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The Influence of Hagiography Upon Rhe Old English Beowulf & Robin The Influence of Hagiography upon rhe Old English Beowulf & Robin waugh A thesis submitted to the Deparrment of English in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada National Library Bibliothèque nationale w@w of Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Service des thèses canadiennes Ottawa, Canada K1 A ON4 The author has granted an irrevocable non- L'auteur a accordé une licence irrévocable et exclusive licence allowing the National Library non exclusive permettant à la Bibliothèque of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or sell nationale du Canada de reproduire, prêter, copies of his/her thesis by any means and in distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa thèse any form or format, making this thesis available de quelque manière et sous quelque forme to interested persons. que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur in his/her thesis. Neither the thesis nor qui protège sa thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantial extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent être otherwise reproduced without his/her per- imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans son mission. autorisation. 1ËEH fJ-315-511t4-2 CaxeaCSä THE INFLUENCE OF HAGIOGRAPHY UPON THE OLD ENGLISH Beor¡ulf BY ROBIN I^IAUGH A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the university of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirenrents of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS o L989 Pernlissio' has bee¡r gra'ted to rhe LIBRARY oF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA ro lend or sell copies of thjs thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilnr rhis thesis a'd to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITY IVIICROFILMS to publish an absrract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither ttre thesis nor extensive extracts frorn it may be printed or other- wise reproduced without the author's writte¡r pernrission. Tahle of Conúents Chapter One: Introduction Chapter Trvo: Hagiography Chapter Three: General Parallels ......26 Chapter Four: PIot Parallels 43 Chapter Five: Character and Relics 58 Conclusion 80 Bibliography 82 Appendix: Translations vii ut Freface Abbreviations used in this thesis are the standard ones rvhich appear in any recent volume of Publicatiotts of the Modern Language Associaîion, except for specialized abbreviations, rvhich I list in the table. Citations from Beowulf are from the thirci edition of F. K1aeber. I cite all other Anglo-Saxon poetry from Krapp and Dobbie's The Anglo-Saxon poeÍic Records. To keep confusion to a minimum, textual references name the author or his rvork first, and then refer to the particular saint's life. An author is never referred to as ,,Saint,, or ,,St.,,. Uncredited translations in the appendix are my own. My first acknowledgement must go to Prof. L. A. Desmond, who made valuable sug- gestions concerning this thesis, and started my interest in medieval studies. I received a great deal of help from Prof. Joseph M. P. Donatelli, who provided information, made many sug- gestions about the style of the thesis, and deserves many thanks for his perceptive criticisms. I must thank, with pleasure, Prof. L. G. Monkman, Louise Tully, Paul Loewen, peter Wilman, Eric Slater, Jean-Paul Molgat and Jeff Long, who gave help when asked. The combination of Prof. Robert Emmett Finnegan's learnilg, teaching, patience, and rigour contributes to every word of this discourse. To him I owe my greatest debt, and express my greatest thanks. to P. T. IV Abbneviations ACM Herbert Musurilio, ed. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Aldhelm Michael Lapidge and Michael Herren, trans. and intro. AldheIm. The prose Works. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, Rorvman and Littlefi eId. 1979. Anon The anonymous Zfe in Bertram Colgrave, ed. Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert. A Life by an Anon- ymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede,s Prose Life. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ- ersify Press, 1985, 59-138. Athanasius Life of Sr. Anthony in Roy J. Deferrari, ed. Early Christian Biographies. Fathers of the Church vol. 15. Washingron, D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press, L964, 125-216. CH Benjamin Thorpe, ed. The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church. The First Part, Containing the Sermones Catholici, or Homilies of ,Æ,lfric.2 vols. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1-840. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, L967. CM Crowns of Martyrdom in H. J. Thomson, ed. Prudentius. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. London: William Heinemann Lrd.. vol. II, 1951", gg-344. Eddius Colgrave, ed. The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by Eddius Stephanus. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1985. EHD Dorothy Whitelock, ed. English Historical Documents I. c500- 1042. London: Eyre and Spottisloode, 1955. Ennodius Life of St. Epiphartius in Deferrari, ed., 299-351. Eusebius Hugh Jackson Lawlor and John Ernest Leonard Oulton, trans. Eusebius, Bishop of Cæsarea. The Ecclesiastical History and The Martyrs of Palestine. 2 vols. London: S. P. C. K.,1954. Felix Colgrave, ed. Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. GofC Alexandra I{ennessy Olsen. Guthlac of Croyland. A Study of Heroic Hagiography. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1981. Greg Odo J. Zimmerman, ed. Saint Gregory the Great. Dialogues. Fathers of the Church vol. 39. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc., 1-959. HE Leo Sherley-Price, trans. Bedeá History ol the English Church and People. Revised R. E. Latham. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968. ¿.s Walter W. Skeat, ed.,iElfric's Lives of Saints. EETS 76, 82,94, 114. London: N. Truber and Co., 1881-1900. NCE New Catholic Encyclopaedia. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America, L967. Vi NCH Stanley B. Greenfielcl and Daniel G. Calder. A New Critical Historv of Otd Engtish Literature. Netv York and London: New york Universiry Press,1986. OEM George Herzfeld, ed. An Old English Marryrology. EETS 116. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd., 1900. PL J. P. Migne, ed, Patrologiae Cursus Contpletus. Latin Series. Paris, 1844-1864. 2 Lives Colgrave, ed. Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert. A Life by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede's prose Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. [This abbreviation is used to cite the editorial matter only] VC Bede's Life of St. Cuthbert in Colgrave, ed. Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert. Life by an Anon- ymous Monk of^ Lindisfarne and Bede's Prose Life. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ- ersity Press, 1985, 14L4A6. VH Life of Sr. Hilarion by Sr. Jerome in Deferrari, ed., 239-297. VP Ltle of St. Paul rhe First Hermit by St. Ierom¿ in Deferrari, ed., 217-238. Whirby Colgrave, ed. The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great. By an Anonymous Monk of Whitby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Chapter Oxre: {mtroductiora Hagiography influence s Beowulf directly, and this thesis assesses that influence. The study of saints' lives, or hagiography, appears in England in the first half of the eighth cenr¡ry (Colgrave "Earliest" 35). Saints' lives are the first rvritings of Anglo-Saxon culture. This genre rvas poised to affect all literature in the future, including Beowulf , which appeared rvhile hagiography was flourishing (Chase, ed.). Beowulf and saints'lives rvarrant comparison. The comparison yields fresh analysis of the poem, improves understanding of Beowulf's virtue, and heightens perception of the monsters'wickedness. Saints'lives provide Beowulf rvith fwo plot events. The origin of these events explains some aspects of Grendel's strange home, some of the characters' actions, and some of the poet's attitudes. In a reading of Beowutf which com- pares it to hagiography, one may define more easily the poet's themes, symbols, and methods. In addition, the comparison helps to explain the techniques of medieval composition. Beowulf is a natural product of its time period. Hagiography taught its poet, and he teaches through it. He creates a skilful polarity of immediate attitudes, and reveals them in two opposing bodies of knowledge, which are the revelations of Beowulf's narrative voice, and the incomplete learning of the people in the story. The poet demonstrates, through the narrative voice's familiarity with saints' lives, that the characters in the poem are tragically insecure. Heroic man has a limited perception of his universe. When Beowulf hears of his hall's de- struction, he fears some offence against "old law", ealde riht (2329-2331). The narrator knorvs that only God se geweald hafaö/ sæla ond mæla, "has control of times and occasions" (1610-1611). Though perhaps good, the "heroes" of. Beowulf remain outside God's approval, unless, purely by chance, they come across proper words or appropriate deeds. The poet's attitude towards the heroic past is part of a philosophy which arose in England because of historical events. In 597 St. Gregory the Great sent a mission to the English. The 2 mission had to insert Christianity into Anglo-Saxon society and avoid moving too quickly or too harshly, because fast changes might seem threatening, and provoke the existing culture into a violent reaction against the nerv people and ideas. Gregory's plan for the conversion appears in a letter to Augustine. The pope's instructions tell the bishop not to destroy pagan shrines; For if these temples are well-built, they must be purified from the worship of demons and dedicated to the service of the true God. In this way, we hope that the people, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may abandon their error and, flocking more readily to their accustomed resorts, may come to know and adore the true God (IIE 86-87).
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