
Desired measurements 22
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf Research Areas
• Get more information from our “Space Technology Roadmaps” – http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/home/roadmaps/index.html
– http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/501627main_STR-Int- Foldout_rev11-NRCupdated.pdf
– http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/OCT_Interactive_Roadmaps/OCT_I nteractive_Roadmaps.html
23 SCaN Communications and Navigation Technology Themes
• Optical Communications • Antenna Arraying Technology – Receive and Transmit • Advanced Antenna Technology • Advanced Networking Technology • Spacecraft RF Transmitter/Receiver Technology • Software Defined Radio • Spacecraft Antenna Technology • Spectrum Efficient Technology • Ka-band Atmospheric Calibration • Position, Navigation, and Time • Space-Based Range Technology • Uplink Arraying
24 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf SCaN Technologies Trying to Take the TRL 7 Leap
• Optical Communication LADEE
• Software Defined Radios ISS
BP BP BP BSP BP LTP LTP BSP BSP LTPBSP LTP BP LTPLTP LTP LTP BSP • Disruptive Tolerant BP LTP LTP Networking BP BSP BP BSP BP BP BP BP BP BSP BP BP BP BSP BSPBSP BSP BSP BSPBSP BSP
TDRSS • TDRSS Antenna Combining
25 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/694635main_Pres_Public_University_Navarra_Astronaut_Robotic.pdf • GPS L1, L2c, • Space based L5 development networking, • Ka/S band and validation including DTN System for • GPS TASS Lunar Relay validation • Potential SDRs for Space Based Range
• SDRs for future TDRSS Transponder
• Ka/S System for TDRSS K, L function, performance validation • Ka System HRDL partial backup for ISS • Potential SDRs for lunar landers, rovers, EVA
• SDR/STRS technology advancement to TRL-7 26 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_Space_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf Why Use Software Defined Radios?
• SDRs provide unprecedented operational • Small size, weight, and power is flexibility with software functionality that achievable for all SDRs, esp mobile units allows communications functions to be updated in flight (e.g., EVAs, rovers), similar to cell phones – Functions can be changed within the – SDRs have excellent potential for same SDR across mission phases miniaturization compared to • E.g., Range Safety functions in conventional radios launch phase, mission ops functions in mission phase • Software defined functionality enables – Technology upgrades can be made in standard radios to be tailored for specific flight missions with reusable software • E.g., modulation methods – Similar to PCs running standard upgrades, new coding schemes programs like Word and Excel, – Failure corrections can be effected in standardization enables common flight hardware platforms to run common • E.g., MRO corrected EMI problem with SW update in transit to Mars reusable software across many using the Electra SDR missions – Cost reductions are realized with common hardware architecture, reusable software and risk avoidance 27 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_Space_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf NASA's Pathways / Student Intern Program
• • https://intern.nasa.gov/
• http://www.usajobs.gov/ – NASA's Pathways Student Intern Program – Create Resume on USAJOBS Website, specify keywords, i.e. NASA, Internship, Engineering, Aerospace, Electrical, Computer, Physics, etc.
28 Back Up Slides NASA Missions Example - Browse Missions by Topic
• Earth • Solar System
http://www.nasa.gov/content/earth-missions-list http://www.nasa.gov/content/solar-missions-list
• Humans in Space • Universe
http://www.nasa.gov/content/human-missions-list http://www.nasa.gov/content/universe-missions-list Earth Missions 1/5 Atmosphere AIM NOAA-N Aqua NOAA-N Prime ARCTAS NPP ATTREX Operation Ice Bridge Aura POES CALIPSO QuikSCAT CHAMP Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) CINDI Cloudsat TDRS Glory Terra GOES-N Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ICEsat Upper Atmosphere Radiation Satellite (UARS)
Climate Aquarius LDCM ARCTAS NOAA-N ATTREX NOAA-N Prime Aura NPP CALIPSO Ocean Surface Topography Mission Cloudsat Orbiting Carbon Observatory Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) POES Glory Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) GOES-N SERVIR GOES-O Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment GOES-P TDRS GOES-R Terra Jason Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Landsat Upper Atmosphere Radiation Satellite (UARS)
Earth Missions 2/5 Continental Drift and Geodynamics Gravity LAGEOS 1 and 2 Gravity Probe-B Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment TDRS Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)
Hurricanes Ice GOES-N ICEsat Hurricanes Landsat NPP LDCM Operation Ice Bridge Polar Radiation Belt Storm Probes (Van Allen Probes) Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) TDRS (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite) TDRS Terra Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
Land and Vegetation Land and Vegetation Aqua Orbiting Carbon Observatory ICEsat Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Landsat Shuttle Radar Topography Mission LDCM TDRS NPP Terra Operation Ice Bridge
Earth Missions 3/5 Oceans Ozone Aqua Aura Aquarius NOAA-N Prime Jason Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) NOAA-N Prime TDRS Ocean Surface Topography Mission TOMS-EP QuikSCAT Upper Atmosphere Radiation Satellite (UARS) Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) TDRS Terra TOPEX/Poseidon Earth Missions 4/5 Sun and its Influence on Earth CHAMP SDO Earth Radiation Budget Satellite SOHO Explorer Solar Anomalous and Magnetospherice FAST Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) Geotail SORCE Hinode (Solar-b) STEREO IMAGE TDRS IRIS: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph Terra Polar THEMIS Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) TIMED RHESSI TRACE Ulysses WIND
Water Cycle Wildfires Aqua Fire and Smoke ATTREX GOES-N GOES-N Landsat NPP LDCM POES NMP EO-1 Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) TDRS TDRS Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Terra
Earth Missions 5/5 Weather ATTREX NPP GOES-N POES GOES-O Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) SERVIR GOES-P TDRS NOAA-N Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission NOAA-N Prime
Humans in Space Missions Current Missions International Space Station Commercial Resupply
Past Missions Future Exploration Plans Apollo Asteroid Redirect Initiative Apollo-Soyuz Commercial Space Gemini Orion Crew Vehicle Mercury Space Launch System Skylab Space Shuttle Solar System Missions 1/3 Asteroids Comets Asteroid Redirect Initiative Deep Impact Dawn EPOXI Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Stardust-NExT Osiris-REX
Jupiter Saturn Galileo Cassini Hubble Hubble Juno Pioneer Pioneer Voyager Voyager
Neptune Pluto
Hubble Hubble Voyager New Horizons
Mercury MESSENGER
Solar System Missions 2/3 Uranus Venus Hubble Magellan Voyager Pioneer
Sun and its Influence on Earth CHAMP SOHO Earth Radiation Budget Satellite Solar Anomalous and Magnetospherice Explorer Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) FAST SORCE Geotail STEREO Hinode (Solar-b) TDRS IMAGE Terra IRIS: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph THEMIS Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) TIMED Polar TRACE Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Ulysses RHESSI WIND SDO
Solar System Missions 3/3 Mars Moon Hubble Apollo InSight Clementine Mars Exploration Rover GRAIL Mars Global Surveyor LADEE Mars Odyssey LCROSS Mars Pathfinder LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mini-RF Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity Moon Mineralogy Mapper MAVEN Ranger Phoenix Surveyor Viking
Planets Hubble James Webb Space Telescope Kepler Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) SWIFT WISE
Universe Missions 1/3 Big Bang and Cosmology Galaxies ASTRO-1 Chandra ASTRO-2 FUSE Chandra GALEX Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory Herschel Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Hubble Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer James Webb Space Telescope Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope SOFIA FUSE Spitzer GLAST SWIFT Gravity Probe-B Wide-Field Infrared Explorer Herschel Hubble Solar Anomalous and Magnetospherice Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) Wide-Field Infrared Explorer
Black Holes Interstellar Medium Chandra Chandra Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope FUSE GLAST IBEX Herschel Pioneer Hubble Spitzer NuSTAR Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite RXTE (SWAS) Voyager Universe Missions 2/3 Planets Beyond the Solar System Stars Hubble Chandra James Webb Space Telescope GALEX Kepler Herschel Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) Hubble SWIFT SOFIA WISE WISE
Gamma-Ray Bursts Gravity Chandra Gravity Probe-B Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment HETE-2 Radiation Belt Storm Probes (Van Allen SWIFT Probes) TDRS
Nebulae Life in the Universe Herschel Genesis Hubble Universe Missions 3/3 Supernovae Chandra Herschel Hubble Solar Anomalous and Magnetospherice Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) SWIFT Future of Space Communications http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/696855main_Pres_Future_of_Space_Communications_SGC_2012.pdf
43 • Near-Earth Optical IOC • Up to 1.2 Gbps return, 100 Mbps forward • RF return link enhancement • 150 Mbps at L2 using Ka •1.2 Gbps for LEO/MEO using Ka • Anytime, anywhere connectivity within Earth line of sight • Single point access to SCaN component networks • Standard services across all component networks
Integrated Service and Network Management
44 Human or Robotic Exploration Vehicle
• Scalable architecture providing 76-100% coverage • Over 1.2 Gbps optical link from the Moon; 20 Mbps uplink from Earth to the Moon • 250 Mbps by RF links from the Moon • Radiometric capabilities for precision approach, landing, and surface roving • Space Internetworking Mars Network
• Scalable architecture that can easily evolve to support human exploration phase • Optical Trunk to space-based Earth receivers (between 600 (Mars closest) and 25 Mbps) • Up to 2 Mbps RF data rates for near-term • Up to 150 Mbps in long-term • Can support Earth-like science around Mars • Radiometric capabilities • Store & forward file and internetworking • Forms a subnet of the DTN Space Internetworking for coordinated Mars exploration
46 Coordinated observations Next-gen Navigation Primitive Body Missions
Mars Trunk Lines Point-to-point RF links
Relays for In-Situ Science
Ground-based Optical Point-to-point Optical links • Deep Space Optical IOC • 100 Mbps extensible to 1Gbps return link at 1AU; > 2 Mbps forward • RF enhancement for return link Space-based • Predominant use of deep space Ka for data return Optical • New tracking data types for navigation support • Ka uplink/downlink RF Antenna Arrays • Optimetric uplinl/downlink (IOC) Integrated Service • Scalable RF infrastructure (Array of antennas) • Anytime, anywhere connectivity within Earth line of sight And Network • Robust emergency X-band TT&C Management • Robust high-power uplink capability • Single point access to SCaN component networks 47 • Standard services across all component networks